Mr. Robert J. Burdette, Washington by Mr. John Habberton, and Jackson by Mr. George T. Lanigan. Many of the authors named are well-known writers on the New York press. THE practice of preparing MS. service books on parchment for the use of village churches seems to have been continued in Spanish monasteries nearly to the close of the last century. We have lately had examined for us in the church of a small town on the Northern frontier nineteen MS. parchment volumes in folio, complete or in fragments, with music and ornamented capitals and margin, more or less rudely decorated. Those complete are signed by the scribes, who were sometimes brethren of the Redemptionist Order, and are dated 1676, 1678, 1697, and 1766. In this last the signature is in Spanish-" este libro se hizo," &c.; the former are in Latin-" Scripfit Frater Philippus Las Hervas Ordinis, etc.," "Franciscus Lorieri Scripfit."

FRENCH JOTTINGS.

THE firm of Calmann Lévy has also just stant with Mdme. Récamier, the publication issued the correspondence of Benjamin Conof which was prohibited thirty years ago by a court of law. whether the representatives of Constant will The question is asked again take legal proceedings.

THE Commission appointed by the Government to consider the question of isolating the Bibliothèque nationale has decided that the adjoining buildings in the Rue Richelieu must come down; and similar measures are now demanded for the protection of the Bibliothèque

de l'Arsenal.

ON October 25, the five Academies which compose the Institut held their annual public meeting, under the presidency of M. Caro, of the Académie française, who was supported by the following members of the other branches: MM. Camille Doncet, Pavet de Courteille, Würtz, and Questel. The president, after commemorating the losses which the Institut has sustained during the past year by death, declared the award of the biennial prize of 20,000 frs. to M. Désiré Nisard for the Histoire de la Littérature française, and of the prix Volney of 1,500 fra. to M. James Darmesteter for his Grammaire historique de la Langue persane. THE current number of the Revue historique The annual address was delivered by M. Gaston contains articles by M. Albert Sorel upon Paris, of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-French Diplomacy during the Revolution; Lettres, who chose for his subject "Siger de by M. Ernest Renan, upon The First Martyrs Brabant." Addresses were also delivered by of Gaul;" and by M. C. Bayet, "Did EstatesM. E. Legouvé, upon "Népomucène Lemercier;" General exist in 1313 ?" In the "Bulletin hisby M. Bouley, on "La nouvelle Vaccination; torique" Mr. Bass Mullinger contributes notes UNDER the title of Novisimo año cristiano y and by M. A. Gruyer, upon "His de la Salle." upon English works relating to antiquity and Santoral Español, a new and elaborate series of These addresses are being printed in full in the the Middle Ages; the French notes are written Lives of the Spanish Saints is announced for pages of the Revue politique et littéraire-a by M. G. Monod himself; the German notes speedy publication at Madrid. The editor-in-weekly paper which (we may take this oppor- by Prof. H. Haupt. chief of the series is our own learned contribu- tunity of saying) has become as valuable in its tor, Padre Fita, S.J., who will be assisted by a own way as is the Revue critique, the Revue committee, including representatives of most of historique, or the Revue scientifique. the other religious Orders and also the well- current number, besides two articles on French known name of Dr. Menendez Pelayo. The politics by M. J. J. Weiss and M. Joseph mode of publication will be in monthly numbers, Reinach, which are creating no little stir in handsomely got up and illustrated. Paris, also reprints a large portion of Lord Derby's article upon “Ireland and the Land

HEINRICH DÜNTZER's Life of Lessing will appear immediately (Leipzig: Ed. Warteg).

QUEEN ELIZABETH OF ROUMANIA, who writes under the pseudonym of "Carmen Sylva," has just published four stories in verse, with the title of Stürme (Bonn: Strauss).

IF we may trust Polybiblion, history has done a grievous wrong to Tilly by associating his name with the sack of Magdeburg. The real authors of this historic crime, we are to believe in the future, were Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein. So at least appears from the diary of one Zacharias Bandauer, an eye-witness of the event, which has just been published (Paris: Palme), with notes by Herr Klopp, and a translation into French of the original Latin.

