the members has over-ridden the interests of morality. "If a guilty brother is caught by the police you must assist in getting him off," says one of the rules; and then follow the signs by which members may recognise one another in the street. Thus, if a man of a certain club gets into a street-row, he has but to turn up his right sleeve or the right leg of his trousers to enlist the immediate help of all members of his society who may be within sight, quite irrespective of the justice or injustice of his cause. Speaking generally, however, the rules are framed in the interest of law and order, and lay a greater claim on the charity than on the right arms of the members. ROBERT K. DOUGLAS. JOHN CRITCHLEY PRINCE. By The Life of John Critchley Prince. R. A. Douglas Lithgow, LL.D. The Poetical Works of John Critchley Prince. Edited by R. A. Douglas Lithgow. In 2 vols. (Manchester: A. Heywood & Son.) THE fame of John Critchley Prince has always been distinctly provincial, though some of his verses have enjoyed a fragmentary popularity from their frequent quotation in newspapers and periodicals all over the English-speaking world. Thirteen years after his death the publication of a definitive edition of his poems brings his claims to remembrance formally before the literary public. The editor, Dr. Lithgow, has done his work well. He has used diligence in collecting; and, if there is little that has hitherto been unpublished, the reason is that Prince utilised as far as possible every scrap of his own composition. The difficult task of writing the biography of Prince has also been successfully achieved. The poet was a thorough Bohemian of the shabbiest type. That vague and shadowy land is not always a gay country, as Henri Mürger has already told us; and if any further proofs were needed of the statement, Dr. Lithgow has furnished them in abundance. It is, however, only fair to say that Prince had far more excuse for his sad misuse of talent than the Schaunhards, who were his contemporaries in the capital of France. John Critchley Prince was born at Wigan in 1808, in the midst of the deepest poverty. His father's calling was that of a reed-makera trade which had the double disadvantage of being extremely precarious and very badly paid. The elder Prince was a drunken brute, who thrashed his boy for reading, and brought him up to his own uncertain occupation. The paternal admonitions did not prevent young Prince from being an ardent reader of such scanty literature as fell into his way. Of the course of his intellectual progress there are singularly few memoranda; but we know that he nourished his own poetic fancy by the food he found in Byron, Keats, Southey, and Wordsworth, and traces of their influence are not infrequent in his works. These studies doubtless improved the native gift of melody which is the most striking characteristic of his compositions. Although he certainly wrote bad verses at times, his manner is generally captivating, even when the matter is but of small account. Before he was nineteen he had married, and had the usual struggles of a poor and improvident artisan with a young wife and children. A somewhat unusual incident in such a life was a visit to France in 1830 in a fruitless search for employment. He may thus have gained a knowledge of French, to which his biographer, on very slight evidence, we think, adds some acquaintance with German. Although he began to write verses in 1827, he did not publish a volume until 1841, when Hours with the Muses appeared. This brought him a troop of friends, and some of these were not over-judicious. Their admiration of the poet often took a fluid form; and the intemperance which blighted nearly all his after-life, though it did not originate in, was certainly strengthened by, their wellmeant attentions. The remainder of his career is not a pleasant one to tell in detail. Sometimes he worked at his old trade, and frequently he "tramped" about the country in search of employment, but his chief dependence appears to have been the sale of the five successive volumes which issued from his pen. To this must be added, especially in the latter period of his life, when a deepening gloom of poverty and disease overshadowed him, a dependence upon the produce of begging letters, which he addressed with great pertinacity to all whom he thought likely to befriend him. An attempt was made to obtain for him a pension, but this was refused, although he received a grant from the royal bounty. Occasional windfalls appear to have had no other effect than Bohemian revelry; and, when Prince died in 1866, the poverty in which he lived was only saved from being abject by the exertions of his second wife, who laboured for the comfort of the poor broken-down paralytic with heroic devotion and assiduity. Turning from the record of so unsatisfactory a life to its literary results, we must frankly admit that Prince's reputation is not one that is likely to widen or endure. He came at a time when a warm welcome was certain. The English cotton kingdom was in almost the first flush of a new-born literary enthusiasm. The factory bard was as phenomenal to the merchants and manufacturers in the streets of Wigan and Manchester as the ploughman poet had been amid the fields of Ayr to the farmers and squires who were his contemporaries. We do not suggest any further parallel, for Burns and Prince were essentially different. "No tribute needs the granite-well, No food the planet-flame." That which Burns uttered in song came from the depth of his own consciousness, while Prince often merely embodied that which was floating in the air, or which he had assimilated from those greater masters in whose writings he found the solace of a life too often wanting in the first elements of self-respect and content. His remarkable gift of versification became in itself a danger. In pieces such as the "Artisan's Song," "A Book for Home Fireside," and others, he has done little more than crystallise the commonplaces of his day; but the fact that the verses did give expression to the common thought was an occasion of momentary, however little it may contribute to permanent, success. In his temperance poems he deals with the fruit of bitter personal experience, and