the members has over-ridden the interests of morality. "If a guilty brother is caught by the police you must assist in getting him off," says one of the rules; and then follow the signs by which members may recognise one another in the street. Thus, if a man of a certain club gets into a street-row, he has but to turn up his right sleeve or the right leg of his trousers to enlist the immediate help of all members of his society who may be within sight, quite irrespective of the justice or injustice of his cause. Speaking generally, however, the rules are framed in the interest of law and order, and lay a greater claim on the charity than on the right arms of the members.

ROBERT K. DOUGLAS.

JOHN CRITCHLEY PRINCE.

By

The Life of John Critchley Prince.
R. A. Douglas Lithgow, LL.D.
The Poetical Works of John Critchley Prince.
Edited by R. A. Douglas Lithgow. In 2
vols. (Manchester: A. Heywood & Son.)
THE fame of John Critchley Prince has
always been distinctly provincial, though
some of his verses have enjoyed a fragmentary
popularity from their frequent quotation in
newspapers and periodicals all over the
English-speaking world. Thirteen years after
his death the publication of a definitive edition
of his poems brings his claims to remembrance
formally before the literary public. The
editor, Dr. Lithgow, has done his work well.
He has used diligence in collecting; and, if
there is little that has hitherto been
unpublished, the reason is that Prince
utilised as far as possible every scrap of
his own composition. The difficult task of
writing the biography of Prince has also been
successfully achieved. The poet was
thorough Bohemian of the shabbiest type.
That vague and shadowy land is not
always a gay country, as Henri Mürger
has already told us; and if any further
proofs were needed of the statement, Dr.
Lithgow has furnished them in abundance.
It is, however, only fair to say that Prince
had far more excuse for his sad misuse of
talent than the Schaunhards, who were his
contemporaries in the capital of France.

John Critchley Prince was born at Wigan in 1808, in the midst of the deepest poverty. His father's calling was that of a reed-makera trade which had the double disadvantage of being extremely precarious and very badly paid. The elder Prince was a drunken brute, who thrashed his boy for reading, and brought him up to his own uncertain occupation. The paternal admonitions did not prevent young Prince from being an ardent reader of such scanty literature as fell into his way. Of the course of his intellectual progress there are singularly few memoranda; but we know that he nourished his own poetic fancy by the food he found in Byron, Keats, Southey, and Wordsworth, and traces of their influence are not infrequent in his works. These studies doubtless improved the native gift of melody which is the most striking characteristic of his compositions. Although he certainly wrote bad verses at times, his manner is generally

meant attentions.

momentary, however little it may contribute to permanent, success. In his temperance poems he deals with the fruit of bitter personal experience, and these lyrics are among the finest that have yet been written on the topic. From the "Songs of the People" we quote a verse:—

"The artisan, wending full early to toil,

Sings a snatch of old song by the way;
The ploughman, who sturdily furrows the soil,
Cheers the morn with the words of his lay;
The man at the stithy, the maid at the wheel,
The mother with babe on her knee,
Chant simple old rhymes which they tenderly
feel;

captivating, even when the matter is but of
small account. Before he was nineteen he
had married, and had the usual struggles of
a poor and improvident artisan with a young
wife and children. A somewhat unusual
incident in such a life was a visit to France in
1830 in a fruitless search for employment.
He may thus have gained a knowledge of
French, to which his biographer, on very
slight evidence, we think, adds some acquaint-
ance with German. Although he began to
write verses in 1827, he did not publish
a volume until 1841, when Hours with the
Muses appeared. This brought him a troop
of friends, and some of these were not Oh! the songs of the people for me.”
over-judicious. Their admiration of the
In nearly all his poetry there is a distinct
poet often took a fluid form; and the in- literary flavour, which is all the more remark-
temperance which blighted nearly all his able in a writer whose surroundings were
after-life, though it did not originate in, never favourable to study. This is very con-
was certainly strengthened by, their well-spicuous in the fine sonnet in which he
The remainder of his describes in honied words, recalling the
career is not a pleasant one to tell in detail. greater singer, the delight he felt on
Sometimes he worked at his old trade, and first reading Keats.
frequently he "tramped" about the country notable poems, we may name
Among many other
"Weeds and
in search of employment, but his chief Flowers," "One Angel More," and "The
dependence appears to have been the sale of Golden Land of Poesy." The last-named, if
the five successive volumes which issued from we may read it as Prince's opinion upon his
his pen. To this must be added, especially own powers, shows far more accurate judg-
in the latter period of his life, when a deepen- ment than that of his more enthusiastic
ing gloom of poverty and disease overshadowed admirers. He describes his voyage in "the
him, a dependence upon the produce of bark Hope, all gaily dight," to the enchanted
begging letters, which he addressed with land, and comes in sight of its far-off loveli-
great pertinacity to all whom he thought ness, while
likely to befriend him. An attempt was
made to obtain for him a pension, but this
was refused, although he received a grant
from the royal bounty. Occasional wind-
falls appear to have had no other effect than
Bohemian revelry; and, when Prince died in
1866, the poverty in which he lived was only
saved from being abject by the exertions of
his second wife, who laboured for the comfort
of the poor broken-down paralytic with heroic
devotion and assiduity.

