German poet, Nicolaus Niembsch, who went by the nom-de-guerre of "Lenau," and who is a German parallel to Leopardi.

READERS of Harper will find it somewhat tantalising to wait till next month for the dénoùment of Mr. Thomas Hardy's brilliant novel, The Laodicean," which shows marvellous skill in devising situations and unfailing resource in incident. Those who require characters in fiction in whose existence they can thoroughly believe will not be satisfied with the story; but for all who, on the other hand, take delight in dexterously conceived plot and original conceptions of character clearly and consistently worked out, the novel is an intellectual treat. The illustrations to the present number, especially those to an article on "A Berkshire Lane," and the pictures of Frederick A. BridgeAugust number contained something less usual in Harper-viz., some comic cuts of remarkable merit. They show how Orlando, a very little boy, "swam January, a very big horse. The contest between mind and matter, and the ultimate triumph of the latter, are exhibited in ten scenes, admirable alike for their art and their humour. The last is a masterpiece of pantomimic drawing.

man, are wonders of technical skill.

The

THE new illustrated magazine called Art and Letters, which has been started by Messrs. Remington and Co., apparently aims at satisfying those readers, on the one hand, who find purely artistic magazines insufficiently literary, and those, on the other, who find literary magazines "with illustrations" insufficiently artistic. It is evident that to satisfy both classes, not only the Art, but the Letters must be good. In the matter of art there is little to complain of in the first number, which contains a very fine full-page wood-cut after a beautiful landscape by the late Hippolyte Emmanuel Boulanger, and good illustrations of the art of Millet and Frederick Walker. It is no secret that these cuts have appeared already in L'Art, and the prospectus states that arrangements have been made with the proprietors of that wonderful periodical for the reproduction of some of its choicest plates. This fact should in itself assure a good circulation for Art and Letters, at the very moderate price of one shilling a month. While, however, the quality of the Art is thus assured at the outset, the first number does not inspire quite equal confidence in the Letters. The articles on Millet and Walker are well done, but the original story is poor indeed.

THE current number of the Revue historique has an article by M. Guiraud which will interest students of Roman history, M. Guiraud examines Mommsen's theory of the reform of the "Comitia Centuriata" in the third century B.C., and makes a new suggestion on this avowedly difficult subject. He believes that the number of centuries was not changed, but remained 193, instead of being increased to 373 as Mommsen supposes. The change was not democratic, but was in the interest of the equites, and was made to equalise the influence of the tribes in the "Comitia Centuriata." M. Sorel discusses the diplomatic relations between Austria and the Comité de Salut public in April 1795. Mr. Hartwig gives an abstract of the general attitude of modern criticism towards the question of the authenticity of the Chronicle of Dino Compagni-a question which has been so much debated of late that, unless a sketch of the situation is from time to time given, no one save an expert can venture to have an opinion. The general tendency of criticism at present seems to be in favour of the falsity of the Chronicle itself, while dating it from the fifteenth century, and admitting that the fabricator had access to genuine documents which have not been discovered.

NEW ITALIAN BOOKS.