these lyrics are among the finest that have yet been written on the topic. From the "Songs of the People" we quote a verse: "The artisan, wending full early to toil, Sings a snatch of old song by the way; The ploughman, who sturdily furrows the soil, Cheers the morn with the words of his lay; The man at the stithy, the maid at the wheel, The mother with babe on her knee, Chant simple old rhymes which they tenderly feel; Oh! the songs of the people for me." In nearly all his poetry there is a distinct literary flavour, which is all the more remarkable in a writer whose surroundings were never favourable to study. This is very conspicuous in the fine sonnet in which he describes in honied words, recalling the greater singer, the delight he felt on first reading Keats. notable poems, we may name "Weeds and Among many other Flowers," "One Angel More," and "The Golden Land of Poesy." The last-named, if we may read it as Prince's opinion upon his own powers, shows far more accurate judg ment than that of his more enthusiastic admirers. He describes his voyage in "the bark Hope, all gaily dight," to the enchanted land, and comes in sight of its far-off loveliness, while "Odours of spices and of flowers Came on the breezes flowing free," but he cannot guide his vessel into the sheltering bay. "Thus baffled by the poet-god, I only brought-alas for me! The golden land of Poesy.” This, we think, will be the verdict of impartial critics on Prince's claims as a poet. The current aspirations after "progress, temperance, and peace which surrounded his youth and manhood he imbibed and gave forth again, expressing in musical language the dumb thoughts which, in a vague form, existed in many minds. Hence his poems became at once if not a pulpit, power. a platform, There is neither intense passion nor dramatic force in his works; but there is a deeply reverential spirit, a genuine love of Nature, and especially of the mighty hills amid whose fastnesses he might feel secure from the sin and turmoil of city life, a tender pity for the sorrows of daily existence, an appreciation of the domestic virtues strikingly in contrast with some portions of his own career, and a sincere sympathy with efforts made for the amelioration of the working class to which he himself belonged. the These qualities have ensured John Critchley Prince a position among minor poets of the present century. If he should fail to maintain it in the future it will certainly not be the fault either of his editor or the publisher, who have each done all that can be done to ensure and to extend that reputation. WILLIAM E. A. AXON. CURRENT LITERATURE. can be verified. many of these may be seen in the Appendix to some amusing stories; but the book is not scholar-like. The history of flags and ensigns, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. if treated fully, might be made very instructive. Vol. L. 1880. Edited by the Assistant Secre- Mr. Macgeorge, however, has been content to trust almost solely to second-hand authorities, tary. (John Murray.) From a brief announcement prefixed to this volume, which has appeared and to these he seldom gives references which We have detected few absolute somewhat earlier than in recent years, we learn that it will be the last of the series. In future errors in his work, but the following passage certhe Monthly Record of Geography will be the tainly contains one:-"Banners were also for a society's principal publication; and, indeed, long time used at funerals. It was not till about much as we may regret the decision the council the period of the Revolution that the practice fell have come to on the subject, it was hardly to be into comparative desuetude." If Mr. Macexpected that any society could long issue two george will make enquiries, we think he will such publications concurrently. The Journal find that banners were constantly used at the consists, therefore, of a complete and unbroken funerals of peers and commoners of high social series of fifty volumes from 1831 to 1880; and position down to the very end of the last century: when a general index has been compiled for the We know of one yet in existence which was used at the funeral of a Yorkshire baronet in 1785. last ten volumes, similar to that to the fourth ten recently noticed in our columns, all the varied And we do not doubt that we have among our stores of information in the series will be older readers many persons who have been present at funerals where this heraldic display has not readily accessible to the student. Occasions, however, will necessarily arise when elaborate been omitted. When the gentry of England and valuable papers will prove too long for the took up arms in the middle of the seventeenth monthly periodical, and it has been determined century, each leader had a banner with his own that they shall be issued separately as supple-bearings, others fancy pictures. An account of device on it; some were modifications of armorial ments to it. The volume now before us opens most fittingly with a long memoir on the fifty years' work of the society, by Mr. Clements R. Markham, who for nearly twenty years has been one of its honorary secretaries. In his four introductory chapters he gives a concise sketch of the mode in which the society's work was done previous to its foundation. The fifth contains a history of the original formation of the Geographical Society; while the sixth and seventh chapters are devoted to notices of its officers and leading members, and the next two review the career of the society with reference to the expeditions which it has helped or actively promoted. The history of its publications, of its library and map-room, &c., is next dealt with; and the eleventh chapter reviews the material progress of the society. In his last chapter Mr. Markham furnishes a comparative view of geographical knowledge in 1830 and 1881, and a sketch of the work that still remains to be done. The numerous appendices are of considerable interest; and those which give lists of the papers and maps in the society's publications, and of the names of their authors, will be found invaluable by students and cartographers. The first paper, properly so called, in the volume is one on two maps of the