Turning from the record of so unsatisfactory a life to its literary results, we must frankly admit that Prince's reputation is not one that is likely to widen or endure. He came at a time when a warm welcome was certain. The English cotton kingdom was in almost the first flush of a new-born literary enthusiasm. The factory bard was as phenomenal to the merchants and manufacturers in the streets of Wigan and Manchester as the ploughman poet had been amid the fields of Ayr to the farmers and squires who were his contemporaries. We do not suggest any further parallel, for Burns and Prince were essentially different.

"No tribute needs the granite-well,

No food the planet-flame."
That which Burns uttered in song came from
the depth of his own consciousness, while
Prince often merely embodied that which was
floating in the air, or which he had assimilated
from those greater masters in whose writings
he found the solace of a life too often wanting
in the first elements of self-respect and content.
His remarkable gift of versification became
in itself a danger. In pieces such as the
"Artisan's Song," "A Book for Home Fire-
side," and others, he has done little more than
crystallise the commonplaces of his day; but
the fact that the verses did give expression
to the common thought was an occasion of

"Odours of spices and of flowers

Came on the breezes flowing free,"

but he cannot guide his vessel into the sheltering bay.

"Thus baffled by the poet-god,

I only brought-alas for me!
Some waifs and strays from that bright sod
Which I have seen but have not trod,

The golden land of Poesy."

66

There is neither

This, we think, will be the verdict of impartial critics on Prince's claims as a poet. The current aspirations after progress," temperance, and peace which surrounded his youth and manhood he imbibed and gave forth again, expressing in musical language the dumb thoughts which, in a vague form, existed in many minds. Hence his poems became at once if not a pulpit, power. a platform, intense passion nor dramatic force in his works; but there is a deeply reverential spirit, a genuine love of Nature, and especially of the mighty hills amid whose fastnesses he might feel secure from the sin and turmoil of city life, a tender pity for the sorrows of daily existence, an appreciation of the domestic virtues strikingly in contrast with some portions of his own career, and a sincere sympathy with efforts made for the amelioration of the working class to which he himself belonged.

These qualities have ensured John Critchley Prince a position among the minor poets of the present century. If he should fail to maintain it in the future it will certainly not be the fault either of his editor or the publisher, who have each done all that can be done to ensure and to extend that reputation. WILLIAM E. A. AXON.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

time in which personal flags were used in our
island for national purposes, it would have been
well that Mr. Macgeorge should have told us
something about them. The national flags of
the Commonwealth and the Protectorate are
also worthy of attention.

