some things well, but adds nothing new to justify himself in taking his stand by the side of Mr. Arnold. A paper by the late Dean of Westminster, on "The Westminster Confession of Faith," is singularly characteristic of the man. He analyses the Confession in a tone of the deepest sympathy, and then turns round with a remark that there is nothing in it to justify a condemnation of Prof. Robertson Smith, who would be as triumphantly upheld if he appealed to the civil courts as was Bishop Colenso. "Soap Suds," by Miss Palmer, is an interesting account of an excellent institution for befriending laundresses. The most attractive of the contents of the magazine is a translation of the feuilletons contributed by Mr. Tourgenieff to a Russian newspaper, called "Sketches and Reminiscences." The picture of a Russian country household of the old school is in Mr. Tourgenieff's best style. THE Deutsche Rundschau is given up to political papers this month, and contains little of literary interest save a humorous complaint, headed "Sprache und Sprachen," from Prof. Max Müller, who is exercised as a student by the fact that the modern feeling of nationality is so bound up with language as to make it a point of honour for scholars, even in Roumania, to make known the results of their labours in a tongue which very few can read. BODE, W. Rembrandts früheste Thätigkeit. Der Künstler in seiner Vaterstadt Leiden. Wien: Gesellschaft für vervielfältigende Kunst. 10 M. DE LA BERGE, A. En Tunisie: Récit de l'Expédition française. DETHIER, Ph. A. Etudes archéologiques (œuvre posthume). Paris: Firmin-Didot. 3 fr. 50 c. Constantinople: Lorentz & Keil. 10 fr. HIRSCHFELD. Ophelia, e. poet. Lebensbild v. Shakespeare zum ersten Male im Lichte ärztlicher Wissenschaft, zugleich als Beitrag zur ästhet. Kritik der Tragödie "Hamlet." Danzig Gruihn. 1 M. 50 Pf. : JENNINGS, S. My Visit to the Gold Fields, South-East Wien: Konegen. 1 M. 20 Pf. PAWEL, J. Die literarischen Reformen d. 18. Jahrh. in Wien. PONTMARTIN, A. de. Souvenirs d'un vieux Critique. Paris: ROSSETTI, C. G. A Pageant, and other Poems. Macmillan. Calmann Lévy. 3 fr. 50 c. 63. SCHMID, F. Ueb. Handel u. Wandel in Brasilien. Berlin: THEOLOGY. LUCIUS, P. E. Der Essenismus in seinem Verhältniss zum In the ACADEMY of July 23, p. 78, is a paragraph stating that the church of St. Magnus, in Orkney, is "threatened with restoration." I have received some communications on this subject, and have scaledrawings of the church, so will briefly state the case. There exists a small annual income called Mason's Fund, which is allowed to accumulate for a few years, and is then expended by the trustees on the church. The windows which it is proposed to restore are five in the south aisle of the nave. There are eight windows in the south wall of this aisle. Of these, the two western do not need repair, the east one was repaired by Government in the great reparation of 1846-47, the remainder are the five named. They are not "blocked up," except for two or three inches of their lower part. They are semi-circular-headed windows of one light. 66 The internal arches do not need repair. Externally, the hoods of four remain, but the arches of the windows perished long ago. The freestone jambs, caps, and bases of two remain, though much decayed; but of the other three are gone, and these have been rudely mended with the local slate or schist. The common walling of this church is mostly of this dark gray schist and the dressings of freestone, mostly red. There was, a few years ago, evidence that the caps of the two windows mentioned above resembled the caps of the same windows inside Rom von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart. bold foliage. What the moulding of the arch Würzburg: Woerl. 18 M. HISTORY. CODEX diplomaticus Anhaltinus. Hrsg. v. O. v. Heinemann. 5. Thl. 1380-1400. Dessau: Barth. 15 M. was cannot be known with certainty. The other window belongs to an earlier style. It retains its original hood, which, by its span, shows that the arch consisted of two orders, DALTON, H. Johannes a Lasco. Beitrag zur Reformations- and, in measure, if not in moulding, differed Gotha: eschichte Polens, Deutschlands u. Euglands. Perthes. 11 M. FRIEDRICH'S D. GROSSEN politische Correspondenz. 6. Bd. Berlin: A. Duncker. 14 M. from any other in the building, unless it was the one immediately to the east of it, repaired GEISTHIRT, J. O. Historia Schmalcaldica od. Historische by Government, which may originally have HORE, A. H. Eighteen Centuries of the Church in England. Parker. 158. LAVALLEY. G. Les Compagnies du Papeguay, particulière ment à Caen: Eude historique sur les sociétés de Tir MONUMENTA Germaniae Historica. Poetarum latinorum medii avant la Révolution. Caen: Massif. 5 fr. a-vi tomi 1 pars posterior. Berlin: Weidmann. 7 M. RECUEIL des Historiens des Croisades. Historiens grecs. T 2. Paris: Imp. Nat. resembled it. There can be little doubt as to what the caps and bases of this window were; but the mouldings are very uncertain. that "restoration" of these five windows, if attempted, must be, to a great extent, only conjectural. The authorities will have the opinions of several persons before the work is It will be seen from what has been stated REGISTER of the Privy Council of Scotland. Vol. IV. A.D. carried out. 1585-92. Ed. D. Masson. A. & C. Black. 15s. ROUVET, M. La Commune de Nevers: Origines des ses Franchises municipales. Nevers: Michot. 6 fr. PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY. BOUCHARDAT, A. sur l'Eticlogie. Paris: Germer Baillière. 