HERR AUGUST REISSMANN, the biographer of several German musicians, has just published (Berlin: Guttentag) a Life of Handel.

HERR JULIUS PETZHOLDT has in preparation a catalogue of the large mass of Dante literature accumulated by King John (Philalethes) of Saxony, which will be published by the firm of Teubner, of Strassburg.

PROF. FRANCESCO BERLAN has in the press an important work on the history of printing and the allied arts in Italy.

AN interesting collection of popular amatory poetry, belonging to the sixteenth century, has been published by Filippo Salveraglio (Mortara: Paolo Botto) under the title of Strambotti Gentilissimi ad Esempio d' Ogni innamorato.

A CORRESPONDENT informs us that the story of the "Pied Piper" is told by Gaspar Schott, of the Society of Jesus, in his Physica Curiosa sive Mirabilia Naturae et Artis (quarto, Herbipoli, 1697, p. 452). After relating the facts in a

circumstantial manner, Schott concludes: "

"De

Act."

THE

The

Academie française has appointed December 8 as the day for the election of three members in the place of the late Littré, Dufaure, and Duvergier de Hauranne. It has also decided to have no preliminary discussion upon the claims of the several candidates.

THE synod of the French Protestant Church, which has just concluded its meetings at Marseilles, has appointed a commission of five members to consider all the several translations of the Bible into French that already exist, with a view either to the adoption of one of these, or to the recommendation that an entirely new version be undertaken.

Ir is stated that M. Benedetti, the too well known ambassador of France at the Prussian Court in 1870, has just completed a work that will be entitled Révélations d'un Diplomate.

THE Memoirs of Lucien Bonaparte will shortly be published by Charpentier, of Paris, in three volumes, edited by Col. Jung. The first, which is already through the press, covers the period from his birth to his departure for Spain (1800); the second will carry the work down to his arrival in Italy, and the third to his death in

1830.

THE Comte de Paris has ready for immediate publication a volume, with maps, describing the operations in Virginia during the American War.

WE have already stated that a casket con-
taining letters of Alfred de Musset, not to be
published till 1910, has been deposited in the
Bibliothèque nationale at Paris. It is now said
that these letters have been placed in a large
iron chest, containing also the secret corre-
spondence of Napoleon III. with Mdme. Cornu,
which will be edited by M. Renan and published
in 1885.

HENRY GREVILLE'S new novel, entitled
Perdue, which has just been published by E.
Plon, of Paris, treats not of Russian, but of
Parisian life and character.

ANOTHER new novel which is attracting some
attention in Paris is Harald, by M. Charles
Edmond (Calmann Lévy), the scene of which
is laid in modern Denmark.

OBITUARY.

PROF. BLUNTSCHLI, OF HEIDELBERG.

JEAN GASPARD BLUNTSCHILI, the subject of the
present monograph, was born at Zürich on
March 7, 1808. From his early youth he
devoted himself to the study of jurisprudence,
and had barely attained his majority when his
treatise on the Roman Law of Inheritance (Das
Römische Notherbenrecht) was crowned by the
Legal Faculty at Berlin, and obtained for him
the degree of Doctor of Law. He followed up
his further study of law at Bonn and at Paris;
and on his return to his native country he w
appointed, in 1833, Professor of Law in the
newly founded University of Zürich, and
shortly afterwards became the legal adviser of
the city of Zürich. In 1839 he was elected a
member of the Great Council of the canton.
but withdrew from political life after the War of
the Sonderbund, which he and his party had
endeavoured in vain to prevent. In the in-
terval of 1838 and 1839 he published a History of
Zürich from a political and juridical standpoint
(Staats- und Rechts-Geschichte von Zürich), of
which a second edition appeared in 1856. Upon
his withdrawal from political life he was ap
pointed, with the approval of all parties, to draw
up a Civil Code for the canton of Zürich. Dis-
satisfied with the result of the political struggles
which divided his native country, he accepted,
in 1848, the Chair of General Public Law in
the University of Munich, which he occupied
down to 1861, when he was appointed to the
Chair of Public Law in the University of
Heidelberg.