some amusing stories; but the book is not scholar-like. The history of flags and ensigns, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. if treated fully, might be made very instructive. Vol. L. 1880. Edited by the Assistant Secre- Mr. Macgeorge, however, has been content to trust almost solely to second-hand authorities, tary. (John Murray.) From a brief announcement prefixed to this volume, which has appeared and to these he seldom gives references which somewhat earlier than in recent years, we learn can be verified. We have detected few absolute errors in his work, but the following passage certhat it will be the last of the series. In future the Monthly Record of Geography will be the tainly contains one:-"Banners were also for a society's principal publication; and, indeed, long time used at funerals. It was not till about much as we may regret the decision the council the period of the Revolution that the practice fell have come to on the subject, it was hardly to be into comparative desuetude." If Mr. Macexpected that any society could long issue two george will make enquiries, we think he will such publications concurrently. The Journal find that banners were constantly used at the consists, therefore, of a complete and unbroken funerals of peers and commoners of high social series of fifty volumes from 1831 to 1880; and position down to the very end of the last century; when a general index has been compiled for the We know of one yet in existence which was used last ten volumes, similar to that to the fourth ten at the funeral of a Yorkshire baronet in 1785. recently noticed in our columns, all the varied And we do not doubt that we have among our stores of information in the series will be older readers many persons who have been present at funerals where this heraldic display has not readily accessible to the student. Occasions, however, will necessarily arise when elaborate been omitted. When the gentry of England and valuable papers will prove too long for the took up arms in the middle of the seventeenth monthly periodical, and it has been determined century, each leader had a banner with his own that they shall be issued separately as supple-device on it; some were modifications of armorial ments to it. The volume now before us opens bearings, others fancy pictures. An account of most fittingly with a long memoir on the fifty many of these may be seen in the Appendix to years' work of the society, by Mr. Clements R. Thomas Blount's translation of Henry Estienne's Markham, who for nearly twenty years has been Art of Making Devices, a little quarto volume one of its honorary secretaries. In his four published in 1650. Others are noticed in introductory chapters he gives a concise sketch Prestwich's Respublica, and there are several MS. collections in the of the mode in which the society's work was British Museum and elsewhere. As this was almost the last done previous to its foundation. The fifth contains a history of the original formation of the Geographical Society; while the sixth and seventh chapters are devoted to notices of its officers and leading members, and the next two review the career of the society with reference to the expeditions which it has helped or actively promoted. The history of its publications, of its Old Cardross. By David Murray. (Glasgow: library and map-room, &c., is next dealt with; Maclehose.) It is not a little surprising to and the eleventh chapter reviews the material learn, from the evidence collected by Mr. Murray progress of the society. In his last chapter Mr. in this little book, how slowly the arts of civiliMarkham furnishes a comparative view of sation reached a part of Scotland so near the geographical knowledge in 1830 and 1881, and centre of commerce and government as Cardross. a sketch of the work that still remains to be The co-operative system of agriculture, which done. The numerous appendices are of con- Mr. Seebohm has been studying in England, siderable interest; and those which give lists of prevailed also in the North, and the land was the papers and maps in the society's publica- held in runrig or stuckrunways"-that is, tions, and of the names of their authors, will each tenant held a ridge of about forty feet in be found invaluable by students and carto- width, and half of it baulk. The soil in this graphers. The first paper, properly so called, in district was no doubt poor, but the superstition the volume is one on two maps of the Andaman that it was fighting against God to eradicate Islands, by Mr. E. H. Man, assistant super- weeds prevented it being otherwise, while the interdent of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, prejudice against beginning to plough before and Lieut. R. C. Temple, B.S.C. Mr. F. Hirth, a March 10 necessitated a late and disadvantageous German in the Chinese Customs service, fol- harvest. Another curious prejudice was that lows with some remarks on the history and against the "artificially created wind," or origin of the word typhoon. The aim of Mr. "Devil's wind," as one clergyman called it, Hirth's paper is to explode the old deriva-produced by farmers. In fact, the Communion tions from the Greek and from the Chinese is said to have been refused to those who characters, signifying great wind," and to were not content to winnow their corn in substitute for them another, which in English the traditional way. The butter, too, was would mean "wind of Formosa." But Mr. never fit to eat because it was unlucky to wash Hirth's arguments are not convincing, and he the churn and the milk dishes. The dates of the does not sufficiently take into account the fact several improvements are worth noting. Turnthat the dreaded wind is not peculiar to the im- pike roads and draining were commenced in mediate neighbourhood of that island. Mr. Joseph 1760, and in 1763 the first wheel cart was Thomson supplies some seven pages of altitudes used. Potatoes were not introduced until 1733, measured by him in East Central Africa, and and turnips and the better kinds of oats not till since computed for the society by Lieut. S. S. nearly the end of the century. Porridge and Sugden, R.N. These are illustrated by sections crowdie, kale or barley broth, and bannocks of of the country traversed between Dar-es-Salaam pease and bean meal formed nearly the sole and the head of Nyassa, and thence to Lake food of the farming population. The beer was Tanganyika. The concluding paper in the thick and small, and made from oats; while as volume, by another Chinese Customs official, to meat, it can rarely have been eaten except Mr. E. Fitzgerald Creagh, gives an account when salted. In 1714 only three cows were of a journey overland from Amoy to Hankow killed for winter beef in the parish of Campsie; by a route not hitherto traversed by Europeans, but the improvements in crops in that century which is laid down on the accompanying map. soon made itself felt in the quality of the stock, for sixty years later every farmer had his stock Flags: Some Account of their History and of salt beef or mutton. This rapid progress Uses. By A. Macgeorge. (Blackie.) Mr. was no doubt due to the increased communiMacgeorge has produced a very pretty book for cation between the two kingdoms, but now the drawing-room table, and he has told well the tide has turned, and some think that

English farmers might do well to learn a lesson from their Northern neighbours.