won great popularity in Italy, and his present work may be distinctly recommended to English Saggi di Critiche letterarie. Di Alberto readers. It is thoroughly amusing from the Rondani. (Florence: Gazzetta d' Italia Press.) first page to the last, and its highly improbable These clever essays, reprinted from various plot is worked out with great ingenuity and magazines, are well worthy of publication in a brilliancy. The opening chapter-a description separate form. All are interesting; but prob- of the town of Castelnuovo-Bedina and its ably the paper on the three best-known cantos society-is a delicious piece of satirical writing, of the Divina Commedia and that upon Petrarch much in the style of Mr. Grenville Murray's vivid will be found the most attractive by English pictures of provincial life in France, and with readers. The thoughtful article on Giuseppe nearly as much epigrammatic power and Revere gives an interesting account of a past incisiveness. The sub-prefect, with his official phase of Italian literature and of the revolu- foolishness and ambition, is drawn with a mastertionary poets who flew to their pens when for- hand. There is a charming little heroine, who bidden to wield a sword, and thus devoted their is also an heiress, and who has wisely deterbrain power to their country's cause. But un-mined not to be married for the sake of her less Revere's reputation be strangely inadequate money. She is very independent, very caprito his merits, surely Signor Rondani is too cious, and has a fond old uncle, an amusing enthusiastic in comparing him with Heine? stage noodle, to whom her will is law. Her That the author is touched with excess of curiosity is excited by the news that a band patriotism is shown by another passage in the of misogynists have settled in a suppressed same essay, where he remarks "that, if chastity monastery on a neighbouring mountain and of the heart is still of any account, Foscolo dedicated themselves to intellectual pursuits is better than Byron in the aesthetic and in the strictest seclusion. Just to enlarge her moral sense of the word." Now, with all experience, she determines to penetrate into this respect for Foscolo's genius, his life hardly retreat disguised in male attire, and makes her merits this high eulogium. Probably Signor uncle go with her. Here at once we have a Rondani takes the once current Corsair view of situation which in other hands would have led Lord Byron's character, and has never heard to very risky scenes, but there is not a shade of of the Regent's Park episode of poor Foscolo's impropriety in the book, and Adele's advenLondon life. The Petrarch paper is a pleasant tures in the monastery and the havoc she makes chat concerning the poet's retreat at Selvapiana, among the amateur monks is brilliant comedy near Parma, and his rumoured dealings in from first to last. The scenery of the tale is necromancy. It was certainly hard for Petrarch, evidently drawn from nature, and we should who regarded astrologers and diviners with the like to know the exact locality of the Witches' same contempt and hatred that he accorded to Cave. There is not much analysis of character, physicians, fo be accused of practising the the charming little heroine is sketched too black art; and from one of the poet's letters it exclusively from the masculine point of view, would seem that the calumny proceeded from and the majority of the other personages are his enemy, Card. Bertrand, who poisoned the merely outlined. Nevertheless, the outlines mind of Pope Innocent VI. against him by move, and move dramatically. It seems unbranding him as a magician. Signor Rondani gracious to indicate any defect in so diverting a is also the author of a volume of critical essays story, or we might suggest that it is a pity on art, which excited very favourable notice at we should never for a moment be allowed to the time of their appearance, but treat of sub- forget that Signor Barrili is its author, and that jects that are now out of date. Signor Barrili, in virtue of his established popu. larity, is on the easiest and chattiest terms with

Fiorita di Liriche provenzali. Tradotti da

U. A. Canello, con Prefazione di Giosuè
Carducci.
These
(Bologna: Zanichelli.)
clever versions of Provençal lyrics-warlike,
religious, and erotic-are the work of a learned
professor of Provençal poetry, and are addressed
to the general public rather than to the student.
Signor Canello's object is to popularise the
minstrelsy of the Trouvères; and therefore,
instead of literal translations, he gives free
metrical versions-frequently abbreviated-of
the original text. In addition to the useful
introductory outline of the history of Pro-
vençal poetry, the dainty little volume is en-
riched by a Preface from the pen of Giosuè
Carducci. As the first of living Italian poets,
all that he has to say on the subject of Italian
literature is singularly worthy of note. In his
opinion, the first, and probably the heroic,
period of modern Italian literature came to an
end with the death of Manzoni and of
Guerrazzi. He considers that for the next few
generations little real poetry will be produced
in Italy. The country, he thinks, is passing
through a necessary phase of critical research
and assimilation of new, fantastic, and artistic
material, and he holds that it is encouraging
to remember how Germany succeeded in giving
birth to a new literature after undergoing the
same process during the last century. He
therefore maintains that the translation, not
only of master works, but of minor produc-
tions representing distinct phases of artistic and
social development, is of essential value to the
enlargement of Italian culture.

L' Undecimo Comandamento. Romanzo, da
Anton Giulio Barrili. (Milan: Treves.) Signor
Barrili is the author of many novels that have

his readers.