Andaman Islands, by Mr. E. H. Man, assistant superinterdent of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Lieut. R. C. Temple, B.S.C. Mr. F. Hirth, a German in the Chinese Customs service, follows with some remarks on the history and origin of the word typhoon. The aim of Mr. Hirth's paper is to explode the old derivations from the Greek and from the Chinese characters, signifying "great wind," and to substitute for them another, which in English would mean "wind of Formosa." But Mr. Hirth's arguments are not convincing, and he does not sufficiently take into account the fact that the dreaded wind is not peculiar to the immediate neighbourhood of that island. Mr. Joseph Thomson supplies some seven pages of altitudes measured by him in East Central Africa, and since computed for the society by Lieut. S. S. Sugden, R.N. These are illustrated by sections of the country traversed between Dar-es-Salaam and the head of Nyassa, and thence to Lake Tanganyika. The concluding paper in the volume, by another Chinese Customs official, Mr. E. Fitzgerald Creagh, gives an account of a journey overland from Amoy to Hankow by a route not hitherto traversed by Europeans, which is laid down on the accompanying map. Flags: Some Account of their History and Uses. By A. Macgeorge. (Blackie.) Mr. Macgeorge has produced a very pretty book for the drawing-room table, and he has told well Old Cardross. By David Murray. (Glasgow: Maclehose.) It is not a little surprising to learn, from the evidence collected by Mr. Murray in this little book, how slowly the arts of civilisation reached a part of Scotland so near the centre of commerce and government as Cardross. The co-operative system of agriculture, which Mr. Seebohm has been studying in England, prevailed also in the North, and the land was held "in runrig or stuckrunways"-that is, each tenant held a ridge of about forty feet in width, and half of it baulk. The soil in this district was no doubt poor, but the superstition that it was fighting against God to eradicate weeds prevented it being otherwise, while the prejudice against beginning to plough before March 10 necessitated a late and disadvantageous harvest. Another curious prejudice was that against the "artificially created wind," or "Devil's wind," as one clergyman called it, produced by farmers. In fact, the Communion is said to have been refused to those who were not content to winnow their corn in the traditional way. The butter, too, was never fit to eat because it was unlucky to wash the churn and the milk dishes. The dates of the several improvements are worth noting. Turnpike roads and draining were commenced in 1760, and in 1763 the first wheel cart was used. Potatoes were not introduced until 1733, and turnips and the better kinds of oats not till nearly the end of the century. Porridge and crowdie, kale or barley broth, and bannocks of pease and bean meal formed nearly the sole food of the farming population. The beer was thick and small, and made from oats; while as to meat, it can rarely have been eaten except when salted. In 1714 only three cows were killed for winter beef in the parish of Campsie; but the improvements in crops in that century soon made itself felt in the quality of the stock, for sixty years later every farmer had his stock of salt beef or mutton. This rapid progress was no doubt due to the increased communication between the two kingdoms, but now the tide has turned, and some think that English farmers might do well to learn a lesson from their Northern neighbours. Stonehenge Plans, Descriptions, and Theories. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. (Stanford.) The chief feature of this work is two carefully drawn plans of the positions of the stones, earthcircles, and mounds at Stonehenge. It is unfortunate, however, that the figures printed on the stones as a means of reference are so in distinct as to be in many cases quite illegible. The larger plan, on a scale of 1: 200, is accompanied by careful and detailed measurements which show, the author thinks, that the outer sarsen stones, the outer blue-stones, and the inner blue-stones are arranged on three circles which are nearly concentric. No suggestion is made as to the scheme on which the sarsen trilithons are arranged. Dr. Nicholson suggested, in the Antiquary of October last, that these trilithons were arranged in the form of a horseshoe; and from the plan in this work this seems quite possible. Moreover, where the stones of the other rings differ at all from the circle they seem to give some support to in the case of the stones numbered 61 and 72 this theory. This is especially noticeable in the inner blue-stone ring. In the outer sarsen ring the stones 11, 21, 19 also slightly suggest the horse-shoe shape. But here, if the horseshoe shape were correct, the opening or heel of the shoe would point to the west, while the others would have their opening towards the avenue. And this seems hardly possible. Mr. stones were worked, and adds a careful examinaPetrie points out the method by which the tion and summary of the various theories as to the use and age of the rings. He states that at Stonehenge, as well as at other places, the number of stones in a ring is often a multiple of ten, and he adds detailed results of observations on the position of the Friar's Heel as regards the rising of the sun at midsummer. He suggests the following order of construction:-(1) The earth's circle; (2) the avenue; (3) sarsen stones; (4) the altar stone and neighbouring barrows; (5) the inner blue-stone ring in memory of the Britons slain at Amesbury; (6) the outlying blue-stones in memory of Aurelius Ambrosius and other chiefs. Chili. By R. Nelson Boyd. (Allen.) This is a record of a somewhat flying visit to Chili, with a chapter on the recent war with Peru and Bolivia. The Preface informs us that it was not originally intended for publication, but has considered that some account, however imperbeen printed at the instigation of friends who fect, of Chili under present circumstances might be of general interest. We think that, on the whole, Mr. Boyd's friends were right; for, imperfect as the book undoubtedly is, Mr. Boyd and the coal mines which are interesting, and has some things