Stonehenge: Plans, Descriptions, and Theories. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. (Stanford.) The chief feature of this work is two carefully drawn plans of the positions of the stones, earthcircles, and mounds at Stonehenge. It is unfortunate, however, that the figures printed on the stones as a means of reference are so in

distinct as to be in many cases quite illegible. The larger plan, on a scale of 1: 200, is accompanied by careful and detailed measurements which show, the author thinks, that the outer sarsen stones, the outer blue-stones, and the

inner blue-stones are arranged on three circles which are nearly concentric. No suggestion is made as to the scheme on which the sarsen trilithons are arranged. Dr. Nicholson suggested, in the Antiquary of October last, that these trilithons were arranged in the form of a horseshoe; and from the plan in this work this seems quite possible. Moreover, where the stones of the other rings differ at all from the circle they seem to give some support to this theory. This is especially noticeable in the case of the stones numbered 61 and 72 in the inner blue-stone ring. In the outer sarsen ring the stones 11, 21, 19 also slightly suggest the horse-shoe shape. But here, if the horseshoe shape were correct, the opening or heel of the shoe would point to the west, while the others would have their opening towards the avenue. And this seems hardly possible. Mr. Petrie points out the method by which the stones were worked, and adds a careful examination and summary of the various theories as to the use and age of the rings. He states that at Stonehenge, as well as at other places, the number of stones in a ring is often a multiple of ten, and he adds detailed results of observations on the position of the Friar's Heel as regards the rising of the sun at midsummer. He suggests the following order of construction:-(1) The earth's circle; (2) the avenue; (3) sarsen stones; (4) the altar stone and neighbouring barrows; (5) the inner blue-stone ring in memory of the Britons slain at Amesbury; (6) the outlying blue-stones in memory of Aurelius Ambrosius and other chiefs.

Chili. By R. Nelson Boyd. (Allen.) This is a record of a somewhat flying visit to Chili, with Bolivia. The Preface informs us that it was a chapter on the recent war with Peru and been printed at the instigation of friends who not originally intended for publication, but has considered that some account, however imperfect, of Chili under present circumstances might be of general interest. We think that, on the whole, Mr. Boyd's friends were right; for, imperfect as the book undoubtedly is, Mr. Boyd has some things to say about the Araucanians and the coal mines which are interesting, and his sketch of the war down to the bombardment of Callao is short and correct. We wish he had started with the intention of publishing his notes, as we should then have probably got a more valuable contribution to our knowledge of the country.

Outlines of Farm Management and the Organisation of Farm Labour. By Robert Scott Burn. (Crosby Lockwood.) The sorriest farmer needs some amount of book knowledge, though he devoutly believes that a great book is a great evil. It is to attract such as him, therefore, that Mr. Scott Burn's compendious "Outlines" have been compiled out of a long experience. We here have discussed, in language excellently adapted to its purpose (1) the field work of the farm, whether ordinary or extraordinary in routine, including the care and application of the steam-engine; (2) the essential and engrossing subject of the farm-live-stock, as regards which so much depends on the labourer's kindly treatment; (3) the economy of the farmhouse

rows

and cottage; while the last chapter of the third division suggests a tie, of all others, the most apt to bind a labourer, worth his salt, to the same master-i.e., the garden patch let to him with his cottage, inducing habits of industry and thrift. Mr. Scott Burn does not scorn giving counsel to occupy the odd corners and waste places of the cottage garden with such an easy-grown crop as the Jerusalem artichoke; while a little extra attention will grow to advantage vegetable marrows on ground economised betwixt of potatoes. Where a cottage labourer has taken kindly to his garden, you shall see his bed of parsnips for family use, as well as for the pigs the cottager's bank, as they have been called; his "yarb" bed, for which the cottager's garden is proverbial; and the flowers and fruit which, in due season, fail not to find a standing in the market. Thrice happy those who possess the treasure of one or two good fruit apples. And then the value of the compost heap to the cottager, the experience which the garden teaches the young folk in developing into handy, helpful young labourers! We wish we had time to review the array of domestic animals which are a congenial care to the industrious cottager. Bees, poultry, rabbits we have often before heard a good word for, but never, till now, so much for the goat-an animal which the advocacy of this book may reinstate in our villages and hamlets. In the earlier part of the work we find some very sound remarks by Mr. Frederick Clifford on the maintenance of inferior and, to some

extent, superannuated labour. In truth, we can recommend these sensible and practical hints to the attention of landlords and tenants in entering upon the new course which is likely to be inaugurated with new lettings, melioribus opto auspiciis.