VOL. XII. of Prof. Pitre's "Library of Sicilian Traditions" has just appeared, entitled Spettacoli e Feste popolari siciliane, descritte da Giuseppe Pitré (Palermo: L. Pedone Lauriel). It treats of the sacred plays and religious festivals and observances, either still in use in the island, or only discarded during the last century. It is hardly necessary to say that Prof. Pitré has devoted his life to the study of the popular literature and customs of his native Sicily, and that there is no greater authority on these special topics. The present volume is a worthy sequel to those on Sicilian folk-lore and poetry, and is an indispensable book of reference to all students of the history of the religious drama.

is Ser Lapo Mazzei: Lettere di un Notaro a un ANOTHER work of great antiquarian interest Mercante del Secolo XIV., con altre Lettere e Documenti, edited by Cesare Guasti (Florence: Le Monnier). It consists of the private correspondence between a notary and his friend and client on the subject of a charitable institution to be founded by the latter, gives a graphic picture of the mode of thought and feeling of the respectable middle class in mediaeval Italy, and carries us into the quies Oddly enough, although the writer of these under-currents neglected by writers of history. letters constantly urged his correspondent to destroy them as soon as they were read, they have been found intact, after an interval of 400 years, stowed away in sacks in a lumberroom.

OUR recent notice of the appearance of Signor Martini's capital juvenile magazine, Il

BOENNECKEN, F. Das deutsche Schriftwesen u. die Notwen- history are pretty sure to copy from so accurate

a writer with implicit faith. In his account of
the Triennal Act of 1641 he says that, by it,
"every Parliament was to be ipso facto dissolved at
the expiration of three years from the first day of
its session, unless actually sitting at the time, and
in that case at its first adjournment or proroga.

The Act itself, however, says that Parliament

taments. 1. Hälfte. Braunschweig: Schwetschke. 7 M. is to be dissolved at the expiration of three

TWO EARLY COMMENTARIES ON DANTE.
St. Edmund Hall, Oxford: Sept. 16, 1881.

Many of your readers will be glad to know T. 1. Bruxelles: Olivier. that a publication of great interest to Dante scholars may shortly be expected.

while commenting on Inf. 34, 69. See again
the transcript of the concluding words, with
colophon (as though the imperfections of the
Commentary
were not noticed) given by
Batines, ii. 299.

4. The Commentary attributed to Jacopo
Alighieri (also printed by Lord Vernon).
5. The Commentary of Benvenuto da Imola
as far as canto ix. (incl.) of Paradiso.
Note first the following points:-

nostro emisperio nel
quale noi abitiamo eun-
altra chava fosse nell
emisperio di soto della
terra a noi la quale si
scontrase nella fossa del

nostro emisperio si che

parte del ciello si ve-
desse per quella fossa e
se per questa fossa dalla
parte del nostro emis-
fuse gitata una
pietra versso laltro emis-
perio e conciò sia chella
pietra sia chorpo grave
e di natura sia la pietra
andare in giuso imperò
questa pietra discende-
rebe infino a questo

1. This is a fragment borrowed from the Cora-perio mentary of Ser Graziuolo, apparently in order to make, together with the fragment of that of Guido da Pisa, one complete Commentary. 2. It is a translation, the original Commentary having been written in Latin.

3. The Anonimo, so far as it is in any sense "identical" with that of Ser Graziuolo, being in Italian, can also be no more than translation.

a

Now, I think the following extracts will prove that identity, since the differences between the two Commentaries, as exhibited in this very curious and valuable MS., are simply such as would arise from two different translations or paraphrases of the same original.

Take first the corresponding passages at the end of the fragment of Ser Graziuolo in this MS. :

Extract from Inf. 34, 69, of Comm. of Ser Graziuolo de' Bambagioli in Lord Vernon's Codice.

"E da vedere in questa parte che quì è finito il terzo di il quale l'autore istete nello inferno verso il nostro emisperio e ora e da vedere che sia il cientro della terra in che modo Lucifero stea in che modo l'autore chon Vergilio disciende se ad esso profondo dinferno overo cientro il quale e posto tra due emisperi ciòe il nostro emisperio nel quale noi abitiamo e abitata la tera dellemisperio laltro e posto da quella parte la quale pare a noi di sotto in che modo l'autore chol maestro passasse daluno emisperio alaltro verso il cielo di sotto a noi. Imperciò come dice il grande astrologho tolomeo nel principio del libro suo delnagiostis [?]† cielestiali cierchi ferma spera. E del cientro della terra e del cientro della terra [sic] per lo quale dimostra chel cientro none niuna altra chossa che esso luogho rimotisimo da ciaschuna parte del cielo e il punto nel più profondo luogho della tera e tanto adaluna [?] parte del ciello al punto del cientro quanto daltre e similemente dala-'ltrerra [?].‡ E però sicome tenghono gli strologi egieometri chosi si truova per misura cibe misura e speculatione di natura se fusser pusibile di fare una chavanella tera di questo

