gist would accept. If proof cannot be given bik-lore-"Rhodia." NEW ITALIAN BOOKS. What possible evidence can there be for this? the cruelty of their rule excited the people to Our Scottish brethren have been much maligned revolt, and Gozzadini called the Church to their if they have preserved their family records with La Nuova Italia ed i Vecchi Zelanti. Del Sac. aid. Thereupon, the widowed Duchess of Milan such care that the pedigree of a working-class C. M. Curci. (Firenze: Bencini.) "These are made secret terms with Cossa, the Papal Legate, race can be traced back for at least four hundred my opinions, therefore I publish them; neverand surrendered Bologna to the Pope. And, years by evidence which a competent genealo-theless, I bow to the authority of the Church, although the powerful banker had publicly weland submit myself to her will." Such is the atti-comed the Legate, his downfall was decreed. tude of Father Curci, whose new book has created It would take us too long to relate the strange much excitement in Italy, and has already tangle of conspiracy by which Gozzadini's ruin been placed in the Index. The ecclesiastical was accomplished. His position with regard to ban will have no great effect on the circulation the Cardinal Legate belongs to the debateable of the work; it has called forth many able ground of history. Besieged by the Papal reviews on the relations of Church and State; forces in his fortress of Cento, he refused but, even if written in an easier style, it could surrender as the price of his son's life, and his hardly hope for great popularity in so unson was accordingly put to death. Later, by controversial a land. And the general view the decision of chosen arbiters, he was forced to taken is, that the author is a visionary, and yield his castle and fly into exile. His houses that the Christian, Catholic, national, and democratic party that he desires to establish has cated, and he died in poverty at Ferrara in were sacked, his enormous possessions confisvery little chance of ever coming into existence. 1407. Count Gozzadini adds a sketch of the Meanwhile, Father Curci throws the entire subsequent career of his ancestor's rival and blame of the breach 'twixt Pontificate and persecutor, Cardinal Cossa, afterwards Pope Monarchy on the "Old Zealots," who will not John XXIII., and draws a comparison between accept the decrees of Providence, and still the latter's infamy and the undeviating indream of the restoration of the temporal power. tegrity of Nanne Gozzadini. But, with all his It was they who caused the errors of the closing accuracy and great learning, the author lacks years of Pius IX.'s reign; it is they who the true narrative power; his style is often cold prevent the present Pope from following his own and his personages never stand out very disinspirations. And he does not allow that Leo tinctly from the crowded canvas. XIII. is in any way responsible for the abstention from the use of political rights in which the clerical party still persist. It is touching to note the struggle going on in the mind of the ex-Jesuit between love for his country and reverence to his superiors; and it is admirable to see the sincerity with which he acknow. ledges his change of opinions. Formerly, as editor of the Civiltà Cattolica and determined opponent of the national unity, he collected 27,000 signatures to a protest against the Italian entry into Rome. Now, he raises his voice in favour of the State, and is loud in praise of the national army. The loss of the temporal power he considers a benefit to the true interests of the Church. He respectfully counsels the Pope to overthrow the intrigues of the Old Zealots by abandoning the seclusion of the Vatican, accepting the Government grant, position of things. and frankly accommodating himself to the new Father Curci devotes a THE Revista Contemporanea for June 30 opens with an article on "Journalism in the United States," by Señor Jordano y Morena. The writer asserts that in the States good copied articles are preferred to original ones, as the editors select only the telling sentences and omit superfrities. Interviewing reporting is popular, even with its victims. The stipend of chief editor, in first-class cities (New York excepted), is about £1,000 per annum. Special monthly journals yield little profit; masonic and temperance journals none at all. In the United States ournalism is an industry, and is worked accordingly; in Spain, it is used merely as a sep to political office. Señor Sanroma concludes bis useful discussion on the "Monetary Conference of 1881;" and Ovilo Canales continues his "Studies on Morocco," treating this time of the Revenue and Customs. The natural resources of Morocco are immense; small as the revenue is, through infamous administration, the expenditure is less. The surplus only swells the hoarded treasure of the Sovereign. Is the Revue historique for July M. Xénopol finishes his article on "The Dismemberments of Moldavia," which gives the history of the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812, and its effects. The article is of considerable importance with reference to modern political discussions, M. Schlumberger traces the fate of two Norman chiefs who were in the service of the Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century-Hervé and Boussel de Bailleul. M. Schlumberger was Fut upon their traces by discovering, at Constantinople, their seals, of which he gives impressions. M. de Larrogue publishes from the MS. in the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg some letters of Margaret of France, Duchess of Savoy, addressed to various person ages at the Court of France between 1560 and 174. In bibliography there is a