Before he left Switzerland he had established
his fame as a jurist and an historian by a work
of great research on the History of the Con-
stitution of the Swiss Confederation (Geschichte
des Schweizerischen Bundesrechtes). His tenancy
of the Chair of Law at Munich was signal-
ised by a treatise on General Public Law
(Allgemeines Staatsrecht), published in 1852,
which laid the foundation of his subsequent
high repute in Germany as a jurisconsult;
and his occupancy of the Chair of Public Law
at Heidelberg was no less distinguished by a
work on
International Law (Das moderne
Völkerrecht als Rechtsbuch mit Erläuterungen),
which has passed through three editions, the
last of which was recently translated into French
by Dr. M. G. Lardy, Čounsellor of the Swiss
Legation at Paris. This work has also had the
singular honour of being translated into Chinese,
and is now a text-book for Chinese students

Nov. 5, 1881.-No. 496.]

now

in the second volume of Dr. Bluntschli's

THE ACADEMY.

TRAVERS TWISS.

A paper on Country Life in Italy" is an is a colonel in the army of the Swiss Con- its usual recognition in periodical literature. federation. interesting record of the actual experiences of an English lady domiciled somewhere along the Under the heading of "A Raven amidst Savages" Signor Mario East coast of Italy. to brave Italian prejudices by bringing up a Pratesi sketches his experience of an attempt raven as a pet in a little village.

THE death is announced of Mr. Thomas Baines,
author of a History of Liverpool; Lancashire
and Cheshire, Past and Present; and Yorkshire,
Past and Present.

one

66

of international law at the Imperial College of Dr. Bluntschli was the Tungwen at Pekin. author of numerous minor works on subjects of public law, several of which have been translated into French, such, for instance, as a treatise on the International Irresponsibility and Responsibility of the Roman Pontiff (Die Rechtliche Unverantwortlichkeit und Verantwortlichkeit des Römisches Papstes), translated in the University 1877 by Prof. Rivier, of MAGAZINES AND REVIEWS. of Brussels; and a treatise on the Right and especially the of Booty of War THE Nineteenth Century is particularly interRight of Maritime Prize (Das Beuterecht im esting this month, although (in strict candour Krieg und das Seebeuterecht insbesondere), transwe should perhaps say because) it contains lated by Dr. G. Rolin-Jaequemyns, none of those pretentious articles signed by Belgian Minister of the Interior, in the ninth well-known names, and dealing with what are and tenth volumes of La Revue de droit inter-called burning subjects, the interest of which national. Dr. Bluntschli was one of the repre- depends wholly on the subjects and the names. sentatives of Germany at the Conferences of The rank and file of magazine papers are well Bighorn HuntBrussels in 1874 concerning the laws and represented by an article on customs of warfare, and took a leading part in ing," by Lord Dunraven; one on "Sir Walter preparing the Manual of the Laws of War Ralegh in Ireland," by Sir J. Pope Hennessy; fair -a "International Copyright"on recently adopted by the Institute of International Law, respecting which an interesting summary of well-known facts--by Mr. W. F. correspondence between Dr. Bluntschli and Rae; and one on "The Future Cathedral of But the Field-Marshal Count von Moltke will be found Liverpool," by Precentor Venables. "Despair" and Lord Lytton's Tennyson's Gesammelte kleine Schriften just published. So papers of the number are unquestionably Mr. recently as in September of the present year criticism on the love sonnets of his friend Proteus. We shall not imitate the rather Dr. Bluntschli was present at Wiesbaden as a member of a Commission of the Institute for framing a scheme of Maritime Prize Law and questionable conduct of those daily papers It is sufficient to say that a Code of Procedure for Maritime Prize which have given copious extracts of Mr. Tennyson's poem. Tribunals. While professor at Heidelberg, Dr. the monologue of the suicidal atheist which the Bluntschli became one of the founders and the Poet Laureate has contributed has been not permanent president of the Protestant Associa- inappropriately compared to "Rizpah" in respect tion of Germany, the object of which is the of its gloomy strength and of the sonorous vigour maintenance of religious liberty; and he has of certain lines. It is, however, unequally three times presided at the General Synod of executed; and there is one drawback in parBaden. It was shortly after he had vacated ticular which infidels and fidels (there ought to the chair on the third occasion of his so pre- be such a word if there is not) are equally sure siding at the Synod held at Carlsruhe on to notice. The sufferer naturally, but perhaps October 21 last, and as he was on his way to unphilosophically, seems to base his theometry the Palace to have an audience of the Grand rather too much on his own personal experiDuke of Baden, that he was suddenly seized ences. However, it is really a fine poem, with paralysis of the heart, and expired in his worthy of the St. Martin's summer of the poet's seventy-fourth year. genius which began with Ballads and other Poems last year. Lord Lytton's exercise in criticism is equally noteworthy, though at a Lord Lytton says level a good deal lower. some sensible things both about poetry and about Proteus; and he will interest the lovers of personal detail by certain reportage, in which he has exhibited the sentiments of an "illustrious poet, X.," whom it is not difficult to identify But when Lord Lytton finds fault with X. and the critics generally for objecting to the liberties which Proteus takes with the sonnet, the ex-Viceroy talks (if we may be pardoned for speaking so freely of ex-vice-majesty) nonsense. If Lord Lytton and Proteus will go into the cricket-field and stop a ball with a straw hat, like the legendary Frenchman, a good deal of very unmistakeable language will apprise them of the exact nature and extent of the crime Proteus himself has committed in a field where the rules are, to say the least, quite as well worthy of being observed as those of cricket.