Extract of same passage
from the Comento d'
Anonimo published
by Lord Vernon
(Firenze, 1848). [The
var. lect. mentioned
are from another MS.]

"Da riguardare in
questa parte che qui
finiscie il terzo dì che l'
autore stete in inferno
verso lemisperio nostro
chesia cientro e come i
Lucifero seggia in esso e
chome lautore chon Ver-

gilio discienda al pro-
fondo dello inferno o
vero cientro e che posto
è in tra due emisperi
cide lo misperio nostro
nel qualle abitiamo e
abitabille terra e laltro
emisperio verso il cielo
per quello che seguita
per se apare si come
dicie il grande pilosafo
[al. filosafo] Tolomeo
nel prencipio del suo
Almagiesto la forma
spericha del cielo insieme

che la tera ae uno me

desimo cientro di che si

punto il quale chiamano
cientro il qualle luogho
e più di lungie e più
rimoto dal cielo che
tutto laltro luogo della
terra. E conciò sia chossa
chessa pietra fosse nel
cientro per necessaria ra-
gione di natura istarebe
salda enonsi moverebe
verso il nostro emisperio
ne in verso laltro e
questa e laragione con-
ciosia chella influentia e
chontinuo

movimenti

de' corpi di sopra. Ce-
lestiali questi corpi di
quaggiù etate [? et altre]
chose di sotto governano
siccome
pruova il filo-
safo nel primo meth
quando dice questo mon.
do di sotto e retto e
governato da mondo di
sopra e dogni virtu e
dogni e ghovernato da
questo e choncio sia
chossa chesso sia.

choloro i quali feciono
pace chonimici loro e
poi gliucisero a tradi-

Inf. 34, 52: Quindi

Cocito.

"Dice l'autore che per la fredeza de venti iqualli prociedono dalalie desso Lucifero aghiaciava choncito nel quale egli era fitto."

laltra ultima profondità
della tera si che laltro
emisperio a laltra parte
del ciello si vedesse dall-mento."
altra parte e per questa
parte del nostro emi-
sperio si gitase uno saso
di soto verso laltro emi-
sperio con ciò sia cossa
che il sasso sia corpo
grave e propia cosa e
della natura del corpo
grave disciendere e però
questa pietra disciende-
rebe insino a questo
punto che noi chiamamo
cientro rimotisimo sopra
tuti gli altri e igual
mente distante dal cielo
e questa pietra fusse in
questo punto si dimore-
rebe in questo sanza
muoversi per niciesaria
ragione di natura ne si
moverebe verso il nostro
emisperio ne verso laltro
la ragione è questa che
conciosia cosa che per

lanfruentia e chontinovo

moto delli corpi di sopra
e cielesti questi elimenti
e corpi di sotto ci go-
vernino e regolino e vi-
vano si come pruova il
filosafo nel primo de la
metaphisica. Qui dicie
questo modo [al. mondo]
di sotto e congiunto a
quello di sopra si che
ogni sua virtù e potenza
si governi quindi Adun-
que chon cio sia che il

mento coloro cho li quali
erano pacifichati."

Quindi Cocito.

"Dicie che per la frigideza delli venti procedenti per lo muovere dellale di quello angiello tenebroso si congielava quello Concitto nel quale era fitto i Lucifero."