valuable paper by Herr Haupt, giving an account of the ent works published in Germany relative to Se history and antiquities of ancient Greece. THE Archivio Storico italiano is chiefly table for the valuable contribution of zor La Mantia on the "Customs of the San Cities." He treats of the early charters < Messina, Catania, and Syracuse; and pubthe "Consuetudines of Syracuse as .frmed in 1318. THE Rivista Europea for July has a thoughtIf study by Signor Stiavelli on "Niccola o" and his pulpit at Pisa. Signor Bottoni stributes the record of his ascent of Monte Amata, which would not be without interest A travellers in Italian byways. chapter to the recital of the persecutions to stools! Nanne Gozzadini e Baldassare Cossa poi Francesco Berni. Per Antonio Virgili. Con Documenti inediti. (Florence: Le Monnier.) In some wine-growing districts of North Italy very stout timber crutches are used for the support of very slender vines. Signor Virgili's laborious work is not unlike one of those vinecrutches, and the "poet of laughter" a somewhat slender theme for six hundred octavo pages. Berni himself recounted the chief events of his life in ninety lines of easy verse. Signor Virgili's prose is not easy, his style is diffuse, and, in his anxiety to be exact, he often tries the reader's patience by winding round and round his subject instead of going straight to its core. Yet there is much new and curious information to be gleaned from this mass of material. Berni's life was short; born in 1496, he died by poison in 1535; but, during that period, he was in contact with the chief personages of his time in Italy, and, thanks to his roving disposition and restless love of change, was an eye-witness of some of the chief events For instance, he lived through the horrors of the sack of Rome, of that troublous age. attended the coronation of Charles V. at and sang Bologna, wrote sonnets to Vittoria Colonna, "Vuol esser la sentenzia ben matura lating to Francesco Berni; and it is only to be regretted that his ponderous manner of dealing with his materials should prevent it from ranking among books to be read for pleasure. Ritratti Letterari. Di Edmondo de Amicis. (Milan: Treves.) These sketches of French men of letters are full of the writer's old charm. Signor de Amicis is a capital portrait-painter. His breadth of sympathy and ready enthusiasm make him the kindliest of critics, and he has the enviable gift of being able to draw out the best points of all with whom he is in contact. Zola himself ceases to be repulsive seen through these rose-coloured spectacles; but the chivalrous Piedmontese gentleman is evidently more at ease in the company of Alphonse Daudet, whose portrait is touched with a loving hand. But the best part of the volume, to our thinking, is the essay on the life and writings of Paul Déroulède, the soldier-poet. It is a theme thoroughly to the writer's taste, and the opening pages on patriotic poetry offer an eloquent tribute to the memories of the fighting minstrels whose songs stirred the youth of Italy to so many noble deeds. The tale of Déroulède's campaigns in the terrible year '70, of his capture, escape from Germany and return to the seat of war, is told in the author's best style, and is thoroughly delightful reading. PERRET, P. Les Pyrénées Françaises. Paris: Oudin. 10 fr. WEBER, M. M. Frhr. v. Die Wasserstrassen Nord-Europa's. WOLFF, J. A. Die St. Nicolai-Pfarrkirche zu Calcar, ihre bearb. Cöln: Boisseréé. 6 M. THEOLOGY. bilities. Such an "ought" he would be a bold man who should deny. Yet is there ap to be a grain of truth in what are termed popular fallacies, and a general feeling prevails that the errors of genius should be leniently regarded. I suppose it is that people NICHOLSON, E. B. A New Commentary on the Gospel ac- have been grateful for the quickening of their cording to Matthew. C. Kegan Paul & Co. 12s. HISTORY. BELLECOMBE, A. de. Histoire universelle. 2me Partie. His- XIVe Siècle. T. 18. Paris: Germer Baillière. 7 fr. Guerre d'Orient. Paris: Dumaine. 7 fr. 50 c. 46. 2. Abth. München: Franz. 2 M. 60 Pt. FINOT, J., et R. GALMICHE-BOUVIER. HISTORIAE hungaricae fontes domestici. Pars I. Scriptores. Vita sanctorum Stephani regis et Emerici ducis, ed. M. LANGEN, J. Geschichte der römischen Kirche bis zum Pon- tificate Leo's I. Bonn: Cohen. 15 M. MEYER, O. QUELLEN zur Geschichte Siebenbürgens aus sächsischen own life from such sources, and are accordingly indisposed to enquire too curiously into all the surroundings. And as Eastern nations treat madness reverently, so the isolation of genius may suggest a kindred infirmity in respect of these passing shows we name reality; though, indeed, we may observe, in the brutal behaviour of our rough youths toward some half-witted inhabitant of a village whom God has visited, how such a disposition is too little common with us in the West. Yet, not Shakspere only, but Plato also has associated "the lunatic, the lover, and the poet." Facts ought, doubtless, to be different; still, it may be profitable to weigh, account for, and admit them rather than always insist on improving the occasion by inveighing against them from our own private platform. Genius is, after all, a "treasure in earthen vessels." It has ever been regarded, from Plato downward, as a being taken possession of, WARNER, G. F. Catalogue of the MSS. and Muniments of 15s. PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY. Leipzig: Voss. 11 M. 1 M. 80 Pf. PHILOLOGY, ETC. HOFMANN, K. Altburgundische Uebersetzung der Predigten Gregors üb. Ezechiel, aus der Berner Handschrift. Mün- JAHRESBERICHT üb. die Erscheinungen auf dem Gebiete der KATALOG der kaiserl. Universitäts- u. Landesbibliothek in burg: Trübner. 