to say about the Araucanians his sketch of the war down to the bombardment of Callao is short and correct. We wish he had started with the intention of publishing his notes, as we should then have probably got a more valuable contribution to our knowledge of the country. Outlines of Farm Management and the Organisation of Farm Labour. By Robert Scott Burn. (Crosby Lockwood.) The sorriest farmer needs some amount of book knowledge, though he devoutly believes that a great book is a great evil. It is to attract such as him, therefore, that Mr. Scott Burn's compendious "Outlines have been compiled out of a long experience. We here have discussed, in language excellently adapted to its purpose (1) the field work of the farm, whether ordinary or extraordinary in routine, including the care and application of the steam-engine; (2) the essential and engrossing subject of the farm-live-stock, as regards which so much depends on the labourer's kindly treatment; (3) the economy of the farmhouse such an easy-grown crop rows and cottage; while the last chapter of the third division suggests a tie, of all others, the most apt to bind a labourer, worth his salt, to the same master-i.e., the garden patch let to him with his cottage, inducing habits of industry and thrift. Mr. Scott Burn does not scorn giving counsel to occupy the odd corners and waste places of the cottage garden with as the Jerusalem artichoke; while a little extra attention will grow to advantage vegetable marrows on ground economised betwixt of potatoes. Where a cottage labourer has taken kindly to his garden, you shall see his bed of parsnips for family use, as well as for the pigs the cottager's bank, as they have been called; his " yarb" bed, for which the cottager's garden is proverbial; and the flowers and fruit which, in due season, fail not to find a standing in the market. Thrice happy those who possess the treasure of one or two good fruit apples. And then the value of the compost heap to the cottager, the experience which the garden teaches the young folk in developing into handy, helpful young labourers! We wish we had time to review the array of domestic animals which are a congenial care to the industrious cottager. Bees, poultry, rabbits we have often before heard a good word for, but never, till now, so much for the goat-an animal which the advocacy of this book may reinstate in our villages and hamlets. In the earlier part of the work we find some very sound remarks by Mr. Frederick Clifford on the maintenance of inferior and, to some extent, superannuated labour. In truth, we can recommend these sensible and practical hints to the attention of landlords and tenants in entering upon the new course which is likely to be inaugurated with new lettings, melioribus opto auspiciis. NOTES AND NEWS. AMONG all those who recently received the honorary degree of D.C.L. at the Oxford Commemoration, the name of Col. Chester appeals most to students. He was rightly styled by Prof. Bryce "the first of our living genealogists." But as the University of Oxford is under a special obligation to him for the labour he has expended upon its early matriculation lists, so ought the ACADEMY to take this opportunity of acknowledging the readiness and generosity with which he has always placed his stores of learning at the service of its readers. We understand that Mrs. Augusta Webster has in the press a new volume of poems, under the title of A Book of Rhyme, which will be published immediately by Messrs. Macmillan and Co. A HISTORY of Lambeth Palace is being prepared by the Rev. J. Cave-Browne. Besides containing personal sketches of the archbishops, the work will also include brief accounts of other palaces and manor-houses belonging to the see. The Archbishop of Canterbury will supply an Introduction. MR. BUNYIU NANJIO, priest of the Monastery of Eastern Hongwanzi, Japan, has prepared a catalogue of Japanese and Chinese books and MSS. recently added to the Bodleian Library, which will be published immediately by the Clarendon Press. These include (1) a collec. tion made by Mr. A. Wylie in Japan, and bought by the Curators of the Bodleian Library in the present year, containing thirty-seven works in all; (2) five Chinese and two Japanese law books, presented to Mr. S. Amos by the Japanese Government; and (3) a collection of Japanese books and MSS., &c., presented to the Bodleian Library by Prof. Max Müller. AMONG the forthcoming additions to Messrs. Rivington's valuable series of educational books are a new and revised edition of Arnold's Practical Introduction to Latin Prose Composition, by the Rev. George G. Bradley, Master of University College, Oxford; a new and revised edition of Arnold's Practical Introduction to Greek Prose Composition, by Evelyn Abbott, Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford; A LatinEnglish Dictionary for Junior Forms of Schools, by C. G. Gepp, late Head-master of King Edward VI. School, Stratford-upon-Avon; A Short History of England for Schools, with Maps and Illustrations, by F. York-Powell, Lecturer at Christ Church, Oxford: A Practical English Grammar, for the Higher Forms of Schools and for Students preparing for Examinations, by W. Tidmarch, Head-master of Putney School; and, in the series of "Historical Biographies edited by the Rev. M. Creighton, Oliver Cromwell, by F. W. Cornish. wishes to see a brick of London again except on urgent duty, and that he does not much like it, with its Indian corruptions and its Jacobin peace,' £4. Those of Robert Burns brought some of the highest prices. In one, dated April 4, 1789, referring to the King's restoration, he says, "G-forgive me for speaking evil of dignities! But I must say I look on the whole business as a solemn farce of pageant mummery "-£31. The MS. of "The Rights of Woman" sold for £15 158., and of the "Brigs of Ayr," for £25 10s. Letter of Thomas Campbell, dated Sydenham Common, 1805, with part of MS. of "Lord Ullin's Daughter," ending with "But no choice is left. I must either publish or go to the Devil"-£13 158. Letter of Card. Henry Stuart, May 1767, Rome, in which, speaking of his brother's visit to the Pope, he says of him, "Could he but get the better of the nasty bottle, which every now and then