The similarity of the space occupied by the
whole fragments in the MS. is instructive. The
fragment of Ser Graziuolo occupies twelve and
a-half pages of the MS., the corresponding
portion of the Anonimo thirteen and a-quarter.
I found occasionally short paragraphs in the
latter not existing in the former, some passages
commented upon in it being omitted in the
other. So that the conclusion would be that
the Commentary of Ser Graziuolo is simply
embedded in that of the Anonimo. It seems to
have been transferred bodily, while the addi-
tions made by the latter appear to be so very
sidered for practical purposes identical. This
trifling that the two Commentaries may be con-
wholesale plagiarism is not without a parallel
among the early commentators.
The very
ancient Chiose Anonime (dating back, possibly,
to 1320) are very freely drawn upon by later
writers, especially by della Lana. The Ottimo
(as Hegel shows in a long list of passages, p.
20, above referred to) plagiarises wholesale from
the Anonimo, or perhaps, as we may now sug-
gest, from Ser Graziuolo. Moreover, the
Ottimo and Jacopo della Lana correspond so
frequently, and in such long passages, that they,
too, have been thought to be identical; and as
long ago as 1828 Dr. Witte wrote an elaborate
article (reprinted in Dante Forsch. 354-98) to
prove that this was not so, and, further, that
the Ottimo was the plagiarist. (See also Dante
Forsch. ii. 413.) The parallel extracts given by
Dr. Witte exhibit the same sort of correspond-
ence as those printed above. All, however, are
surpassed by the Anonimo Fiorentino, published
by Fanfani, 1866-74, who, after a very free use
at first of Peter Alighieri and Boccaccio, and
afterwards of the Ottimo, during about the last
I cannot unfortunately find the extract twenty cantos of Purg. and the whole of the
which I believe I made of the passages at the Parad. simply reproduces the Commentary of
beginning of the fragment-viz., at canto 25-Jacopo della Lana (see Hegel, p. 58), &c. The
but I recollect that the coincidence was no less relation between all these early commentators
remarkable. I cannot therefore understand is evidently very curious and complicated, and
the denial of that coincidence by Hegel (as calls for careful study.
above quoted), for assuredly, considering that
both passages
are translations, there
scarcely be a doubt of the identity of the
original.

[I have thought it better simply to transcribe this passage without attempting to amend it, since Lord Vernon has evidently adopted this method with the Anonimo.]

cielo continovo si muova
e faccia infruenzia," &c.,

&c.

can

The following shorter extracts, taken at
random, point to the same conclusion:-

Inf. 33, 91: "Noi passamo," &c.
Ser Graziuolo's Com-
Com. Anonimo.

mentary.

pruova che il centro
ne altro [al. non è altro
che uno luogo] che nelu.
ogho rimotisimo di ci-
ascuna parte del cielo
e uno punto nel pro-
fondesimo luogo della
tera igualmente di lungi
del ciello e della tera "Di quinci ala fine del
[al. di lungie dal cielo presenle chapitolo dura
e dalla terra] secondo il luogho il quale chia-
proporzionata distanza mato Tolomea e chosì
de luno e de laltro [al. nominata da quello Tolo-
laltra] e però che cossi meo del quale si leggie
tengono li astrologi e linelibro de Machabei il
gieometri e chosi si quale fece fare uno
truova per ragionevole grande chonvito ne
speculatione di natura chanpi di Giericho a
selli fosse possibille di Simone prencipe de sa-
trovare o fare uno foro cerdoti in Giudea colui*
in questa tera del nostro e mangiarono insieme
emisperio che noi abi- ad una tavola quando
tiamo e fosse di tanta bono mangiato gli fecie
profondità che tochasse ccidere e inperò sono in
u uesto luogho puniti

istete (sic). + d'Almagiesto (?). [Divided thus by the lines in the MS,

e

q

"Dopo questo qui a la fine del xxxiij cap: dura iluogho chiamato Tolomea di quello Tolomeo del qualle si leggie nelibro di Machabei che ne chanpi di Jericho feccie fare grande chonvito a Simeone prencipe dei sacierdoti in Giuda e li suoi figliuoli Mathia e Juda e mangiando insieme a tavola li feccie uccidere e per ciò in questo luogho sono puniti tuti queli li quali feciero accidere per tradi

Qy. con lui.

Now as to the relation of the two translations of Lord Vernon's MS. with the original Seville Latin MS. I can unfortunately say very little. I was only permitted to see the MS. with the librarian standing by me to turn the pages, and a friend (the Rev. C. Eddy, late Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford) who afterwards examined it at my request, and kindly made a few hurried and scanty extracts, did so under a similar disadvantage. Still, as far as these extracts go, they confirm the above conclusion, though they are almost too fragmentary to print.