NOTES AND NEWS.

honorary degree of D.C.L. at the Oxford ComAMONG all those who recently received the memoration, the name of Col. Chester appeals most to students. He was rightly styled by Prof. Bryce "the first of our living genealogists." But as the University of Oxford is under a special obligation to him for the labour he has expended upon its early matriculation lists, so ought the ACADEMY to take this opportunity of acknowledging the readiness and generosity with which he has always placed his stores of learning at the service of its readers.

We understand that Mrs. Augusta Webster has in the press a new volume of poems, under the title of A Book of Rhyme, which will be published immediately by Messrs. Macmillan and Co.

A HISTORY of Lambeth Palace is being prepared by the Rev. J. Cave-Browne. Besides containing personal sketches of the archbishops, the work will also include brief accounts of other palaces and manor-houses belonging to the see. The Archbishop of Canterbury will supply an Introduction.

MR. BUNYIU NANJIO, priest of the Monastery of Eastern Hongwanzi, Japan, has prepared a catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books and MSS. recently added to the Bodleian Library, which will be published immediately by the Clarendon Press. These include-(1) a collection made by Mr. A. Wylie in Japan, and bought by the Curators of the Bodleian Library in the present year, containing thirty-seven works in all; (2) five Chinese and two Japanese law books, presented to Mr. S. Amos by the Japanese Government; and (3) a collection of Japanese books and MSS., &c., presented to the Bodleian Library by Prof. Max Müller.

AMONG the forthcoming additions to Messrs. Rivington's valuable series of educational books

are a new and revised edition of Arnold's Practi-
cal Introduction to Latin Prose Composition, by
the Rev. George G. Bradley, Master of Univer-
sity College, Oxford; a new and revised edition
of Arnold's Practical Introduction to Greek Prose
Composition, by Evelyn Abbott, Fellow and
Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford; A Latin-
English Dictionary for Junior Forms of Schools,
by C. G. Gepp, late Head-master of King
Edward VI. School, Stratford-upon-Avon; A
Short History of England for Schools, with Maps
and Illustrations, by F. York-Powell, Lecturer
at Christ Church, Oxford: A Practical English
Grammar, for the Higher Forms of Schools and
for Students preparing for Examinations, by W.
Tidmarsh, Head-master of Putney School; and,
in the series of "Historical Biographies
edited by the Rev. M. Creighton, Oliver Crom-
well, by F. W. Cornish.

wishes to see a brick of London again except on urgent duty, and that he does not much like it, with its Indian corruptions and its Jacobin peace," £4. Those of Robert Burns brought some of the highest prices. In one, dated April 4, 1789, referring to the King's restoration, he says, "G-forgive me for speaking evil of dignities! But I must say I look on the whole business as a solemn farce of pageant mummery "-£31. The MS. of "The Rights of Woman" sold for £15 158., and of the "Brigs of Ayr," for £25 10s. Letter of Thomas Campbell, dated Sydenham Common, 1805, with part of MS. of "Lord Ullin's Daughter," ending with "But no choice is left. I must either publish or go to the Devil"-£13 158. Letter of Card. Henry Stuart, May 1767, Rome, in which, speaking of his brother's visit to the Pope, he says of him, "Could he but get the THE ancient episcopal city of Dunblane is to better of the nasty bottle, which every now and have a new popular History, incorporating then comes on by spurts, I could hope a great John Monteath's Dunblane Traditions of 1835. deal; but I see to get the better of that nasty John Miller, of Glasgow, is the publisher, and habit there must be the hand of God"-£6 68. promises to give portraits of Archbishop Leigh-A Confession of Faith signed by Montrose and ton and other Dunblane worthies, maps of the other Scotch peers, written on vellum, sold for district, and of the churchyard, with numbered £56. graves, &c.