comes on by spurts, I could hope a great deal; but I see to get the better of that nasty habit there must be the hand of God"-£6 68. Confession of Faith signed by Montrose and other Scotch peers, written on vellum, sold for THE ancient episcopal city of Dunblane is to have a new popular History, incorporating John Monteath's Dunblane Traditions of 1835. John Miller, of Glasgow, is the publisher, and promises to give portraits of Archbishop Leigh-A ton and other Dunblane worthies, maps of the district, and of the churchyard, with numbered graves, &c. REGARDING the Calderon prize lately offered by the Royal Spanish Academy, it will be remembered that the jurors (the Archbishop of Dublin, his Excellency the American Minister, and the Right Honourable Lord Houghton) were of opinion that none of the competitive poems had duly adhered to the special terms proposed, and therefore they did not feel justified in awarding the prize to any body. They nevertheless recognised highclass poetry in some of the compositions. We are informed that one of the competitors (Mr. R. H. Horne), not considering himself very handsomely treated, forwarded his poem "Calderon," through his Excellency the Spanish Minister in London, to the Royal Spanish Academy in Madrid. A letter in reply was sent, in which the Royal Spanish Academy desire to testify their appreciation of the poem in honour of Calderon by express their Mr. Richard Hengist Horne;" and they forward to him, through his Excellency the Marquis di Casa Saiglesia, their great medal, which has recently been struck, bearing an and the arms of the Royal Spanish Academy on admirable bas-relief of "Calderon " on one side, on the other. THE idea of acting a Greek play in the original language has passed from colleges to schools. We hear that the boys of the Edinburgh Academy propose to act the Antigone of Sophocles, with Mendelssohn's music, at their exhibition day towards the end of July. WE are glad to hear that several subscriptions, including a liberal one from Mr. Gladstone, have been received towards the proposed memorial to Bishop Berkeley in Cloyne Cathedral, to which we have already called attention. Ar the annual general meeting of the Society of Arts, held on June 29, medals were awarded to the eight following gentlemen for papers read during the past season:-Prof. A. Graham Bell, Mr. E. P. Edwards (of the Trinity House), Mr. Alexander Siemens, Sir Bartle Frere, Mr. J. Y. Buchanan, Prof. Perry, Sir Richard Temple, and Mr. J. M. Maclean. THE Times states that in a collection of autograph letters sold by Messrs. Sotheby last week were several of interest. A long one of Queen Anne, in which she says, in alluding to party measures, "All I desire is my liberty in encouraging and employing all those yt concur faithfully in my service, whether they are call'd Whigs or Torys," sold for £16. One from Edmund Burke, in which he says he never £56. It THE forthcoming number of the British Quarterly Review will contain an interesting article of fifty-six pages, entitled "Carlyle and Mrs. Carlyle: a Ten Years' Reminiscence." is written by Mr. Henry Larkin, the author of Extra Physics and The Mystery of Creation. Mr. Larkin was for some years closely connected with Mr. Carlyle in his literary work; and upwards of fifty original letters from Mr. Carlyle and Mrs. Carlyle to the writer are included in the article. Dr. E. A. Freeman will also contribute to this Quarterly an historical-archaeological article, "Augustodunum, the modern Autun." A NEW poem, on Saint Christopher, by the author of The Epic of Hades, is published in the July number of Fraser's Magazine. is to be held at Grasmere, in the Rothay Hotel, THE next meeting of the Wordsworth Society on Wednesday, July 20, at two in the afternoon. has recently been published in Bombay, with AN edition of Mr. Palgrave's Golden Treasury copious additional notes by Mr. Peterson, of the educational departments, for use as a textbook in Indian schools. THE endowment of research at Owens College, Manchester, to which we have already referred, has now taken definite shape. The council propose to appoint to five fellowships in science or literature, each of the value of £100, tenable for one year, but renewable for two years further. The appointment, we are specially glad to notice, will be made not on the results of examination, but after consideration of documentary and other evidence. Every holder of a fellowship will be expected to devote his time to the prosecution of some special study approved by the council. This is, we believe, the first attempt in this country to carry out which has been so successfully inaugurated by systematically the plan of awarding fellowships the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. A PUBLIC meeting will be held on Monday evening next, at eight p.m., at the Society of Arts', John Street, Adelphi, to consider the plans of the Guild for Promoting the Higher Education of Working People by means of lectures and classes, in the organisation of which the trade societies will be invited to co-operate. The Earl of Rosebery will preside, and the meeting will be addressed by Arthur Cohen, Esq., M.P., Ashton Dilke, Esq., M.P., H. Broadhurst, Esq., M.P., Messrs. Hodgson Pratt, John Burnett, and others. WE are informed that a seventieth edition of Mr. Richard Gooch's Tales of the Sea, dedicated to the late Charles Dickens, by his express permission, will be published shortly. A NEW story, entitled "A Noble Name," completed shortly before her death by Mrs. Buxton, in conjunction with Mr. W. W. Fenn, is commenced in the July part of Golden Hours. THE sum of £780 has now been raised towards a memorial for the Scotch poet Tannatill; and it is proposed to erect forthwith a statue of him in his native town of Paisley. MR. W. MATTIEU WILLIAMS, F.R.A.S., F.C.S., author of The Fuel of the Sun, Through Norway with a Knapsack, &c., has been appointed to the management of the Royal Polytechnic Institution, and commences his duties forthwith. THE Manchester Statistical Society have adopted a rule which allows the election of Tomen as members. THE approaching four-hundredth anniversary of the birth of Ulrich Zwingli, the Zürich reformer, January 1, 1884, is already fixed for a