Here are a few lines at the beginning of canto 26:

Ser Graziuolo in Lord Vernon's MS.

"Choncio sia cosa chel autore nel pasato capitolo abia scrito di cinque frodolenti ladroni fiorentini e imperciò nel prencipio di questo Chapitolo fa di loro mentione riprendendo per essa cità di Firenze adiramente e pelo contrario la lode imperò che dice il testo Trovai cinque cotali.''

But the most curious point that results is that the Seville MS. and the Anonimo in Lord Vernon's MS. break off at precisely the same point, and with evidently the same words. The Seville

MS. ends thus (according to my friend's notes): "infinitis malitiis et iniquitatibus d'linquer [?]." Lord Vernon's Anonimo ends: "li quali contra lui con infinite malizie e niquitadi peccarono." (The fragment of Ser Graziuolo breaks off earlier, and cannot be compared here.) This is a very curious evidence of probable relation between these two actual MSS. as well as

between the Commentaries themselves.

E. MOORE.

MR. BROWNING'S "KARSHOOK."
25 York Place, Edinburgh: Oct. 1, 1881.

In the letter from the president of the Brown ing Society, published in the ACADEMY of to-day, he states that "Karshook' we did not know, and have always sought for in vain in every volume of Browning's works, and all the Selections from them." Mr. Furnivall must have omitted in his search The Return of the Druses, in which the name of "Karshook" occurs as one of the persons of the play. Of course The Return of the Druses is not to be classed among the " fifty poems finished," of which Mr. Browning speaks in his One Word

More.

J. M. GRAY.

THE SPELLING OF "WHOLE."
Berlin, 8.W., Kleinbeerenstrasse 7: Sept. 30, 1881.

Mr. H. Bradley is certainly right in his explanation of the spelling of "whole" as given in the ACADEMY of September 17; but I beg to state that it is not quite new, and to refer to my notes on Guy of Warwick, 11. 3422 and 7927, in which I have collected several instances of the addition of an inorganic w in English, the earliest of them belonging to the first half of the fourteenth century. I must add, however, that I do not remember having met with the spelling "whole" instead of "hole" before Tyndale (Oliphant, Standard English, p. 291), but a doublet of the word occurs about the middle of the fifteenth century spelt "whayle" instead of "hayle," "hale" (Guy of Warwick, 1. 5199).

J. ZUPITZA.

A CORRECTION.
Westbury-on-Trym: Oct. 3, 1881.

There not having been time last week (through a delay in the post) for the transmission and return of a proof, my note upon the Prince of Wales's papyrus went to press with an uncorrected error for which I am at a loss to account, but which may have originated with myself in a slip of the pen. That error occurs in the name of the Queen, which three great authorities spell in three different ways-i.e., Notemit, Netém, and Mut-Netem; but which I venture to think would be more satisfactorily transliterated as Notem-Maut, or Notem-em. Maut. In the ACADEMY, October 1, this name is several times printed Not-em-Maut, which means nothing, and which I certainly did not intend to write. AMELIA B. EDWARDS.

I have to make a slight correction. I gave the
inscription as originally sent to me, but it
appears that the end of the third line should be
XXV, instead of XXII. This will, of course,
necessitate a corresponding alteration in the ex-
pansion and translation.
W. THOMPSON WATKIN.

SCIENCE.

The Collected Scientific Papers of the Late
A. H. Garrod, F.R.S. Edited by W. A.
Forbes. (R. H. Porter.)