from him.

and

THE Rivista Europea of October 16 has several articles of historical interest. Signor Marchesi gives a survey of the pontificate of the last foreign Pope, Adrian VI, and does full justice to the difficulties which he experienced owing to the difference between Northern and Southern culture. Signor Claretta publishes a series of letters and documents illustrating the life and policy of the Genoese Negrone di Negro, who was Finance Minister to Emanuele Filiberto, Signor Duke of Savoy from 1569 onwards. Santi also publishes some interesting letters of Scipione Maffei, showing the aid that he gave to Muratori in discovering the documents contained in the "Rerum Italicarum Scriptores."

THE RECENT AMERICAN CONGRESS
AT MADRID.
II. THE EXHIBITION.

To follow profitably the discussions of a
The general
a small number of students.
scientific congress is within the reach of only
public pays very little attention to them, and
the full fruit which the scientific world reaps is
harvested only after a long and often too tardy
It is otherwise with an
season of waiting.
exhibition; everyone can learn something from
the objects there displayed. Facts and monu-
ments, rather then dissertation and theory, are
the true ground-work of science.

The Catalogue of exhibits, which I herewith send you, is edited by Señors Catalina and Gorostizaga. I offer the following remarks upon each of its three sections:

(1) Prehistoric Monuments, Archaeology, and Anthropology. By far the richest exhibitor is the Royal Archaeological Museum of Madrid, which rivals that of Berlin both in the number and the rarity of the precious objects which it possesses. It is greatly to be wished that the Catalogue of all its articles, completed in MS., were published, with suitable supplements. This is already talked of. The most noteworthy objects sent to the exhibition were: seventy specimens of the Stone age, mostly in diorite; fifty of Bronze and Copper; not one of Iron; pictures painted in America representing portraits and costumes of Indians; the Codex Maya (from the family of Hernando Cortéz), to which I shall return shortly; 106 idols' in silver, copper, stone, and earthenware; typical dresses and ornaments of Indians (the richest and most varied of the latter are the collars); seventy-three offensive and defensive arms, selected so as to give a general idea of the complete