5 M. THERE are good times coming for the children ARENDT, R. Technik der Experimentalchemie. 1. Bd. of Italy. Prof. F. Martini, editor of that flourishing periodical, the Fanfulla della Domenica, announces the appearance of an illustrated "weekly" for children, entitled Giornale de' Bambini. Signor Martini has collected a large staff of contributors, comprising many of the most distinguished names in Italian light literature, and states that it is high time for Italy to imitate other countries and supply her little ones with the best mental food from the best original sources. Hitherto, as he says, while juvenile libraries abroad were enriched by the contributions of a George Sand, a Wordsworth, a Victor Hugo, a Grimm, a Dickens, and a Hawthorne, the youth of Italy have been starved on trash of the poorest sort. All success to the new enterprise, which started on July 7. It has often occurred to us that one of the chief reasons for the smallness of the reading public in Italy is that so few Italians have known the delight of books in early childhood. Only exceptional children have the courage to attack big, grown-up volumes; the ordinary boy and girl need the bait of easy print and dainty picture. Until the last few years, there was hardly a book, save translations, to be found here that was really amusing for childish readers; and so, naturally enough, to them books meant nothing but dry-as-dust tasks and moral lessons undisguised by sweets. SELECTED LINDA VILLARI. BOOKS. GENERAL LITERATURE. theca monasterii Cremifanensis ord. S.-Bened. asserva- CORRESPONDENCE. CARLYLE AND GENIUS. London: July 8, 1881. Whether or no we subscribe for a monument However, the truth is that a revealer of high ideals is not likely to be a mere "" earthen vessel." "God chooses the weak things of the world to confound the wise," but these things are only "weak," and the others only "wise," in appearance, to the superficial judgment of mankind. The treasure of genius must be identified and inwoven with his very inmost individual personality-that hidden self which is indeed divine. What he sees is there, while a peculiar gift has been vouchsafed to him for its expression; though it is not without the mighty co-operation of a more clear-seeing spirithierarchy that he speaks. Mrs. Pfeiffer says finely, in the poem which recently appeared in a contemporary, that "No man's work is greater than his soul." Nevertheless, the "best" people are often those who have least power of verbally formu. lating and giving reasons for their goodness; they are not always able pulpiteers exhorting to virtuous living, or expounding casuistry and dogma. And if the prophet is more in the very ground of being than these, still he is specifically utterer, not doer. I do not say he may not combine both functions, or that his influence will not be greater if he does so. But we are in an epoch of division of labour, not of completeness for each nature. One suffers imperfection for the rest. The foot and the hand cannot say to the ear and the eye, "We have no need of you." And the energy each is endowed withal is apparently a fixed quantity, measured out and apportioned to each as he advances. Not endowment of expression only, but variety of experience, often very terrible, with unwonted depth and receptiveness of It has come out, indeed, that even he, sensibility, are needed by the revealer; and could slightly incline himself in the house possessor, though they be "gifts for men." Is so stern, these are gifts fraught with peril to the of Rimmon, never, surely, for ignoble, but he not used for the world, and too often conperchance not always for purely impersonal, sumed in the using? There is no finer poem ends. So far he may have varied from the of Mrs. Browning than that about "the great high stoical standard of absolute self-depend- god Pan" and the poor "plucked reed by the ence he set up, though whether above or below river." Says Goethe: "Wo du das Genie Supposing he fell short, was he the worse for These have the power of apprehending, and singe it may be fair matter for debate. What then? erblickst, erblickst du auch die Martyr-Krone." seeing and declaring to us so forcibly the right ing, or uttering in sounded chord the substance way What I deprecate is the danger of of what a favoured few are. They see Abraham toümer im Neustettiner u. Schlochauer Kreise. Danzig:"inflating oneself with some insane delight afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom. In the Bertling. 2 M. 40 Pf. at the discovery that men of genius are peccable outer court they stand, fired with the perfection LILLIE, A. Buddha and Early Buddhism. Trübner. 7s. 6d. MARCEL, E. La Famille du Baronnet. Paris: Firmin-Didot. like men of common talent. Kingsley has of divine Beauty, till their hearts burn within ( told us that genius ought to although Vorlesungen üb. G. E. Lessing's Nathan. moral, on account of its gifts and responsi- they themselves, perchance, be far from well favoured. These may not enter the promised land, though permitted on our behoof to behold it from a mountain. For the rest, the ideal beheld by Carlyle was not of the loftiest, most delicately lovely Christian type. He lacked faith in, and reverence for, man as one with God; faith in God as righteous Love, pre-eminently manifested in the life, death, and verbal revelation of Jesus Christ. But for that measure of Divine truth his shade would be to continue and complete the task of making better known to England and mankind the treasures of which he had the custody. Of many collections and sub-collections of MSS., there is no proper catalogue to this day. They are only noticed in the inaccurate Catalogue of all MSS. preserved in England which Bernard compiled two centuries ago. T. ARNOLD. A