18 fr. Traité d'Hygiène publique et privé, basée HOUEL. Catalogue du Musée Orfila. Paris: G. Masson. 10 fr. KANT'S Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Nachträge. Aus seinem Nachlass brsg. v. B. Erdmann. Kiel: Lipsius & Tischer. 1 M. 60 Pf. H. DRYDEN. examples of their use, it is very probable that they may exist, in collections, among the heaps of little things that lie in unlabelled obscurity. What, then, need to be looked for are-first, bronze or other metal blades (smooth-edged) about an eighth or a sixth of an inch thick, and two inches or more in width; and, second, bronze or other metal tubes about an eighth of an inch thick, and from three-eighths up to four inches the edge should be dissolved in acid, and the in diameter. If any should be found, a portion of residue examined microscopically to determine what powder-emery, beryl, garnet, &c.—has been used with the tool for cutting. There are indications in the working which can hardly have been made by any tool except a crown drill of the modern pattern, with cutting stones set in the edge of it. I shall be glad to receive any communication which may illustrate this subject. W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE. AN OLD NAME FOR MARCH. London: Aug. 1, 1881. In relation to this old word Lide or Hlydı for March, the account given of it in Lye's Dict. Saxonico et Gothico-Latinum may interest some readers : "plyd-monað Mensis Mar-tius sic dictus, forsan a hiyo.Tumultus: q. d. Loud month. Mensis turbulentus, turbinum et procellarum plenus." This is appropriate enough for a month named from Mars, the god of war. It is also called Hræde month, and that may mean swift and rough, which only enforces the same idea. CHARLES A. WARD. BUDA (AQUINCUM) INSCRIPTION. Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock: Aug. 1, 1881. In the ACADEMY of July 30 there is the following sentence in a paragraph on the amphitheatre at Buda (Aquincum):-" We notice in the inscriptions the epithet omnipotens' given to the goddess Nemesis, which has not yet been found elsewhere." It may Nemesi sive Fortunae" have been found in an be well to mention that the words "Deae inscription (Gruter, p. 80, n. 1); while Vergil (Aeneid, viii. 334) puts in Evander's mouth the word "omnipotens," as an epithet of Illusions: a Psychological Study. By James Sully. "International Scientific Series." (C. Kegan Paul & Co.) Ir was a happy thought that inspired Mr. Sully to direct his attention towards the psychological investigation could better suit subject of illusions. No other department of his peculiarly subtle turn for the unravelling of obscure mental processes; and in none other could his happy knack of minute introspection be employed to better advantage. He has occupied a novel field, for his treatment of illusions is purely psychological, and his essay is confined to what may be called normal or healthy cases, so that it has little in common with the treatises of medical authorities on the illusions of the insane; and he has set forth his matter in so easy and pleasing a manner that it may be read with interest even by those who know little or nothing beforehand of mental science. The volume will do much to retrieve its popular "International Series" had of late been getting rather portentously dull; this pleasant little character, while the intrinsic value of the work will certainly keep up to the full its scientific reputation. riem. picture of the funeral in his memory in no wise distinguishable from the other mental pictures which he classes as childish recollections; and he always believed that he had actually been present on the occasion till a few years since, when, happening to mention it before his parents, he learned for the first time, to his great surprise, that it took place considerably before his birth. There was no possibility from the circumstances of the case that any one funeral could have been confounded with another; and the only explanation open seems to be that an event much talked about in the family had become engraved on the memory in childhood as though actually seen. This case raises a further question how far any of our earliest childish recollections are really immediate, and how far they are mere illusions produced by our having heard the circumstances so frequently described. Many adults, for example, believe that they can remember the time when they wore long baby's clothes; and this is most probably in every case a false memory, constructed in early childhood from the information supplied by others. As a matter of fact, it seems pretty certain, from numerous actual testings, that children between two and three years old seldom recognise even the most familiarly known persons, places, or objects after about six months' interval. The first thing that strikes one about Mr. Sally's book is the freshness of the point of We have heard much already of illusions on the one hand, from the alienists; on the other hand, from the writers on physiological optics and sense-perception generally. But we have never before had a comprehensive and exhaustive study of the whole feld of illusion in normal life. Most of us think of illusions as errors to which mad people and hysterical patients are subject; Mr. Sully shows us that we are all liable to more or less of such error at every moment of our waking or sleeping lives. It has its roots in ordinary mental states; and therefore he vindicates for its study a place in the physiology as much as n