The Institute of International Law has lost in Dr. Bluntschli a jurist of great sagacity and power, who was its president in 1875-77, and who brought to bear on questions of public law a breadth of view and an earnestness of purpose in his enunciation of principles, which secured for him the leadership of those who sympathised with him in his application of those principles, while they earned for him the respect and the esteem of those who differed As I have often had occasion to dissent from his views, as being not sufficiently regardful of the peculiar necessities of maritime States, at the council table of the Institute, and more particularly at the recent Conferences at Wiesbaden of the Commission on Maritime Prize Law, it is to me a pleasing duty to express my personal sorrow for his loss, and my accoutrements; a collection of conviction that the event which has cut short the promise which he still gave of much future Peruvian vases, the richest in the world (these vases come from the huacas or tombs of usefulness will be deservedly a subject of deep the indigenous Peruvians in the diocese of regret to many Governments of Europe, as well THE Cornhill Magazine for November conThe greater number have human as to the learned world. Dr. Bluntschli, fortuProf. Colvin develops figures, which serve to recal the manners as nately, lived long enough to complete his task of tains a pretty poem by J. A. S., on the "Jews' Truxillo. preparing, in conjunction with Prof. Rivier and Cemetery at Venice." other eminent Swiss jurists, a Code of the Law the myth of "Penthesilea " by means of a trans-well as the aspect of the people who placed of Obligations for Switzerland, upon which a lation of the first book of the Posthomerica of them in the funeral abodes of their ancestors. Commission appointed by the Federal Govern- Quintus Smyrnaeus. G. A., writing on "Some The fauna and flora figured on the vases play ment has been occupied since 1877; so that, English Place-names," contributes another to a considerable part in the ornamentation. A The total while Heidelberg has been privileged to pay his series of valuable articles on the early study might be made of these as interesting as funeral honours to her adopted son, his native history of England. His object in the present that of the actual plants and animals, living country has reason to be grateful to him for article is to reconcile the prevalence of Teutonic and fossil, of these regions. other districts; furniture; arts of navigahaving devoted his last thoughts to the improve-over Keltic place-names in modern England number of these vases is 593); pottery from ment of her laws. tion; music; the skull of a Guarani Indian reduced simultaneously by the action of fire and by compression to the tenth part of its natural volume, preserving, nevertheless, the

Dr. Bluntschli was a widower, and has left behind him two sons and three daughters, the younger of his sons being a professor in the Polytechnicum of Zürich, while the elder

with the supposition that a considerable num-
ber of Britons survived the English conquest.
There is also a pleasant rambling article on the
Mrs. Barbauld," whose fame is now-
life of "
adays somewhat, dim. Italy also meets with

y Sinobas. The linguistic collection, well URKUNDENBUCH, liv-, est- u. curländisches. Begründet von
chosen in all its branches, presents a host of
grammars and vocabularies, MS. and printed,
extending from Florida and California to the
Straits of Magellan-e.g., Aymara, Brazilian,
Caraibe, Cumana, Othomi, Pame, Tupi, Moxa,
Quichua, and especially Mexican. In this last
language there is a fairly abundant literature.
The visitor dwells with pleasure before the
Historia universal de las Cosas de Nueva España,
by Bernardin de Sahagun (Mexican text). The
copy exhibited belongs to the Royal Academy
of History. But that which attracts the atten-
tion of all are the leaves of the Froano MS.
published in 1869 by Brasseur de Bourbourg,
and known to the whole world. It is now
ascertained that this MS. is completed by the
Codex Maya of the Archaeological Museum.

ORMEROD, E. A. Manual of Insects injurious to Agriculture.
PRANTL, K. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie der Gefäss-
kryptogamen. 2. Htt. Die Schizaeaceen. Leipzig: En-
REINKE, J., u. H. RODEWALD. Studien üb. das Protoplasma.
Flore de la Côte-d'Or, avec Déterminations par
ROYER, C.
les Parties souterraines. T. 1. Paris: Savy.
SCHMIDT, L. Die Ethik der alten Griechen. 1. Bd. Berlin:
Besser. 7 M.

feet) by Turner? It has been examined by the chief experts in town, and their opinion is unanimous. We can, moreover, trace its descent (by ownership) from the time it left Turner's possession. SHEPHERD BROS.