single instance will show how deceptive so magnificently proclaimed by him let us be this Catalogue sometimes is. One of the Selden thankful, and generous in our judgment. MSS. (No. 53) is described in it (or was till the It is sometimes urged, indeed, that absolute other day, when a correction was inserted in sanity (which in the mouths of those who use writing) as containing "Poems of Lydgate." the term appears to mean worldly wisdom) is In fact, nearly everything in the volume is by characteristic of the highest, though not always Thomas Occleve; all that it has of Lydgate is of the lower, orders of genius. And we are the "Daunce of Machabre." This fact was bidden contrast Marlowe, killed in an alehouse known to Thomas Warton, who names the MS. brawl, with Shakspere, who proved himself a several times in the notes to his History of good man of business by the purchase of New Poetry, and enumerates, though not very Place out of the proceeds of his literary earn- accurately, the Occleve poems which it contains. ngs. Indeed, I remember seeing it stated in A hundred years have passed since Warton an eminently respectable journal that this wrote; yet so dead is Oxford to all researches purchase is to be regarded as the impelling of this kind that the error in Bernard's Catamotive of Shakspere's plays. But however logue-I mean in the very copy of it which is this may be (and I do not think it would in daily use in the library-remained unbe profitable to discuss such a proposition), corrected till a few weeks ago. Surely the setting aside also the difficulty some of University Commission might recommend that, ing to their order of merit, I must say MSS., and all those written in any European us find in correctly ticketing talents accord- in honour of Mr. Coxe, at least all the classical that neither Shakspere, Dante, Beethoven-language down to 1500 A.D., should be properly to take names at random admittedly among catalogued without delay. the greatest, names of men in whom there was a large measure of the demonic-no, nor even Milton himself, give me the notion of perfect propriety, and immaculate respectability. Take the sonnets of Shakspere, for instance; moreover, we know enough of his life to be aware that he could scarcely have passed a competitive examination in propriety. I think it is Matthew Arnold who remarks that morality is two-thirds of life, but certainly it is not the whole. Some may need, as it would seem, another world than this for pulling themselves well together in, so disorganised are they here, however richly endowed. Nevertheless, of course the problem for every man is how to pull himself well together, until at least he becomes so impersonal that the problem is solved rather for him than by him. Yet more than others genius has seen, or it could not have expressed more. Of Dante, men said, as he passed them in the public ways, all haggard and abstracted, "Behold the man who has been in hell!" How far might such experience adapt him, I wonder, for the punctilio of Can Grande's Court, or for the amenities of light babble among his courtiers? And there was something very Dantesque about our rugged, old Carlyle. RODEN NOEL. A NEW CATALOGUE OF THE BODLEIAN MSS. Oxford: July 12, 1881. The frequenters of the Bodleian Library who have been laid under obligations-and which of them has not?-by the urbanity and cordial intellectual sympathy of the Rev. H. O. Coxe, the late librarian, may well say of him— "Quis desiderio sit pudor aut modus His charming and natural manners, his ready this keen sense of humour, and that spice ef Tory causticity with which he knew how to meet reforming schemes that he judged illconsidered or premature, will long live in the tender remembrance of us all. Anyone who recollects the library in Bandinel's time will own that under its late ruler a great and beLeficent transformation has been wrought. But though Mr. Coxe accomplished much, much remains to be done; and I would suggest that a mode of honouring his memory which ight be supposed to be specially grateful to BISHOP MOUNTAGU'S CHAPLAIN. Laverton Rectory, Bath: July 12, 1881. I have just received from a correspondent (Edward Peacock, Esq., of Bottesford Manor, Brigg) the following valuable extract from Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy (part ii., p. 57), a book of which I have unfortunately no copy: "Richard A. M. Mileson, Archdeaconry of Suffolk and Prebend of Coleworth in the Church of Chichester. He had been Chaplain to Bishop Mountague, and was installed Archdeacon December 23, 1640. He was forced beyond the seas by the Rebellion, where he Quitted the communion of the Church of England for that of Rome; in which he died after the year 1660; when I find him deprived of his Prebend of Chichester; but the precise time I know not." [There is a marginal ref. to Wood's Ath., vol. i. p. 878.] The reference to Wood must be to the 1691 edition, Walker's book having been published in 1714. Probably it corresponds to vol. i. Fast. p. 261 of the 1721 edition. I will add three remarks: (1) As Mileson was Prebend, so his predecessor Bostock was Canon, of Chichester, of which see Mountagu was Bishop from 1628 to 1638. (2) The "A. M." in Mileson's name may account for Wood's having called him "M. of A.," in case he had no such degree. 