the pathology of mind. Viewing illusions thas from the psychological side, in their relation to the process of just perception, he concentrates our attention on the manifestations of the illusory impulse in our normal existence. Four classes of such errors may be recognised, not so much because they are logically well defined, as because they enable as to map out the whole subject for distinct review in a simple and convenient manner-illusions, namely, of internal perception (introspection), of external perception, of memory, and of belief. Under the first two classes, we get, to begin with, a very lucid and interesting account of the psychology of perception generally. Indeed, it may be said throughout that Mr. Sully's method, consisting as it does of affiliating illusory on valid processes of mind, allows him an admirable opportunity of communicating by the way much fundamental psychology to his readers in an extremely pleasant and natural fashion. Illusions of perception are again divisible as passive or active; and the first-named kind may be determined either by the organism, as in after-sensations, negative images, and hyperaesthesia; or by the environment, as in misperception of distance, or in pictorial or quasi-pictorial representations. Of all these, Mr. Sully Rives numerous lucid examples, illustrating his thesis SO amply that every reader an at once recognise its drift and scope. Under the head of active illusions of perception, again, he treats mainly of those false perceptions or immediate inferences from sensation which are due to previous expecta-as when we fancy we see a train move because it is time for it to start; or as in the case of an officer who superintended the The chapter on illusions of memory forms exhuming of a coffin, and smelt the decompo- another valuable contribution to the psytion of the body during the digging, though chology of the subject with which it deals. e coffin turned out in the end to be quite Mr. Sully makes three principal classes pty. We all know how, when watching illusions of time-perspective, distortions of of a sick child in an adjoining memory, and hallucinations of memory. All , we hear it a dozen times when it is are illustrated by numerous instances, or sugrally asleep; but Mr. Sully has collected so gestions of instances such as every reader many instances of similar nascent hallucina- can fill up for himself; and indeed the tions that he transforms these isolated ex- book throughout is particularly happy in Priences into parts of a consistent whole, affording everywhere such a framework, and leaves us at times with a rather un- which one pieces in naturally as one goes easant sense that a much larger part of with facts from one's own experience. Here ordinary lives than we had ever before is a single case from that of the present repected is really passed on the borderland viewer which may interest both Mr. Sully error, if not of insanity. In short, he and his readers. He distinctly remembers presses from the physiological side what the funeral of a member of his own family hers have impressed already from the patho- which took place several months before his gical-that madness differs from the sane birth. That is to say, there is a mental condition mainly in the immense preponderance of hallucination over normal perception. On dreams, as a peculiar variety of the illusions of perception, Mr. Sully has much to say that is novel and interesting. The subject is a fascinating one for almost all of us, because of a certain air of mystery which it still retains, even in this scientific age; and in the hands of so able an expositor it loses none of its charm, though it is certainly deprived of almost all its mysteriousness. Mr. Sully apparently inclines to the belief (in which we cannot quite agree with him) that the nervous centres are never wholly inactive during sleep; and he shows most ingeniously how, in such a condition of the organs, all the known phenomena of dreams naturally result from faint external sense-impressions, or from internal stimuli of the sense-organs, or, again, from organic sensations, all of which are misinterpreted and often grossly exaggerated in the unbalanced, dreamy state of the sleeping intellect. The usual incoherence of dreams receives its due share of attention; as does also that still more curious converse fact, their slight vague coherence and unity, which makes them assume the shape of a continuous though very improbable narrative or plot. This coherence Mr. Sully sets down in part, among other causes, to a ground-tone of feeling running through the consciousness of the dreamer, and to a comparatively rational play of associated ideas. Some analyses of actual dreams, and numerous careful personal observations, give great additional value to this part of the work. They are frankly and objectively set forth, without any of that unfortunate mauvaise honte which often prevents psychologists from detailing individual experiences for fear of a false appearance of egotism. Of course, the ego, as a subject of psychological observation in this way, is really just as objective to the personal man himself as any other subject of scientific investigation. It is only when the emotional element of self-appreciation comes into play that egotism is possible; mere self-observation is quite a different thing. A man observing his own dreams is just as much engaged in an impersonal scientific study as if he were observing his own blood-corpuscles under a microscope; and it would