APPOINTMENTS FOR NEXT WEEK.

"Existence."

MONDAY, Nov. 7, 7.30 p.m. Aristotelian: Discussion, 8.30 p.m. Royal Academy: Anatomy, "The TUESDAY, NOV. 8, 8 p.m. Anthropological Institute: "The Animism of the Indians of British Guiana," by Mr. E. F. and Contracted Interments in India and the East," by

Muscles," IV., by Prof. J. Marshall.

im Thurn; "Some Instances of Girl Sacrifices, Jar-burial,

Tigris and Euphrates between the thirty-fifth to me to support the view of Oppert and and thirty-sixth parallels of latitude. The Lenormant, who see in Magan the Sinai Dura of Dan. iii. 1, where Nebuchadnezzar Peninsula, the land of copper and the si'amu, set up his golden image, would be the same or turquoise, the "onyx-stone " of Gen. ii. 12. word. Here the garden of primeval man "Yatnan," again, as a name of Kypros, must have been planted, in that rich and should rather be Yâuan, the second character fertile region which in postdiluvian days used in writing the word having here the became the garden of the ancient world. value of 4, and being specially selected to The Pison and Gihon Dr. Delitzsch would denote the Greek omega. The word shows identify with the Pallakopas and Shatt en-Nil that an nndigammated form of the name canals, which there is reason to believe were was in use contemporaneously with the dioriginally river-beds before they were con- gammated Yavnan ('IaFóvwv). verted to the service of Babylonian irrigation; and in this way he ingeniously explains the expression of Genesis which makes the river of Paradise divide into four heads after Accadian word for "canal," afterwards leaving the garden. Pison he proves to be an adopted by the Semitic Babylonians; but his attempt to find the name of Gihon in the inscriptions is as little satisfactory as my own published in the Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology in 1872, to 8 p.m. Royal Academy: Demonstration, "The Foot the help of which, by-the-way, Dr. Delitzsch

Mr. M. J. Wallhouse.

8 p.m. Photographic.

8 r.m. Institution of Civil Engineers: "Iron Permanent Way," by Mr. Charles Wood. WEDNESDAY, Nov. 9, 8 p.m. Microscopical: "Multiple Staining of Animal and Vegetable Tissues," by Mr. B.

Wills Richardson.

8 pm. Zetetical: "The Meaning of Fair Trade," by

Mr. James Edecome.
THURSDAY. Nov. 10, 8 p.m. Mathematical: Annual Meeting;

The Limit to the Number of Different Proper Fractions whose Denominations are Less than x, when x is Large,"

by Messrs. M. Jenkins and C. W. Merrifield; "The Osciliations of a Viscous 8pheroid," by Prof. H. Lamb. 8 p.m. Telegraph Engineers and Electricians. FRIDAY, Nov. 11, 8 p.m. New Shakspere: "Suicides in Shakspere," by the Rev. J. Kirkman.

and Leg." by Prof. J. Marshall. SATURDAY, NOV. 12, 3 p.m. Physical: "Spirals in Crystals," by Mr. Lewis Wright; "Integrating and Other Apparatus for the Measurement of Electrical and Mechanical Forces," by Mr. C. V. Boys.

SCIENCE.

DELITZSCH UPON THE SITE OF PARADISE.

Wo lag das Paradies? By Fr. Delitzsch. (Leipzig: Hinrichs.)

FOR three or four years past Assyrian scholars have been eagerly looking forward to the appearance of the work on the site of Paradise upon which it was known Prof. Delitzsch was engaged. With a self-denial, however, rare in these days, the author refrained from committing his ideas and conclusions to print until long and conscientious study had made them thoroughly mature. The volume he has now published, therefore, is of unusual value. It abounds with new facts and new results, all of which have been well sifted before being presented to the world.

also comes. It is possible that the name is
one which has been considerably modified so
as to turn it into a Semitic word of suitable
meaning.