THERE could be no more fitting memorial to
Prof. Garrod than this collection of his varied
and valuable papers. It was subscribed
for by all the leading British biologists,
many foreign savants, and many private
friends; and was prepared under the direc-
tion of a committee consisting of Messrs.
Flower, Schäfer, Bell, Sclater, Salvin, Bal-
four, Dobson, Günther, the late Mr. Alston,
and the editor, Mr. Forbes, the successor of
Garrod as prosector to the Zoological Society.
The work is admirably got up with well-
executed plates, and a most excellent and
pleasing likeness by Mr. Herkomer as a
frontispiece, for which all Garrod's friends
will feel indebted to that distinguished
artist.

the presence or absence of a particular muscle, called the "ambiens," which stretches from the anterior border of the acetabulum to the knee, and across the knee from its inner to its outer side. As results of his investigations, he proposed a number of changes in the accepted classification of birds-for example, breaking up the Accipitres; removing the Cathartidae, or American vultures, altogether from relabird of Africa (Serpentarius), until then tionship with them; and placing the serpent classed with the falcons, with the bustards and screamers (Cariama). Scarcely anyone who watches the living Cariamas and compares their attitudes and habits with those of the serpent bird when, as is sometimes the case, the two birds are living side by side in the Zoological Gardens can doubt that Garrod is right, at all events, in this latter discovery. At the time of his death he was employed on a general work on the " Anatomy of Birds," in aid of which he received sums of money from the Government grant. The first fasciculus of this publication, on the anatomy of the common fowl as a type of birds in general, is nearly complete in MS., while the second is halffinished. It is hoped that these will be completed and published by the editor of the present work before long.

Garrod, who had a mathematical inclination, made some attempts to express the relations of animals to one another by means of formulae. In one of his papers on the anatomy of ruminants, the relations of the various species of Cervidae are thus set forth. Of course no one doubts that zoology will some day reach a mathematical stage, and that the genetic relations of animals, and the modifications in various values of the

structure which they show, whether from those typical of the main or subordinate branches of the family-tree, will be capable of being formulated; but the science is scarcely yet sufficiently ripe for so advanced a step to succeed. Nevertheless, the present attempt is noteworthy as one of the first practical efforts in that direction.

The book commences with a biographical notice by the editor, which is followed by reprints of Garrod's papers, part i. consisting of those on physiological subjects, and part ii. of those on anatomy. During the early part of his scientific career, Prof. Garrod was mainly occupied with physiology, and devoted his energies to the investigation of the action of the heart, the circulation of the blood, and the temperature of the human body. The papers constituting part i. all relate to these subjects. He made numerous experiments on himself on the relation of the temperature of the air to that of the body, and invented a combination of the cardiograph and sphygmograph to record at the same time on the same paper the movements of the heart's apex and the dilatations of the artery at the wrist. His great mechanical genius, which was In conclusion, a very short paper, "On the constantly exhibited in the various appliances Mechanism of the Intervertebral Substance, by means of which he illustrated his lectures, and on Some Effects of the Erect Position in enabled him to suggest various improvements Man," may be mentioned as one of the in the sphygmograph and allied instruments. most interesting of Garrod's writings. In The present volume, dealing as it does with the latter part of this paper he points out so wide a variety of subjects, cannot be fully certain consequences of the assumption of the reviewed in a short article like the present. erect posture by incipient man with a body A few noteworthy points only in part ii. will until then adapted for horizontal progression be touched on. This part represents the only, which are clearly retained in the strucpublished results of Garrod's eight years' ture of the human body at present, and certain most diligent work as prosector at the of which are highly deleterious to man, who Zoological Gardens, and consists of seventy- has not yet been able to adapt his structure three separate papers, one of which, on the with complete success to the posture of which curious diving petrel of the Southern Ocean, he is so proud. Man's immediate proPelecanoides, was left unfinished at his genitor, no doubt, like the higher apes, had death, and is now for the first time printed. a vertebral column simply curved concave The best known of his anatomical researches ventrally, like that of the higher apes. are, without doubt, those on the anatomy"In its attempts to assume the upright carriage, of birds, which were made with the direct this progenitor must have thrown the centre of object of putting on a sound anatomical basis gravity of its body directly above the hips, to do the classification of this group. As is well which it was necessary to bend the spine backknown, Garrod was led to the conclusion that wards. On account, however, of the thoracic a most important key to the determination of region being rendered rigid by the attachthe natural affinities of the various divisions ment of the cage of ribs, and the sacrum being immodifiable from its ankylosis, this of birds lies in the relations and arrangement flexion of the spine could only occur in the of the muscles of the thigh, and especially in neck and loins; consequently, the spinal flexures

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