be a great gain for psychology if this fact could be more commonly recognised, and if individual subjective experiences could be more generally recorded for the use of scientific workers. for the cry In his last chapter, Mr. Sully considers the question of illusions from its philosophical rather than from its pyschological side, and so gets upon the familiar ground of the nature of knowledge and the reality of an external world. His final summing-up on this point seems to be a somewhat positivistic onenamely, that persistent intuitions must be taken as true. We had noted a few small points where we should be inclined to differ from Mr. Sully's judgment, but on second thoughts they may well be suppressed; for small differences always assume a fallacious importance when insisted upon in all the dignity of printers' ink. As a whole, we have to thank Mr. Sully for a most instructive and yet a most interesting and entertaining study. GRANT ALLEN. CURRENT SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. The History of the Squirrel in Great Britain. By J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.R.S.E., &c. (Edinburgh: McFarlane and Erskine.) The title of this book should have been The History of the Squirrel in Scotland, for very few facts concerning the animal's existence in Scotland have two or three pages are devoted to its history in escaped the eagle eye of its writer, while only the sister kingdoms. This patriotic treatise is not only a treasure to the naturalist, but a good sample of the true method of writing natural history. No stone is left unturned to ensure accuracy. Old authorities are exhumed, living sportsmen and keepers examined, the geological and physical history of the country most exacting to require save an index, or, at minutely examined, and nothing left for the least, a table of contents. Many people must have been struck by a story told by Mr. J. Colquhoun in his lecture on the wild animals of our isles, how, in the autumn of 1830, his father's sheep-dog worried "a strange beast, something like a wee fox, but as clever among which had, in living memory, made its way into trees as a marten." This was the first squirrel the Loch Lomond district, where it now abounds. Mr. Harvie-Brown set about investi gating the history of the squirrel in his native country, and found that (like the capercaillie, whose re-distribution he has described in a former work) the squirrel became all but extinct in the greater part of Scotland, owing mainly to the cutting down and burning of the old forest, perhaps about the beginning of this century. It seems, indeed, never to have been indigenous to the central portions of the country south of the Firths of Forth and Clyde. Sir Robert Gordon, however, in a well-known and quaint passage, mentions "skuyrells" among the wild animals of Sutherlandshire in 1630. And it probably never became wholly extinct in the old wood of districts was conterminous with the extension of the pine and larch forests which sprung up, owing to the rage for planting throughout Scotland, in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Mr. Harvie-Brown traces the routes which the little army of squirrels advancing northward took, mainly by the watersheds, and, of course, in the direction of the young plantations. Yet not a little obstacle will daunt squirrels when bent on emigration. They have been shot on high, barren hills, and have been credited with sailing on bits of stick across wide rivers and sheets of water from very ancient times. A capital tail-piece to this volume illustrates this trait in squirrel nature, which, we gather from its characteristic touch, was contributed by a lamented writer in our own pages, the late Mr. E. R. Alston. To show the numbers of squirrels which now abound in Scotland, a list is appended of those killed in the Cawdor plantations from 1862 to 1878, exhibiting a total of 14,123 in the seventeen years, for which the sum of £213 138. 2d. was paid as rewards. The cause of the inveterate hostility of landlords to squirrels is, of course, together with sundry little peccadilloes with regard to egg-stealing and the like, their destructiveness in young plantations. Mr. HarvieBrown has garnered up a store of observations on these and kindred points which renders his book a useful manual to everyone fond of country life. Doubtless, he is a firm believer in the theory that squirrels migrate by water, using their bushy tails for sails, else why in the map prefixed to the volume is every lighthouse on the Scottish coast so conspicuously represented? He has thus become a benefactor to squirrels as well as to their enemies. Rothiemurchus. Its restoration to the forest Lunar Distances; with Formulae and Examples. A Sequel to the First Six Books of the Elements Exercises in Analytical Geometry. With Illustrations. By J. M. Dyer, M.A. (Macmillan.) A handy book of nearly six hundred exercises in properties of the conic sections, arranged under twenty-three sections, with explanations and proofs in the text, accompanied by a full list of answers and numerous hints for solution. The book is well suited for students preparing for the scholarship examinations at the universities, and also for candidates for the Indian Civil Service examination. "COTILE" NOT "COTYLE.” In our notice of Mr. Dresser's List of European dence at Thames Ditton, at the age of seventyseven, was a household word to English botanists. In the departments of the geographical distribution of British plants and the critical