One of the most important discoveries made by Dr. Delitzsch is that relating to the Kûtu (of Gutium) and the Sûtu, the nomads of the Kurdish mountains and the lowlands to their south-west. He makes it clear that

they are often alluded to in the inscriptions under the shortened forms of Ku and Su. These must be the Koa and Shoa of the Old Testament (Ezek. xxiii. 23; and see Isa. xxii. 5); and the bilingual tablets contain words said to belong to the language of the Su (zalkhu, "lead," pitku, "child," &c.). Passing over the weighty remarks which go far to show that the word "Paradise," instead of being of Persian origin, is more probably of Accadian derivation, I may mention that Dr. It is out of the question, in the space at Delitzsch's expectation of finding the Talmy disposal, even to glance at the many new mudic 2, or "palm," in the cuneiform things of which Dr. Delitzsch's book is full. texts is actually verified by a passage he One of the most interesting notes is that on seems to have overlooked (W. A. I. v. 26, the "tetragrammaton," in which the author 23), where tsinnitan is explained as "the shows conclusively, as it seems to me, that tree of Accad." Babylonia, as we know, was the original form of the sacred name of the above all other lands the native home of the Hebrew God was Yahu (or Yeho), not Yahveh. palm. But his doubts as to the existence of His derivation of the name from the personal early intercourse between Chaldaea and the pronoun, however, will probably not satisfy West coast of India do not appear to me to be all Semitic scholars. Perhaps light may be justified. Fragments of teak were found by thrown upon it when the Hittite inscriptions Col. Taylor at Mugheir, the ancient Ur; and are deciphered. As regards these, by-the-way, an old Babylonian list of clothes (W. A. I., I cannot share his view of their Semitic char- v. 14, 42) mentions sindhu, or "Indian" acter, nor agree with his explanations of some muslin, the sadin of the Hebrews and the of the Hittite names mentioned on the monu-odor of the Greeks. I may add that in the nients; nor can I accept Hoffmann's inge-notes quoted from George Smith (p. 267, 1. nious conjecture, based on the statement of 7) "saw" is a misprint for "squeeze." Steph. Byzantinus, that Oropos was originThe book is intended for Biblical students ally called Telmessos. The latter seems to and geographers, as well as for Assyriologists me too Greek a name to be received in eviand philologists. The earlier portion seeks dence; and I much doubt the equivalence of to determine from Assyrian sources the Oropos or Europos and Jerabîs, which rather geographical position assigned by the implies a Hierapos or Hieropos. AccordYahvist in Genesis to the Garden of Eden; ing to Mr. Boscawen, the true Arabic name while the latter part of it deals at length of the site of Carchemish is Jerablûs, as with the geography of Babylonia and the given not only by Skene, but also by adjoining countries according to the cunei- Maundrell, the first European visitor to the form inscriptions. Dr. Delitzsch first shows spot, Jerabîs being merely a Turkish corrupthe insufficiency of the theories which have tion of it. On the other hand, Prof. Delitzsch placed the Garden of Eden in the Hindu-must, I think, be right in distinguishing Kush, Armenia, or elsewhere, and makes it perfectly clear that we must look for it only in Babylonia. Unlike Sir Henry Rawlinson, who assigns it to the neighbourhood of Eridu (now Abu-Shahrein), which, 3,000 years ago, stood, not inland, but on the shores of the Persian Gulf, he identifies it with Kar-Duniyas, or that portion of Accad (Northern Babylonia) which lay between Bagdad and Babylon. Eden is the Accadian edin, "plain" or "valley," borrowed by the Semitic Babylonians and Assyrians under the form of edinu, the genuine Semitic equivalent of which is tseru. The latter word is plainly the modern Zor, the name given according to Wetzstein to the district watered by the

between the Assyrian Amattu or Hamath
and the country of Khammat (better Khav-
vat), which he acutely identifies with the
Hivites. The Girgashites, whom the Old
Testament mentions along with the Hivites,
should, I believe, be pointed Gar-gis-a name
which is parallel to those of Gar-gamis
and Gar-imiris or Amorites (see ACADEMY,
August 27, 1881).