REGARDING the Calderon prize lately offered
by the Royal Spanish Academy, it will be re-
membered that the jurors (the Archbishop of
Dublin, his Excellency the American Minis-
ter, and the Right Honourable Lord Hough-
ton) were of opinion that none of the competi-
tive poems had duly adhered to the special
terms proposed, and therefore they did not
feel justified in awarding the prize to any
body. They nevertheless recognised high-
class poetry in some of the compositions. We
are informed that one of the competitors
(Mr. R. H. Horne), not considering himself
very handsomely treated, forwarded his poem
"Calderon," through his Excellency the
Spanish Minister in London, to the Royal
A letter in reply
was sent, in which the Royal Spanish Academy
Spanish Academy in Madrid.
their "desire to testify their appre-
ciation of the poem in honour of Calderon by
Mr. Richard Hengist Horne;
ward to him, through his Excellency the
and they for-
Marquis di Casa Saiglesia, their great medal,
which has recently been struck, bearing an
and the arms of the Royal Spanish Academy on
admirable bas-relief of "Calderon on one side,

on

express

the other.

THE idea of acting a Greek play in the original language has passed from colleges to schools. We hear that the boys of the Edinburgh Academy propose to act the Antigone of Sophocles, with Mendelssohn's music, at their exhibition day towards the end of July.

WE are glad to hear that several subscriptions, including a liberal one from Mr. Gladstone, have been received towards the proposed memorial to Bishop Berkeley in Cloyne Cathedral, to which we have already called attention.

AT the annual general meeting of the Society of Arts, held on June 29, medals were awarded to the eight following gentlemen for papers read during the past season:-Prof. A. Graham Bell, Mr. E. P. Edwards (of the Trinity House), Mr. Alexander Siemens, Sir Bartle Frere, Mr. J. Y. Buchanan, Prof. Perry, Sir Richard Temple, and Mr. J. M. Maclean.

THE Times states that in a collection of autograph letters sold by Messrs. Sotheby last week were several of interest. A long one of Queen Anne, in which she says, in alluding to party measures, "All I desire is my liberty in encouraging and employing all those yt concur faithfully in my service, whether they are call'd Whigs or Torys," sold for £16. One from Edmund Burke, in which he says he never

THE forthcoming number of the British Quarterly Review will contain an interesting article of fifty-six pages, entitled "Carlyle and Mrs. Carlyle: a Ten Years' Reminiscence." It is written by Mr. Henry Larkin, the author of Extra Physics and The Mystery of Creation. Mr. Larkin was for some years closely connected with Mr. Carlyle in his literary work; and upwards of fifty original letters from Mr. Carlyle and Mrs. Carlyle to the writer are included in the article. Dr. E. A. Freeman will also contribute to this Quarterly an historical-archaeological article, "Augustodunum, the modern Autun."

A NEW poem, on Saint Christopher, by the author of The Epic of Hades, is published in the July number of Fraser's Magazine.

is to be held at Grasmere, in the Rothay Hotel, THE next meeting of the Wordsworth Society on Wednesday, July 20, at two in the afternoon.

has recently been published in Bombay, with AN edition of Mr. Palgrave's Golden Treasury copious additional notes by Mr. Peterson, of the educational departments, for use as a textbook in Indian schools.

THE endowment of research at Owens College, Manchester, to which we have already referred, has now taken definite shape. The council propose to appoint to five fellowships in science or literature, each of the value of £100, tenable for one year, but renewable for two years further. The appointment, we are specially glad to notice, will be made not on the results of examination, but after consideration of documentary and other evidence. Every holder of a fellowship will be expected to devote his time to the prosecution of some special study approved by the council. This is, we believe, the first attempt in this country to carry out which has been so successfully inaugurated by systematically the plan of awarding fellowships the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

A PUBLIC meeting will be held on Monday evening next, at eight p.m., at the Society of Arts', John Street, Adelphi, to consider the plans of the Guild for Promoting the Higher Education of Working People by means of lectures and classes, in the organisation of which the trade societies will be invited to co-operate. The Earl of Rosebery will preside, and the meeting will be addressed by Arthur Cohen, Esq., M.P., Ashton Dilke, Esq., M.P., H. Broadhurst, Esq., M.P., Messrs. Hodgson Pratt, John Burnett, and others.

WE are informed that a seventieth edition of Mr. Richard Gooch's Tales of the Sea, dedicated

to the late Charles Dickens, by his express permission, will be published shortly.