distinction of closely allied species, he was facile princeps; and one of his great delights was the large number of these which he could show to his brother botanists growing in his garden at Thames Ditton. His publications on these subjects extend over a period of fifty years; among a crowd of a more ephemeral character may be mentioned Outlines of the Geographical Distribution of British Plants (1832); Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of British Plants (1835); New Botanist's Guide (1835-37); Cybele Britannica (1847-59); Compendium of the Cybele Britannica (1870); Supplement to the Compendium (1874); and the numerous editions of the London Catalogue of British Plants. Educated at the University of Edinburgh, Mr. Watson there became acquainted with George and Andrew Combe, and was an enthusiastic disciple of their system of phrenology. He was for a short time editor of that he had given great annoyance to the most the Phrenological Journal, but soon, finding ardent phrenologists by showing that their definitions were inadequate and misleading, he resigned his appointment. From this time he devoted himself chiefly to botanical studies; but in 1836 published Statistics of Phrenology, and was throughout life an ardent defender of the scientific basis of phrenology. The Manchester Guardian states that his herbarium, which it will easily be understood is one of great value, is destined to swell the botanical riches of Kew. NOTES OF TRAVEL. Ir is announced that Lord Aberdare, President of the Royal Geographical Society, has been asked, and has consented, to act as the British representative at the International Geographical Congress to be held at Venice in September; and he will, of course, represent his own society, the council of which has lately conde-tributed the sum of £100 towards the expenses of the meeting. Germany will be strongly represented by Prof. Heinrich Kiepert, Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen, and Dr. Nachtigall. Altogether, the Congress promises to be a great Our question has been anticipated, and cisively answered in a sense adverse to our own comment, in a paper contributed by Mr. Henry T. Wharton on The Orthography of Some Birds' Names" to the Ibis, 1879 (pp. 449-54). As the passage is an excellent example of the true method of tracing and refuting a popular mistake, we quote it at length. An Introduction to Geometry, for the Use of Beginners; consisting of Euclid's Elements, Book I., accompanied by Numerous Explana"In 1822 F. Boie (Isis, p. 550) proposed Cotile as a generic name for Hirundo riparia, L. But, unfortions, Questions, and Exercises. By John Walmsley, B.A. (C. F. Hodgson and Son.) Of tunately, in 1826 (Isis, p. 971) he spelt the genus Cotyle; although in the same column we find the many elementary works which have recentlyCynnyris' and Aegythalus,' it is only the first appeared in elucidation of the first book of the misprint that has bred lasting mischief. Of course old geometer, we think this, putting on one Gloger (Naturg. der Vögel Europa's, 1834, p. 411) side Mr. Hawtrey's book, decidedly the best. knew and accepted the right spelling, and so did It is marked with that appreciation of the G. R. Gray (Hand-list, 1869, i., p. 73). But the difficulties which ordinary boys encounter at learned Prince Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av.. 1850, the outset of their geometrical studies, i., p. 341) endorsed Cotyle, and thus gave colour to and that skill in making the (to boys) the wild guess of Agassiz (Nomencl. Zool.) that the obscure parts plain, which name came from κοτύλη consider we a cup. It is sad to see to be distinguishing features of Mr. Walms- Dr. Coues (Birds of the Colorado Valley, 1878, ley's previous works on trigonometry. An P. 370) being thus misled into suggesting an analogy between a cup, such as so many other birds' nests objection many will make is that it takes 164 form, and the deep cylindrical hole in which sandpages to master the first book alone; unless martins commonly build. In reality, KOTIλàs is a subsequent progress be very rapid, all the name used by Anacreon for the swallow; and Elements could hardly be got through at school. KúTIXOS is a familiar classical adjective, meaning This is not, however, the right view to take. The 'prattling,' as kwτĺλλew means 'to prattle.' When intelligent boy, with fair mathematical talent, would quickly travel through such a work as this; and the boy who only just gets through it will have acquired a good sound knowledge of the subject, as far as the first book of the Elements goes, which must be beneficial to him. Accented Four-figure Logarithms, and other Tables, for Arithmetical and Trigonometrical Purposes, and for correcting Altitudes and Boie first wrote Cotile he undoubtedly had in his fusion about a 'cup' has arisen from a subsequent OBITUARY. MR. HEWETT COTTRELL WATSON. THOUGH perhaps not very familiar to the success. WE hear that Mr. Clements R. Markham 15 visiting the North coast of Spain in the hope of being able to glean some information respecting the ancient whale-fisheries from the traditions current among the Viscayan fishermen. We understand that, among the property of the late Capt. Phipson-Wybrants which has been recently received from South-east Africa, that unfortunate traveller's survey of the Sabia River has been found. It has been carefully laid down on a well-drawn map, and shows that the course of the river has been very erroneously given in the Admiralty charts. MAJOR