1660. (3) Walker puts his death after, Wood before, right, and whether he died in England or Is it possible to determine which is "beyond the seas"? J. H. BACKHOUSE. APPOINTMENTS FOR NEXT WEEK. MONDAY, July 18, 7.30 p.m. Aristotelian: Election of Zoological Gardens," by Mr. P. L. Sclater. FRIDAY, July 22, 8 p.m. Quekett: Annual General Meeting. SCIENCE. The Ancient Hebrew Inscription discovered at the Pool of Siloam in Jerusalem. By the Rev. A. H. Sayce. (Society of Biblical Archaeology; and Bentley.) of a EVERYONE knows Mr. Sayce's inextinguishable enthusiasm for philology, and especially for the discovery and interpretation of inscriptions; and it must have been a compensation to him for his troublesome accident in Cyprus that it brought him unexpectedly to Jerusalem in time to produce the first intelligible copy of the inscription at Siloam. The readers of the ACADEMY doubtless remember the circumstances under which the inscription was discovered; how it was again an accident-the very slight one German lad's falling into the water-which led to the letters on the rocky wall of the channel leading into the pool being for the first time observed. The difficulty in making a transcript arose partly from the necessity of sitting in a cramped position in the water, scratch and flaw in the stone, were filled with but, above all, from the fact that not only the letters of the inscription, but every accidental lime. Of course, it was out of the question for a stranger to Phoenician inscriptions to distinguish the letters from the scratches; and hence the visit of Mr. Sayce may well be rejoiced in, as, in spite of some dubious groups of letters, the inscription, as copied by him, is, to some extent, translatable. The results, it is true, are not of the "sensational " order, like those of the Stone of Mesha. The inscription is simply a record of the cutting of the conduit; this is all it offers (1. 1, "this is the account of the tunnel," reading 27 with a later copy of the inscription), and it is only one who looks below the surface who can estimate the value of the discovery. It is singular that the other half of the tablet in which the letters are engraved should have been left smooth; possibly some further information about the conduit was intended to be inscribed, but for some reason the intention was never carried out. Mr. Sayce, on palaeographical grounds, assigns the inscription to the age of Solomon. But, while admitting the comparatively great antiquity of the characters, we may doubt whether this compels us to assign them to so early an age. Dr. Neubauer has offered a conjecture in Mr. Sayce's pamphlet, which indicates that he ascribes the inscription to the time of Ahaz. Comparing Isa. viii. 6, where the Jews are that go softly," he suggests that Ahaz said to "despise the waters of Shiloah had made a conduit to increase the rapidity of the current of Siloam, while the people ironically said of them that they went but softly. Mr. Sayce does not quote the Talmudic passage which Dr. Neubauer doubtless had in his mind, but it is given by Delitzsch in his Commentary on Isa. viii. 6. Whatever we may think of the learned Doctor's interpretation of Isaiah's words ("Euphrates ibat jam mollior undis" suggests another and a more natural gloss), it is very possible that he is right as to the work of Ahaz and the age of the inscription. Nor is this the only suggestion for which the author is indebted to Dr. Neubauer. At one of the difficult points in the inscription we meet with the word, or letter-group, 2. Dr. Neubauer proposes to render this "in Yerah," and to identify this with "the mountain Yahveh-yireh " in Gen. xxii. 14. The conjecture is plausible, for, as Milton reminds us, "Shiloah's brook" flowed "fast by the oracles of God," and more than one translator in ancient as well as modern times has felt that we must read either or in both parts of the verse. Moriah and Moreh (apparently a cognate word) would then be connected with this Yerah (the pointing may be left open), which would, according to analogy, be a secondary divine title (comp. Yeruel). The rendering of the passage in the inscription may, of course, turn out to be moonshine; but, if it leads a few to reconsider the passage in Genesis, it will not have been thrown away. The original view of Mr. Sayce (for he seems now to have adopted Dr. Neubauer's) was that is the ẞápis of Josephus-i.e., the castle at the north-eastern corner of the temple area, near the Virgin's Pool, mentioned in Neh. ii. 8, vii. 2; but we should require very strong evidence to make us accept as a part of the old Hebrew vocabulary. There are several other very difficult passages in Mr. Sayce's reading and rendering of the inscription; and it is obvious that further study on the spot will be necessary in order to produce a text translatable throughout. Mr. Sayce himself, with his usual candour, inserts a query at three places in his translation; and could he put himself in the position of an outside reader, he would, of course, do so oftener. No skill is required to discover the weak points of the translation; and we are not disparaging the value and interest of his paper in saying this. Who could possibly make sense of some parts of this transcript without a considerable dash of doubtful conjecture? But this does not alter the fact that that which M. Ganneau did for the first great Moabite Stone Mr. Sayce has done for the only too brief inscription of the Pool of Siloam. T. K. CHEYNE. "the constituents of the earth considered as mum deviation, which is based on a confusion of a particular value of the angle of incidence, when still represented by a general symbol, with the general value of the angle. He ought to have suspected a proof of so simple a nature when he failed to find it in text-books on so old a branch of mathematics, and could not have failed to see the fallacy had he employed a capital letter for the particular value. Again, he uses "plane of incidence" for the plane of separation of two media; he states in p. 236 that the intensities of rays after resolution by a double refracting medium vary "in proportion to the cosines of the