A NEW story, entitled "A Noble Name," completed shortly before her death by Mrs. Buxton, in conjunction with Mr. W. W. Fenn, is commenced in the July part of Golden Hours. THE sum of £780 has now been raised towards a memorial for the Scotch poet Tannahill; and it is proposed to erect forthwith a statue of him in his native town of Paisley.

MR. W. MATTIEU WILLIAMS, F.R.A.S., F.C.S., author of The Fuel of the Sun, Through Norway with a Knapsack, &c., has been appointed to the management of the Royal Polytechnic Institution, and commences his duties forthwith.

THE Manchester Statistical Society have adopted a rule which allows the election of women as members.

THE approaching four-hundredth anniversary of the birth of Ulrich Zwingli, the Zürich reformer, January 1, 1884, is already fixed for a festival throughout Protestant Switzerland. Subscriptions are being collected for a Zwinglidenkmal, to be placed in the open square before the Great Minster in Zürich. The sums voluntarily sent in to the committee, within a short period, amount to 55,000 frs., and very much more will doubtless be added during the next two years.

DR. W. DEECKE and Dr. C. Pauli, will, we are informed, shortly issue the first number of an important work on Etruscan explorations and studies.

It is said that a copy of Copernicus' early treatise, De hypothesibus Motuum Coelestium, in a more perfect condition than any copy hitherto known, has been discovered in the library of the Stockholm Observatory, stitched into a copy of the better-known treatise by Copernicus, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (Libri VI.), which formerly belonged to the Dantzig astronomer, Hevelius.

It is stated that the memoirs of Barras, which were the property of the late M. Hortensius de Saint-Albin and which passed from his hands into the possession of his sister, Mdme. Jubinal, will shortly be published in eight volumes. They may be expected to throw considerable light on the history of the Terror and the Directory.

PROF. CARLO CANTARELLI, of Parma, is at work upon, and will shortly publish, a modern Italian version of the thirteenth-century Chronicle of Fra Salimbene, a document of great interest and importance to students of mediaeval French and Italian history. The original text, which is in the Parmese dialect, was published not long since by the Deputazione della Storia Patria. But it is said that this version is lacking in several important passages that are to be found in the original MS., which has hitherto been jealously guarded in the Vatican Library. According to the Rassegna Settimanale, this restriction has at length been removed, and the text, in its original integrity, will be shortly published in France.

THE prix Stanislas Julien has been awarded by the Académie des Inscriptions et BellesLettres to M. Emile Rocher for his work entitled La Province chinoise du Yun-nan, which was reviewed in the ACADEMY of March 26.

THE Revue Critique contains a long and appreciative review by M. A. Barth of two collections of essays on Oriental subjects by retired members of the Bengal Civil Service Mr. B. H. Hodgson's Miscellaneous Essays relating to Indian Subjects, and Mr. R. N. Cust's Linguistic and Oriental Essays, both published by Messrs. Trübner.

BARBERA, of Florence, has just published the Annuario della Letteratura italiana nel 1880, edited by Prof. Angelo de Gubernatis.

A FOUR-VOLUME edition of Rousseau's Confessions, preceded by an essay from the pen of Prof. Marc-Monnier, and illustrated by etchings by Hédouin, has been published by the Librairie des Bibliophiles.

SIX poems were written in Denmark on the occasion of the Calderon Prize Centenary competition, but none was judged worthy of a prize.

EATERS of almonds and raisins who may have wondered whether the Jordan almonds they were munching came from the Holy Land will be interested in the following bit from Mr. H. B. Wheatley's Preface to Mr. Herrtage's edition of the Catholicon for the Early-English Text Society:

A TRANSLATION.

HORACE, BOOK I., ODE IV.
Solvitur acris Hyemps grata vice Veris et Favoni.
HARSH Winter thaws with pleasant change of Spring
and Zephyr,

The long-dried keels are dragged adown the
shore ;

In fire and stall no more delight the hind and heifer,
No longer with the frost the fields are hoar.
Now Venus 'neath the Moon, her choral dances
showing,

The comely Graces, and the Nymphs in choir, Trip lightly o'er the earth, while Vulcan, grimly glowing,

Works with the mighty Cyolops at his fire.
Now we may round our brow with myrtle wreath
adorn us,