KRAHMER, of the German General Staff, has lately published a carefully compiled brochure on the Russian advance in Central Asia, illustrated by maps, &c., which is based largely on Russian documents. The contents include an account of the country and inhabitants of Turkomania. One of the maps gives the country between Krasnovodsk Bay, on the Caspian, and Merv. Our own Foreign of this region, as public attention is much Office has promised to publish a map shortly attracted just now to the question of the Russian Transcaspian boundary. As there is some reason to believe that the cartographical information in the hands of the authorities is not all that could be desired, we are glad to hear that the September number of the Monthly Record of Geography will probably contain Col. C. E. Stewart's map of this region, which will embody all the latest information. WITH regard to the country at the south end of Lake Tanganyika, which Mr. James Stewart about to open up by what is called the African Lakes junction road, Mr. E. C. Hore states that on a rich and verdant plateau the chief Zombé received him in a most friendly vay at his large town of 2,000 people, as also did the chief Kapufi on the beautiful Lofu Biver, with its many peaceful villages and gardens of unbounded luxuriance. Both of bese chiefs expressed a wish to see Europeans ettled among their people. These points will be occupied shortly by the London Missionary Society; and the Livingstonia missionaries hope to open a station among the Chungus (fifty miles from the head of Lake Nyassa) at the wn of Maliwanda, whom Mr. Stewart visited his first exploration of the country. Mambwe, between Maliwanda's and Zombe's, ll then alone remain to be taken up in order a complete the line of settlements between the tro lakes. We learn from the Buenos Ayres Standard that Mr. White is about to undertake an exploring expedition into the Argentine territory of the Misiones. This region, which was abandoned by the Jesuits 150 years ago, is described by the old writers as a paradise; but it is beered that the whole of the territory has now reverted to its primitive state of luxuriant Fegetation, so that Mr. White has a difficult task before him. of 165 constitute the group of mesosoma. In works of art memorable, we know not why HERR ENKE, of Stuttgart, has just published an authorised translation, by Dr. Oscar Thamhayn, of Prof. Huxley's Guide to Practical Biology. PHILOLOGY NOTES. HERR EUGEN EINENKEL, of Leipzig, a pupil of Prof. Trautmann, of Bonn University, has just earned his Ph.D. at Bonn by a carefully prepared treatise, "Ueber die Verfasser einiger neuangelsächsischer Schriften "-namely, an enquiry into the question whether the homily "Hali Meidenhad," and the three EarlyEnglish Lives of Saints "Juliana," "Margarete," and "Katherine," were written by one author or not. Passing in review recent scholarship on the subject, after a critical examination and comparison of the language, style, and subject of the poems, he rejects Mr. Cockayne's opinion that "Hali Meidenhad" and "The Liflade of "Juliana " and 46 St. Juliana" were by the same author, giving "Hali Meidenhad" to one writer and Margarete' to another. the Life of St. Katherine he reserves for a Whether the author of these two last also wrote succeeding essay. THE August number of the Monthly Record of Geography contains Mr. E. Whymper's paper on journey among the Great Andes of Ecuador, d some interesting notes by Mr. W. G. Lock THE title of Prof. F. Dieterici's ArabicIceland, chiefly in regard to Askja, the German Pocket-Dictionary to the Koran and argest volcano in the island. A private letter "Man and Beast" at first sight seems to convey from M. de Brazza supplies material for an a reflection upon the Mohammedan religion; important note on the relative advantages of and it must at once be explained that Thier the Ogowe and Congo routes to Stanley Pool, und Mensch is the title of an Arabic fable, or which should make our missionary societies allegory, of a philosophical character, which pause before embarking on the latter. Other Dr. Dieterici published in his series of volumes notes refer to the Manabi route from Quito to on the philosophy of the Arabs in the tenth the Pacific, the boundary line between Chili century. The combination of this fable with and the Argentine Republic, and the proceed- the Koran as materials for a dictionary seems ings of Russian travellers. M. Janssen's a little strange; it cannot be due to any wish account of a missionary journey in the Chinese to float the allegory by the help of the Koran, province of Kansu affords some information as for Thier und Mensch, we believe, has sold well. to the natural features of that little-known Doubtless, a certain variety of reading is secured region; and Mr. H. Soltau's journey from for the student in these two works, and the Irawady to the Yangtsze is dealt with at Dr. Dieterici's vocabulary may be useful to some length from his own letters. He and his those who care to mix their wine after his prepanion are the first to have made this scription. The book has, however, no special arney; and though the country has been pre-merits, and will not be wanted in England, sly traversed from the other side, and there where Major Penrice's dictionary answers the consequently not much new matter in them, purpose. There does not seem to be any very M Soltau's letters are noticeable by reason of strong reason why the Handwörterbuch zum the descriptions of scenery which he occasion- Koran und