azimuths" to principal planes. He ought to have said the squares of the cosines. There is an unfortu nate slip in the description of a Nicol's prism, and others have attracted my attention which it would be tedious to enumerate. The book has one good point. It is full of extremely good wood-cuts of crystal forms, on the faces of which the Millerian symbols have been carefully marked. One admires also the candour of mind with which the author, whose training has been based on other methods, has taken up the Millerian crystallography. they occur in nature.' Under the definition of the term species it is said that the variations in form and composition are subject to known laws. This is new to me; and the list of special works, to which the reader is referred for further information where he might hope to learn something more of this, has been forgotten. The fact is, as far as observations go, just the contrary. In the development of the various systems of crystallography, the author begins by taking a system of axes, to which he ascribes the necessary symmetry; and he develops, or rather states, the characteristic forms of the systems in a purely empirical way. He seems totally unaware of the progress made in this subject since the publication of the late Prof. W. H. Miller's elegant tract on crystallography, in which it was shown that the various symmetries manifested by crystals are a direct consequence of the law of rational indices, and that it is impossible for a system of planes subject to this law to manifest any other type of symmetry. The development of the systems from this principle, for the establishment of which we are indebted to Prof. Maskelyne, is so much more simple, and gives the student so much firmer A satisfactory text-book on the ground a grasp of the subject, that one cannot but which this volume covers is a great desideraregard the process here followed as a back- tum. Such a text-book should, above all ward step. The disadvantage of this method things, be clear and precise, and its processes is very apparent in Mr. Bauerman's develop- simple. One much regrets that the present ment of the hemihedrisms of the cubic system, volume is sadly lacking in these essentials, where the amount of symmetry retained, and and that the author's shortcomings will the principle on which the selection of the render it difficult to put his book into the faces is made, are so obscure that I question hands of beginners. Possibly some of the whether a beginner could really master them. more striking blemishes might be corrected, The statement of the relations of the axes and the value of the book enhanced, by the of symmetry of the hexagonal system is slip-introduction into the forthcoming volume of shod; and two pages farther on the student a sheet containing the necessary emendations will, I expect, be rather taken aback at the and corrections. I am sure all workers at statement that the sum of three triangles is the subject will be happy, for such a purpose, equal to zero-a statement made without a to supply Mr. Bauerman with a list of such single word of explanation. The introduction errors as they have noticed. of this proposition of modern higher geometry is absolutely unnecessary. In fact, had the proposition been stated in its obvious straightforward form, that the area of a triangle is equal to that of the two triangles obtained by drawText-book of Systematic Mineralogy. ing a line through its vertex to any point of the base, the author would have avoided an error Hilary Bauerman. (Longmans.) which is the result of a want of proper attention THE title of this work is misleading, for, to the signs of his quantities. The student instead of containing a systematic account of who is expected to see his way through minerals, it turns out to be a text-book of this piece of geometry ought surely to be fit mineral-physics, and is therefore merely in- for the strong meat of the analysis requisite troductory to mineralogy as a descriptive for the complete determination of a crystal. science. The subjects treated in this volume If the author has been unsatisfactory so far, fall under four heads-Crystallography, he becomes all but unintelligible in pp. 114 Optical Characters of Crystalline Bodies, and 115, where he gives the analysis involved General Physical Properties, and Chemical in the determination of the element of a Relations of Minerals. The first two take up tetragonal system. I confess that it was only three-quarters of the book; and I shall con- after some time spent in pondering over his fine my remarks to these subjects, as they are analysis, and with the aid of my knowledge of the most important, and the more so as they the methods used by German mineralogists, will amply suffice to test the merit of the that I succeeded in guessing his meaning. Here, as elsewhere, Mr. Bauerman has attempted to economise space by the omission of statements necessary to the elucidation of the subject, and affords striking proof that brevity is not in all cases the soul of wit. work. By The first thing that attracts attention in the opening pages is a laxity of style and ideas not very promising in an elementary treatise. Definition throughout is not Mr. Bauerman's forte; but one is rather astonished to read that the science of mineralogy embraces the whole of inorganic nature, and that minerals are In the optical portion, the author is hardly more happy in his statements. He has invented a new proof of the condition for mini W. J. LEWIS. ORIENTAL PHILOLOGY. Der Rig Veda, die älteste Literatur der Inder, von Adolf Kaegi (Leipzig: Schulze), is a manual of Vedic literature by the well-known Professor at the Gymnasium of Zürich, and Privat-docent at the university