festival throughout Protestant Switzerland. Subscriptions are being collected for a Zwinglidenkmal, to be placed in the open square before the Great Minster in Zürich. The sums voluntarily sent in to the committee, within a short period, amount to 55,000 frs., and very much more will doubtless be added during the next two years. Dr. W. DEECKE and Dr. C. Pauli, will, we are informed, shortly issue the first number of an important work on Etruscan explorations and studies. It is said that a copy of Copernicus' early treatise, De hypothesibus Motuum Coelestium, in a more perfect condition than any copy hitherto known, has been discovered in the library of the Stockholm Observatory, stitched into a copy of the better-known treatise by Copernicus, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (Libri VI.), which formerly belonged to the Dantzig astronomer, Hevelius. Ir is stated that the memoirs of Barras, which were the property of the late M. Hortensius de Saint-Albin, and which passed from his hands into the possession of his sister, Mdme. Jubinal, will shortly be published in eight volumes. They may be expected to throw considerable light on the history of the Terror and the Directory. PROF. CARLO CANTARELLI, of Parma, is at work upon, and will shortly publish, a modern Italian version of the thirteenth-century Chronicle of Fra Salimbene, a document of great interest and importance to students of mediaeval French and Italian history. The original text, which is in the Parmese dialect, was published not long since by the Deputazione della Storia Patria. But it is said that this version is lacking in several important passages that are to be found in the original MS., which has hitherto been jealously guarded in the Vatican Library. According to the Rassegna Settimanale, this restriction has at length been removed, and the text, in its original integrity, will be shortly published in France. taking manner in which he has ransacked provincial archives and other contemporary documents in order to bring them into the light. THE well-known German publishing house of Perthes is issuing an historical work by Prof. Grünhagen, of Breslau, upon the first Silesian War of Frederic the Great, Geschichte des ersten schlesischen Krieges. The first volume, which has just appeared, ends with the Treaty of Klein-Schnellendorf. or THE third annual gathering of the Allgemeiner deutscher Schriftstellerverband, Union of German Men of Letters, will be held this year at Vienna, September 16-18. THE prix Stanislas Julien has been awarded by the Académie des Inscriptions et BellesLettres to M. Emile Rocher for his work entitled La Province chinoise du Yun-nan, which was reviewed in the ACADEMY of March 26. THE Revue Critique contains a long and appreciative review by M. A. Barth of two collections of essays on Oriental subjects by retired members of the Bengal Civil ServiceMr. B. H. Hodgson's Miscellaneous Essays relating to Indian Subjects, and Mr. R. N. Cust's Linguistic and Oriental Essays, both published by Messrs. Trübner. BARBERA, of Florence, has just published the Annuario della Letteratura italiana nel 1880, edited by Prof. Angelo de Gubernatis. A FOUR-VOLUME edition of Rousseau's Confessions, preceded by an essay from the pen of Prof. Marc-Monnier, and illustrated by etchings by Hédouin, has been published by the Librairie des Bibliophiles. THE first number of a Dutch monthly journal devoted to the interests of literature was published in May, under the title of Astrea, Letterkundig Tijdschrift voor Noord en Zuid. The critical contributions are said to be inferior to the original essays and verse. SIX poems were written in Denmark on the occasion of the Calderon Prize Centenary competition, but none was judged worthy of a prize. EATERS of almonds and raisins who may have wondered whether the Jordan almonds they were munching came from the Holy Land will be interested in the following bit from Mr. H. B. Wheatley's Preface to Mr. Herrtage's edition of the Catholicon for the Early-English Text Society: "When Mr. Alderman Hanson, F.S.A., was investigating the history of various fraits, he was somewhat puzzled by the term 'Jordan almonds' applied to the best kind of sweet almonds, and he set to work to look up the authorities. He found a definite statement in Phillips' New World of Words (sixth edition by Kersley, 1706), to the effect especially in the Holy Land near the river Jordan, that the tree grows chiefly in the Eastern countries, whence the best of this fruit are called "Jordan almonds." The same statement is made in Bailey's Dictionary in 1757 (the botanical portion of which was edited by no less a person than Philip Miller), and in many other books. In J. Smith's Bible Plants (1877) we read, 'the best so-called Jordan almonds come from Malaga, and none now come from the country of the Jordan.' The author M. ERNEST DAUDET, the author of La Terreur might very well have added that they never did Blanche, has published a volume of researches come from that place. The merchants of Malaga, on a neglected phase of the French Revolution- who export the almonds, are equally at sea as to the Royalist conspiracies and risings in the South the derivation. One of them told Mr. Hanson that of France-under the title of Histoire des the general opinion was that a certain Frenchman, Conspirations royalistes du Midi sous la Révocalled Jourdain, early in this century introduced an lution-1790-1793 (Paris: Hachette). Doubt- improved method of cultivation. This suggestion less, the efforts of the reactionary party in was easily negatived by reference to the fact that the Southern provinces of France were comparaJordan almonds were mentioned in printed books at least as far back as 1607. At last Mr. Hanson vely feeble and ill directed, and have thus found his clue in the Promptorium, where we read, been thrown into the shade by the formidableIardyne almaunde, amigdalum jardinum.' The movement of La Vendée; but they constituted, nevertheless, a real danger to the Republic, and great credit is due to M, Daudet for the pains difficulty was overcome, and the Jordan almond stood revealed as nothing more than a garden or cultivated kind of almond." A TRANSLATION. HORACE, BOOK I., ODE IV. Solvitur