Thier und Mensch (Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung) should ever have been published. ly gives. SEÑOR ANTONIO MACHADO Y ALVAREZ has plume of "Demofilo," a collection of the songs just published at Seville, under the nom de vagueness with which such terms as "short" of the Spanish Gipsies, which are known by the are employed, even by scientific , has led Prof. G. Zoia to propose a classifi-puzzling title of Cantes flamencos. The editor has added copious annotations, biographical details, &c. FINE ART. "ATALANTA'S RACE." The task of engraving the picture has been entrusted to M. F. Joubert, who may be which is the result of his four years' labour. heartily congratulated upon the achievement The engraving is in pure line, an artistic method concerning which express a fear that it "will very shortly be the publishers extinct." We do not share their apprehension, for we believe there will always be among collectors a sufficient demand to encourage engravers in the production of occasional works of this kind; and we are not disposed to carry artistic purism so far as to lament the general prevalence of that combination of mezzotint with line by which pure line has been so largely superseded. There is doubtless a charm in a print every inch of which bears testimony to the touch of the dexterously guided burin; but there can be little doubt that, by the more modern and popular method, which the unassisted burin can never achieve. effects-particularly of colour-are secured Still, for such work as we have recently had from Mr. Poynter, line is altogether preferable, and even those who do not prize it for its own sake will be glad that M. Joubert has chosen it here. For several years past Mr. Poynter's colour has been too determinedly cold-cold upon a system, apparently, rather than by chance or fault of eye-to lend itself readily to that suggested reproduction which black and white can give; and his learned, if not always pleasing, draughtsmanship is best rendered by the simplicity and severity of line. In the recollection of those who saw this special picture only at the Royal Academy, the impression of coldness was intensified by the dull light of the lecture-room in which it was hung, so that the great marble spaces of the racecourse and the marble-white draperies and cold flesh-tints of the female figure seemed to be awaiting the flush of warmth and gleam of light which the hand of a painter like Mr. Alma Tadema would assuredly have given them. The figure is, however, a masterpiece in its expression of arrested movement; the lovely, abrupt lines of the body bend swiftly downward, while the legs and feet have still the swift impulse of the race. Fault might be found with the extreme height to which rather conventional than realistic; but the Atalanta would reach in an erect position, and in the figure of Milanion the action is, perhaps, work as a whole is unquestionably heroic, and M. Joubert's translation into black and white has every quality that could be desired. OBITUARY. FERDINAND KELLER. for the use of anthropologists, which he ains in the Rendiconti of the R. Instituto bardo. We take an outline of his scheme a notice in the last number of Prof. Kategazza's Archivio per l' Antropologia. Any Cats of more than 2.5 mètres in height will We have received from the Fine Art Society a DR. FERDINAND KELLER, the best-known of be placed in the class hypergigantosoma; all e between 2.26 and 2.5 mètres will fall very beautiful proof of a line-engraving from all Swiss antiquaries beyond the range of his the class gigantosoma; while those from Race, which was painted by the artist as one of his eighty-first year. Mr. Poynter's well-known picture of Atalanta's own fatherland, died in Zürich on July 21, in to 2.25 metres form the group hypo- a series for Lord Wharncliffe's seat in York- educated for the clerical office, but was never He was originally In the class hypermegasoma shire, and exhibited in the Royal Academy. called to a parish. Upon the completion of his estature varies from 1.91 to 2 mètres; In spite of its marked academic quality, which theological course, he returned to the study of the megasoma from 1.81 to 19; in the hypo- rendered it more attractive to students of tech-natural history, to which he had devoted much m from 1-71 to 1-8; and in the hyper-nique than to the general public, the picture time and zeal in his early youth. After spend had in it that something which makes certain ing some months in Paris among the great oma from 1.66 to 1.7. The average men scientific collections, he came in 1826 to England, and remained until 1831, living as tutor in a noble family, and forming a number of scientific friendships, to which he referred with gratitude as singularly helpful to him in his later activity. His first occupation on his return to his native city was the private education of a number of young ladies. "Not a few of these," says M. von K., in a notice of the late scholar in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, "are now venerable grandmothers, and are living proofs of the permanent influence of Keller as a teacher." At the same time, he officiated as actuary of the Naturforschende Gesellschaft, and exhibited in the successive Neujahrsblättern his rare talent for the popular exposition of scientific subjects. The true bent of his genius, however, was discovered, so to speak, by a chance walk on the Burghölzli in 1832, when he came upon the traces of the Keltic burialmound. From that day until his