there. It does those acquainted with Vedic researches; but it not contain anything which will be new to is probably the best and most handy manual of the results of these researches now available, either as a book of reference, or as a handbook for beginners. It is much fuller than that part of Prof. Weber's work on Sanskrit literature the only work lately published in England which deals with the Rig Veda; and in several A considerable number of passages from the important details it gives us later information. Veda are cited at length in translation; and the work will be also of more especial interest to the student of the comparative study of religious belief from the way in which parallel passages from the Old Testament books have been quoted in the notes. The work deals exclusively with Brahmanas and Upanishads not being included. the Vedic hymns, the consideration of the Die Religion der Sikhs; nach den Quellen Schulze), is a manual of the Sikh religion, by dargestellt, von Ernest Trumpp (Leipzig: the best authority on the subject, and it is the only existing handbook on this important religious movement. The papers by Mr. Rhys Davids in the Theological Review for 1878 and by Mr. Macauliffe in the Calcutta Review for 1850, though valuable contributions in their ay, do not lay claim to any completeness or originality; and the accounts of Nanak's system found in the modern works on the Panjab are derived exclusively from later and less authoritative sources. Prof. Trumpp is probably the only living scholar who can consult the authentic documents in their original tongue; and we are glad to find that he has been induced to publish a popular résumé of the results of his researches. In the Preface he states his intention of hereafter publishing a complete dictionary and grammar to the Granth, his rersion of the first part of which has already been reviewed in these columns. The present work should certainly be translated into English. THE Revue de l'Histoire des Religions for January-April 1881 contains an energetic and eloquent vindication by M. Maurice Vernes of a higher place in the curriculum of our high schools and colleges for that side of universal history which deals with the development of religious beliefs. History at present, he says, is taught in fragments, and deplorably confined almost exclusively to the history of Greece and Rome, and of the native dynasties of each respective country. He advocates the teaching of history more as a whole, and of men in general, rather than of special lands and of the dynasties that have ruled over them. Prof. Barth contributes an important "Bulletin critique des Religions de l'Inde.” In a discussion of the comparative mythology of Signor Gubernatis, he points out the disadvantages of the picturesque and amusing, bat somewhat bizarre and unreliable, nature of the methods followed by that scholar. Prof. Lefmann's Geschichte des alten Indiens is appropriately described as containing in what is old a good deal that is already out of date, and in what is new very little that is certain. Prof. Garbe is complimented upon the ability with which he has dealt with complicated details of ritual in his Apastamba Sranta Sutra; and Dr. Oldenberg's Vinaya Pitaka and Mr. Rhys Davids' Buddhist Birth Stories receive long and favourable notice. M. Barth subjects, however, to a detailed criticism their views as to the history of those literatures, in which he by no means always agrees with them. After shorter consideration of other lately published works on kindred topics, the author closes with an emphatic approval of the attack which general view of the relation of the Vedas to the Prof. Tiele, of Leyden, has lately made on the previous and subsequent religious literature of India put forth in the Hibbert Lectures of Prof. Max Müller. Prof. Tiele himself contributes a long and careful survey of the religion of the Phoenicians, dealing principally with the legends of their gods, and the attributes ascribed to them. Egyptian ideas are disused in two articles, the first confined chiefly to the influence exercised in Egypt by religion art, by M. Georges Perrot (de l'Institut), and the second, a survey of the special work of e late Mariette-Bey, by M. Paul Pierret. ere is also, as usual, a complete bibliography of all recent works and articles dealing with the history of religious beliefs throughout the world. Mr. Latham's hypothesis of the European origin of the Aryans is shown to be really without satisfactory evidence, though it has received the approbation of such scholars as Spiegel and Benfey. The whole literature bearing on the subject is quoted and criticised; and the paper closes with a description, as complete as our information will allow, of the geography of the table-land in which the author places the earliest Aryan settlements. The whole discussion is very thorough and critical. But the writer seems to ignore the fact that the Aryans may well have been settled elsewhere before they reached the district in question, and that his arguments only go to prove that they had been there, not that the table-land of the Pamir was the first land which they occupied. He does not notice a very interesting series of articles on the same subject lately published anonymously in Colborn's Magazine. Les Inscriptions de Piyadasi, by Emile Senart (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale), Vol. I., discusses the fourteen Rock Edicts of Asoka. The Girnar text, as the most accurate, is made the basis, being given for each edict in square Pāli characters and also in Roman type. The corresponding versions of Dhauli, Jaugada, Khalsi, and Kapur di Giri follow in Roman letters. Each of these texts is then submitted to a