I am glad to find Dr. Delitzsch rejecting
the identification of Adra-khasis and Xi-
suthrus, which probably represents Zi-Susru,
"the spirit of Anu" or "heaven." But he
has not convinced me that Magan and
Melukh were originally divisions of Baby-
lonia. On the contrary, the evidence seems

By way of conclusion, I have only to say that Dr. Delitzsch's book more than fulfils the expectations with which its appearance was welcomed, and that it will be found indispensable both to the Biblical critic and the student of Oriental geography.

A. H. SAYCE.

NOTES OF TRAVEL. THE China Inland Mission have received a very interesting piece of intelligence from the far North-west of China. A Tibetan gentleman, it seems, who had previously met Mr. Mr. Parker at Tsinchow, in Kansu, and had Easton in the west of the province, had visited taken some of his countrymen with him. He had promised to translate into his own language a catechism prepared by the Rev. Griffith John, of Hankow, to enable Mr. Parker to reach his countrymen better. After this, surely our chances of getting to Lhassa must be improving.

THE Russian General Rohrberg is just now engaged on a preliminary survey of the former Perso-Turkoman frontier with a view to a rearrangement, presumably not to the advantage

of Persia.

SURVEYORS appear to find plenty of occupation in Canada just now. The Howse Pass survey, on the route of the Pacific Railway, has

The Mineralogy of Sutherland.-By far the largest portion of the last number of the Mineralogical Magazine is occupied with a continuation of Prof. Heddle's paper descriptive of the geognosy and mineralogy of Sutherland. The close attention which Dr. Heddle has for so many years bestowed upon Scottish minerals, as well in the field as in the laboratory, must always give great weight to the mineralogical portion of his papers. The present contribution contains a number of original analyses, and, although it does not record any new species, it notices two or three minerals which appear to have been hitherto unrecorded among British species. Thus, a substance described at first as an "indurated steatite" is now believed to be Agalmatolite, while a variety of oligoclase

with included mica ceous matter is referred to
the true Sonnenstein. The black mica which
Dr. Heddle described a year or two ago under
the name of Haughtonite is found in several of
the Sutherland rocks. We understand that the
Mineralogical Society, aided by the Duke of
Sutherland, intends to issue a coloured geo-
logical map of the county, which has been pre-
pared by Dr. Heddle in illustration of his
papers on Sutherland.

MR. W. T. BLANFORD, of the Geological
Survey, and joint-author of the official Manual
of the Geology of India, has been ordered to
proceed to Quettah during the present cold
season, and report upon the coal-beds in that
neighbourhood.

THAT enthusiastic meteorologist, Mr. Wragge, made his last ascent of Ben Nevis for the season on October 27. He then found ice incrustations on the fixings of his instruments about five feet deep to windward. During the previous week, the highest shade temperature registered was 30° F., the lowest 23°.

the Homeric poems, and discusses the date of the introduction of writing among the Greeks.

A VERY interesting communication was made to the Society of Biblical Archaeology at its meeting last Tuesday evening. Mr. Pinches, during a recent visit to Paris, copied in the Louvre a little clay tablet found in Kappadokia, which is written in a peculiar kind of cuneiform character, and in an unknown language. The ideographs, however, contained in the text enabled him to discover that it related to the gift of certain silver articles to the Sungod. He then recollected having seen in the British Museum a similar tablet in the same style of writing, which had also been brought from Kappadokia. An examination of the latter on his return to England showed that, as regards both the form of the cuneiform characters and the nature of the language, it closely resembled the tablet in the Louvre. the ideographs employed in the British Museum tablet he found that the inscription recorded the sale of eighty horses, some of which were described as "Kusaean." It so happens that among the Assyrian texts sent from Kouyunjik by Mr. Rassam last summer are two report-tablets addressed to the Assyrian king on the consignment of certain horses from