acris Hyemps grata vice Veris et Favoni. HARSH Winter thaws with pleasant change of Spring and Zephyr, The long-dried keels are dragged adown the shore ; In fire and stall no more delight the hind and heifer, The comely Graces, and the Nymphs in choir, Trip lightly o'er the earth, while Vulcan, grimly glowing, Works with the mighty Cyolops at his fire. Now we may round our brow with myrtle wreath adorn us, Or any floweret which the thawed earth yields; Now we may sacrifice, in darkling groves, to Faunus The kid or lamb demanded from our fields. Pale Death, with even tramp advancing, smites, and crieth J. F. M'LENNAN. JOHN FERGUSON M'LENNAN died at his home on Hayes Common on June 16. For years past, broken down in health, he had disappeared from among the circle of friends who enjoyed his brilliant and genial talk, yet he still looked forward to publishing his completed views on early society, the chief scientific labour of his life. So lately as March last he sent word to the writer of these lines that, after being engaged in a grim fight for life for upwards of two years, prostrate with daily malarious fever, he was mending a little, and not without hope of re-entering the field of work. But this was not to be; and till his last researches are edited, as no doubt will soon be done by kindly and competent hands, it cannot be settled whether his already high place among modern thinkers may not be put somewhat higher still. It is on his anthropological work of this kind that his reputation mainly rests. Those who knew him as a Scotch student at Trinity College, Cambridge, about thirty years ago, talk even now of the great things he was expected to do. Nor was the expectation unfounded, for he was a man of genius, and genius is apt to find its way places. But he was too erratic to run along out into the world, though often in unexpected the academical groove far enough to reach its greater honours. When he went to the Scotch Bar, instead of profitably playing the legal game according to the accepted rules, he had opinions of his own as to what an advocate may and may not do. He took to being secretary of the Scottish Society for promoting the Amendment of the Law; and in 1865 he published a law-book which had the natural and immediate effect of losing him half his briefs. This was Primitive Marriage, the work by which he made his mark in the scientific study of man. It arose out of his writing an encyclopaedia-article on law, when he was struck by the Roman marriage ceremonies, where money was handed over for a fictitious sale of the wife, or where the husband, with his friends, pretended to carry her off by violence. In such legal symbols, which hundreds of jurists had looked at without seeing into them, he plainly discerned relics of earlier states of society. Thereupon, setting himself at once to study the barbaric life in which such customs are practical realities, he found himself transported back into an ancient stage of culture where society was more or less like that of the modern American Indians, with descent reckoned, not on the father's, but the mother's side, and the rule prevailing (which M'Lennan called exogamy, or marryingout) that forbids marriage between those who bore the same totem or clan-name, such as Wolf or Bear. His theories as to this and still ruder forms of social life, guided as his researches were by a keen legal sense, had an extraordinary effect in starting a line of study which is opening out from year to year. His original volume is scarce, but it was reprinted not long since under the title of Studies in Ancient History, with several later papers extending the view originally expressed. Among these is his slashing review of Dr. L. H. Morgan, the American writer who, by living among the Iroquois and studying "totems" in their own land, had come upon much the same ground of prehistoric society which the Scotch lawyer had reached by so different a track. Their results had more in common than perhaps either of them saw; but one is not surprised at M'Lennan's attack on what he considered a baseless speculation, nor at the Appendix which Morgan discharged in reply. Probably neither combatant was much hurt; but it might be as well that the battle should not now be prolonged by partisans of one side or the other hurling literary missiles across, not only the Atlantic, but even the Pacific. The educated public, when they can be brought to look at the subject at all, see that it is too intricate for any single writer to have solved at the first trial, and will not pin themselves to the theories of one school, but take what seems worth having out of all. During his last years M'Lennan believed he had got farther than his printed works show towards discovering the origin of the "totem; " but he did not care that his ideas should be discussed without the full evidence they rested on, and now that he cannot defend them for himself we must see that they have the careful weighing that is their due. The latter part of M'Lennan's life was spent out of Scotland. Unsettled in his legal work, he was cut adrift by the death of his first wife, a daughter of M'Culloch the political economist. 10s. 6d. THEOLOGY. HISTORY, ETC. BARTHELEMY, E. de. La Marquise d'Huxelles et ses Amis. Paris Firmin-Didot. 8 fr. FOESTE, C. H. Die Reception Pseudo-Isidors unter Nikolaus HAMONT, T. Un Essai d'Empire français dans l'Inde au I. u. Hadrian II. Leipzig: Böhme. 75 Pf. XVIII Siècle. Duplex, d'après sa Correspondance inédite. Paris: Plon. 7 fr. 50 c. clusive right of an artist to reproduce his idea by any process whatever-in other words, to object BRUNTON, T. Lauder. The Bible and Science. Macmillan. to the reproduction of his idea by any process whatever without his consent. Prof. Roessler, of the University of Kaschau, contributes a sketch of Hungarian legislation since 1872. Prof. Alois Orelli, of the University of Zurich, has continued in a third article his review of the development of Swiss legislation since 1872. His two previous articles have dealt with the laws elaborated in virtue of the Constitution of 1874, and actually in vigour. The present article examines with great care the projects of law on civil capacity, on commercial contracts and bills of exchange, on literary and artistic property, and on debt and bankruptcy. M. Engelhardt, formerly one of the Riverain Commissioners of the Danube, discusses the recent conventional Acts for the regulation of international rivers. JOURNAL d'une Bourgeoise pendant la Révolution, 1791-93. P. p. son petit-fils E. Lockroy. Paris: 0. Lévy. 3 fr. 50 c. LUCY Le Comte de. Des Origines du Pouvoir ministériel en France les Secrétaires d'Etat depuis leur Institution jusqu'à la Mort de Louis XV. Paris: Lib. de la Société bibliographique. 