detailed philological examination. And finally a translation, based on all the texts, follows for each edict. This is the most important work on these celebrated edicts which has yet appeared; and M. Senart has succeeded not only in settling many points hitherto uncertain, but in establishing several new rules in the reading of compound characters which will be available for all further labours. It is quite unnecessary now to insist on the supreme importance of these edicts for the political and religious history, and the right knowledge of the early dialects, of India. The results of previous researches, and more especially of those of Burnouf, Kern, and Bühler, are here for the first time brought together and made available for those who are not specialists; and we trust that this work, to which we hope soon to devote a longer review, will make these invaluable historical documents better known in detail to historians who have hitherto been unable to follow the investigations scattered through various learned Journals. M. Senart promises to complete the work in another volume dealing with Asoka's pillar edicts and the various other inscriptions of like date, and furnished with a complete Index verborum to that Gen. Cunningham's great work, the Corpus the whole. It was only by such a work as this Inscriptionum Indicarum, could be made really beneficial, and we congratulate M. Senart on the successful manner in which he has accomplished his self-imposed task. NOTES OF TRAVEL. IT is expected that Col. Prejevalsky's great Le Berceau des Aryas, by Father van den MR. H. E. CRUDGINGTON, who lately made an Gheyn, of the Society of Jesus (Brussels: adventurous journey along the north bank of Vromant), discusses the various theories that the Congo to Stanley Pool, has returned to have been advanced as to the original home of England to make the necessary arrangements the ancestors of the Aryan tribes; and finally for the establishment of the Baptist Misludes that the accepted theory, placing sionary Society's stations on the banks of the in the high lands north-west of the great river. One has already been formed near Hindu Kush, is the correct one. The view the Isangila Falls, and another is to be estabately put forward by Geiger in support of lished immediately at Mbu, near the Mata Between River, also on the north bank. Isangila and Mbu the expeditions will travel by water to avoid the country of the troublesome Basundi, and from Mbu they will go to Stanley Pool by land. Mr. Crudgington has brought home with him interesting diaries kept during his recent journey up the river in company with Mr. Bentley, together with a carefully drawn chart of the entire route; and these are to be published shortly. at the mouth of the Ogowe some startling THE Times has received from a correspondent intelligence as to the manner in which the his road along the north bank of the Congo. apostle of African civilisation has been making His white and black followers having all died or deserted, "the only resource left him,” according to our contemporary's informant, in large numbers at a low price." Considering "was to purchase slaves, which are to be had the objects for which the International African Association was started, this is hardly edifying; and it is not surprising that the King of the Belgians should have lately sent officers on special missions to the Congo. THE Intelligence Department of the Indian army is said to be preparing a Gazetteer of Afghanistan, which is to embody the geographical and other fresh information obtained during the late war. CAPT. GALLIENI has returned to Paris from his expedition to the Upper Niger, and he and his companions are to have a public reception at the Sorbonne from the French Geographical Society at another French traveller, has also just returned an early date. M. Delacroix, from the Malay Peninsula, where he has been engaged in making several journeys of exploration. Pedro de Caxoeira up the Purûs tributary of the IN the course of a recent voyage from São Amazon, in the Pioneer steam launch, Lieut. Jones, R.N., whose departure for that region we alluded to not long ago, met the Colibre returning from a trading voyage, which had extended almost up to the hitherto unexplored sources of this great river. A GERMAN naturalist started from Buenos Ayres at the end of April for Patagones, on his way to Lake Nahuel Huapi, to join Gen. Villegas' expedition, to the movements of which we referred last month. M. SIBIRIAKOFF intends that the Norden skiöld should leave Gothenburg about the 15th has been received from Tobolsk announcing the inst., to go to the aid of the Oscar Dickson and the Nordland in the Gulf of Obi. A telegram arrival there of five men belonging to the Oscar Dickson. They left their vessel on April 23, when all was well on board. A LETTER from St. John's, Newfoundland, states that the personnel of the Lady Franklin Bay expedition arrived there from New York on June 22. They were to start for the Arctic regions on July 4 in the steamer Proteus, under the command of Lieut. Greeley; and the first stage in their operations will be the foundation of a polar colony at Disco. gen contains a paper on Count Szechenyi's THE July number of Petermann's MittheilunJourney from Sa-Yang in Yunnan to Bamo in Burma, by Lieut. Kreitner, with a map; a full account of Dr. Junker's excursion to the Mangbáttu, or Monbutto, country, likewise with a map; the concluding portion of Dr. Radde's botanical excursion into Aderbeijan, and a paper on the American Polar expeditions of 1881. Dr. Junker's Report will be read with interest. In it he furnishes more ample details than those given hitherto on an excursion which led him south across the Welle to Munza's |