Or any floweret which the thawed earth yields;
Now we may sacrifice, in darkling groves, to Faunus
The kid or lamb demanded from our fields.
Pale Death, with even tramp advancing, smites,

and crieth

JOHN FERGUSON M'LENNAN died at his home THE first number of a Dutch monthly journal on Hayes Common on June 16. For years past, devoted to the interests of literature was pub-broken down in health, he had disappeared from lished in May, under the title of Astrea, Letter- among the circle of friends who enjoyed his kundig Tijdschrift voor Noord en Zuid. The brilliant and genial talk, yet he still looked critical contributions are said to be inferior to forward to publishing his completed views on the original essays and verse. early society, the chief scientific labour of his life. So lately as March last he sent word to the writer of these lines that, after being engaged in a grim fight for life for upwards of two years, prostrate with daily malarious fever, he was mending a little, and not without hope of re-entering the field of work. But this was not to be; and till his last researches are edited, as no doubt will soon be done by kindly and competent hands, it cannot be settled whether his already high place among modern thinkers may not be put somewhat higher still. It is on his anthropological work of this kind that his reputation mainly rests. Those who knew him as a Scotch student at Trinity College, Cambridge, about thirty years ago, talk even now of the great things he was expected to do. Nor was the expectation unfounded, for he was a out into the world, though often in unexpected man of genius, and genius is apt to find its way places. But he was too erratic to run along the academical groove far enough to reach its Bar, instead of profitably playing the legal greater honours. When he went to the Scotch game according to the accepted rules, he had opinions of his own as to what an advocate may and may not do. He took to being secretary of the Scottish Society for promoting the Amendment of the Law; and in 1865 he published a law-book which had the natural and immediate effect of losing him half his briefs.

"When Mr. Alderman Hanson, F.S.A., was
investigating the history of various fraits, he was
somewhat puzzled by the term 'Jordan almonds'
applied to the best kind of sweet almonds, and he
set to work to look up the authorities. He found
a definite statement in Phillips' New World of
that the tree grows chiefly in the Eastern countries,
Words (sixth edition by Kersley, 1706), to the effect
especially in the Holy Land near the river Jordan,
whence the best of this fruit are called "Jordan
almonds." The same statement is made in
Bailey's Dictionary in 1757 (the botanical portion
of which was edited by no less a person than Philip
Miller), and in many other books. In J. Smith's
Bible Plants (1877) we read, 'the best so-called
Jordan almonds come from Malaga, and none now
come from the country of the Jordan.' The author
might very well have added that they never did
come from that place. The merchants of Malaga,
who export the almonds, are equally at sea as to
the derivation. One of them told Mr. Hanson that
the general opinion was that a certain Frenchman,
called Jourdain, early in this century introduced an

M. ERNEST DAUDET, the author of La Terreur
Blanche, has published a volume of researches
on a neglected phase of the French Revolution-
the Royalist conspiracies and risings in the South
of France-under the title of Histoire des
aspirations royalistes du Midi sous la Révo-
lution-1790-1793 (Paris: Hachette). Doubt
less, the efforts of the reactionary party in
the Southern provinces of France were compara-
vely feeble and ill directed, and have thus found his clue in the Promptorium, where we read,
be thrown into the shade by the formidableIardyne almaunde, amigdalum jardinum. The
movement of La Vendée: but they constituted, difficulty was overcome, and the Jordan almond
nevertheless, a real danger to the Republic, and stood revealed as nothing more than a garden or
great credit is due to M, Daudet for the pains-cultivated kind of almond."

improved method of cultivation. This suggestion
was easily negatived by reference to the fact that
Jordan almonds were mentioned in printed books
at least as far back as 1607. At last Mr. Hanson

This was Primitive Marriage, the work by which he made his mark in the scientific study of man. It arose out of his writing an encyclopaedia-article on law, when he was struck by the Roman marriage ceremonies, where money was handed over for a fictitious sale of the wife, or where the husband, with his friends, pretended to carry her off by violence. In such legal symbols, which hundreds of jurists had looked at without seeing into them, he plainly discerned relics of earlier states of society. Thereupon,

MAGAZINES AND REVIEWS. Revue de Droit international et de Législation comparée. The second number for 1881 of this Review contains several interesting articles. A paper on "La Propriété artistique" by Prof. C. Léon-Caen, of Paris, shows how difficult it is to harmonise the legislation of different countries on the subject of artistic copyright, WALRAS, L. Mathematische Theorie der Preisbestimmung der and what a conflict of law will probably arise on the subject of artistic property, under which term recent French legislation recognises the ex