10 fr. NOTTBECK, E. V. Siegel aus dem Revaler Rathsarchiv nebet Sammig. v. Wappen der Revaler Katnsfamilien. Reval: Prahm. 28 M. PERLEACH, M. Pommerellisches Urkundenbuch. 1. Abth. Danzig: Bertling. 12 M. PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY. BRUEGGER, C. G. Beobachtungen üb. wildwachsende Pflanzenbastarde der Schweizer- u. Nachbar- Floren. Chur: Hitz. 1 M. 60 Pf. Engelmann. 2 M. 50 Pf. DEWITZ, H. Afrikanische Nachtschmetterlinge. Leipzig: FRIES, E. Icones selectae Hymenomycetum nondum delinea torum. Vol. II. Fasc. 6. Berlin: Friedländer. 13 M. GUICHARD et DARCEL. Les Tapisseries décoratives du Garde- meuble. Paris: Baudry. 200 fr. Prof. de Louter, of the University of Utrecht, has contributed an historical paper on the annexation of the Transvaal, in which he frames a strong bill of indictment against the British Government, from which it would seem doubtful whether the mode of commencing or that of terminating the annexation has been the most discreditable to the British Government of the day. Probably Sir Theophilus Shepstone would have a word to say on the other side as regards the annexation; and we must still await the final settlement by the British Government of the perplexed question-how the independence of the Boers is to be reconciled with the duty, which Great Britain may have rashly under- VAIHINGER, H. Commentar zu Kants Kritik der reinen taken, to protect the African from oppression Stuttgart: Spemann. by the Africander. A paper by M. Léon Renault on the recent annexation of the Island of Tahiti by France, and on the ratification by the French Chamber of the Convention with King Pomare V., under which that monarch has abdicated his crown in favour of the French Republic, concludes the volume. JUDD, Prof. Volcanoes: What they Are and What they Teach. C. Kegan Paul & Co. 53. LAMOTTE, M. Prodrome de la Flore du Plateau central de la France. 2o Partie. Paris: Masson. 8 fc. Vernunft. 1. Bd. 1. Hälfte. 4 M. 50 Pf. PHILOLOGY, ETC. BRARUNING, Th. F. G. De Adjectivis compositis apud Pindarum. Berlin: Calvary. 2 M. 40 Pf. CORPUS inscriptionum latinarum. Consilio et auctoritate academiae literarum regiae borussicae editum. Vol. 8. POLAK, H. J. Ad Odysseam ejusque scholiastas curae se- CORRESPONDENCE. THE Alpine Journal contains a third instalment of Mr. Whymper's notes among the Great Andes of the Ecuador. In a later part of the present number, he criticises the account of an M. Jules Remy and Mr. Brenchley. alleged ascent" of Chimborazo in 1856 by THE DISAPPEARANCE OF BISHOP MOUNTAGU'S believes that the point which they reached was 66 He some thousands of feet lower than the true summit. Mr. D. W. Freshfield's gossipy and MS. OF THE LATIN VERSION OF IGNATIUS. Laverton Rectory, Bath: June 18, 1881. I stated in a recent letter in your columns In 1871, Lord Young, then Lord Advocate, interesting paper read before the Alpine Club that I have for some time past been investigat brought him up to London as parliamentary draftsman; and he held the appointment for a few years, when (on a change of Government) he resigned, not long after a second marriage which made the happiness of the rest of his life. His was not indeed the ordinary career of a successful man. But life was full of eager interest to him; he had many attached friends, and often had the enjoyment of being useful to them; he saw his work appreciated while he lived, and knew it would 46 the main portion of the present number. There on May 3, "Midsummer in Corsica," occupies is a huge history of Corsica, in five volumes, by Filippini, and continued after his death, which might be added to the books cited by Mr. Freshfield. M. Duhamel's "The Ecrins from C. A. F., is the last paper. the South," translated from the Annuaire of the The "In Memoriam" section includes a short note on the late Mr. E. P. Jackson, and a longer one, by the editor, on M. Adolphe Joanne, to whom travellers and excursionists all over the world owe a great debt. Landor. ("English Men of Letters.") Macmillan. 2s. 6d. DICTIONNAIRE militaire, publié sous la direction de M. Amédée Le Faure. 1re Livr. Paris: Berger-Levrault. 3 fr. 50 c DU SARTEL, O. La Porcelaine de Chine. 1re Livr. Paris: EITSCHMANN, W. Die Pädagogik d. John Locke. Historisch u. FLORIMO, F. La Scuola musicale di Napoli. Vol. V. Napoli: psychologisch beleuchtet. Cöthen: Schettler. 1 M. 70 Pf. LAMBER, Juliette. Poètes grecs contemporains. Paris: C. Revue de Droit international et de Législation 5 fr. wirthschaftlichen Güter. Stuttgart: Enke. 3 M. 60 Pf. WHITE. R. G. England: Without and Within. Sampson Low & Co. 10, 6d. It is well known to Ignatian students that Ussher, in printing (for the first time) the shorter old Latin version of Ignatius, made belonging to Caius College, Cambridge, and use of two MSS. then existing in England-one still preserved there, the other the property of Richard Mountagu, Bishop of Chichester from 1628 to 1638 and of Norwich from 1638 till his death, April 13, 1641. Of the Caius MS. Ussher used a transcript, made expressly for him in 1631, and still preserved in Trinity College, Dublin; in the other case, he borrowed the MS. itself from Mountagu's library. Unfortunately, this MS., as is well known, has long been lost, and the object of the present letter is to elicit some information possible, some clue to its discovery, if it is still respecting its disappearance, and to obtain, if in existence. MS. was deplored as long ago as 1709 by Smith It must first be stated that the loss of the in the Preface to his edition of Ignatius, where he writes: "Vellem equidem codicem ex bibliotheca Viri Les Romanciers naturalistes. Paris: Charpentier. Reverendissimi, D. Montacutii, olim Episcopi ZOLA, E 3 fr. 30 c, 2 |