death his whole powers were devoted to archaeological He called together a few of his private friends, and they constituted themselves into the Gesellschaft für vaterländische Alterthümer, whose serial Mittheilungen have earned the society a repute throughout the world. The first part was published in 1837, and contained Keller's account of the burial place on the Burgholzli. From the Keltic he passed to the Roman antiquities of Switzerland, and in 1860 and 1864 issued his masterly statistical conspectus of the Roman settlements throughout Eastern Switzerland. The culture history of the Middle Ages next engaged his attention; and it was not until the winter of 1853-54 that he began those specific researches which have procured his name a lasting place in the annals of historical science-the exhaustive exposition of the Pfahlbauten, by which he made the life and culture of the ancient lake-dwellers known to us moderns atter they had been hidden [for hundreds of generations. research. NOTES on art and ArchAEOLOGY MR. WILLIAM SIMPSON has received a commission from the Queen to paint an historical picture of the review of Scottish and Border volunteers which is to be held at Edinburgh on August 25, as a companion picture to one painted of the recent Windsor review. MORE fragments of Hittite sculptures from Carchemish have arrived at the British Museum, some of which have hieroglyphs upon them. The sculptures, which are of no great size, are thoroughly Assyrian in character, one basrelief, which represents the lower part of the body of a god, or hero, being perhaps of Assyrian workmanship. Another fragment contains the head of the goddess Astarte, with the star-like moon above the head represented as upon Babylonian gems. AMONG the objects brought back from Babylonia by Mr. Hormuzd Rassam are some more terra-cotta bowls, with exorcisms written in side, like those discovered by Sir A. H. Layard; as well as specimens of vitrified bricks from the Birs-i-Nimrud. THE twenty-fourth annual Report of the trustees of the National Portrait Gallery has Just been issued as a parliamentary paper. During the past year the collection has been increased by five donations and purchases; of the former, the total number is now 256, and of the latter, 380. Several autographs have also been presented to the Gallery, including those of Sterne, Dr. Johnson, Lord Eldon, Keats, and Horne Tooke. It is stated that a cheaper and abridged edition is being prepared of the excellent Catalogue by Mr. George Scharf, which we recently noticed (ACADEMY, July 16). Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice has been elected a trustee in the place of the late Earl of Beacons field. In the list of additions we specially the Salon for his wood-engravings, which, in notice a pen-and-ink sketch, washed over with the opinion of competent judges, compared colour, of Lord Clyde, by Sir F. Grant; a half- favourably with the best productions of modern length white-marble figure of Mrs. Siddons; an etchers. unfinished head, in oils, of the poet Gay, by Sir Godfrey Kneller; a life-size portrait of William Augustus Duke of Cumberland, by Sir Joshua Reynolds; a life-size portrait of Queen Catherine of Braganza, by Henry Gascar; Queen Anne presiding at a Court Ceremonial, containing altogether thirty-four portraits, by Peter Angelis, a Flemish artist better known for his landscapes; and a marble bust of Samuel Lover, by Foley. THE German papers state, we know not whether on good authority, that the Queen, on the suggestion of the Crown Princess, has presented to the Museum of Berlin a picture by Rembrandt of The Money Changer, formerly in the royal galleries at Windsor. Special interest attaches to this picture from the fact that it is dated 1627, when the painter was only nineteen years old. The only other picture by Rembrandt known to be of the same early date is the Paul at Stuttgart. THE Competition for the prix de Rome in sculpture has resulted as follows:-The grand prix has been awarded to M. Labatut, the first second grand prix to M. Peene, and the second that for the grand prix itself the division among It is stated second grand prix to M. Puech. the jurors was so close that M. Labatut was only elected on the fortieth scrutiny. His rival was M. Levèvre, who has already carried off a second grand prix. A CONVENTION has been concluded between of the French Chamber, by which France is Greece and France, subject to the confirmation authorised to explore and excavate the site of Delphi upon the same terms as the German excavations were carried out at Olympia. THE Crown diamonds of France are to be sold in order to provide for the better maintenance of the museums. Truly France does her other nation would think of turning this source utmost for the encouragement of art. What of profit to an artistic purpose? Yet probably the Administration are acting more wisely than if they utilised the sum thus gained for any charitable or directly educational purpose. So much of the prosperity of France depends on her art manufactures that nothing can be more desirable than that her working classes should be trained by having their tastes cultivated by the knowledge of good art. Many efforts are being made by the Government in this direction, but during the last few years the budget for fine arts has been necessarily small. Now, however, it is hoped that, by the sale of the Crown diamonds, it may be greatly increased, and France no longer stand at a disadvantage with other nations in competing for art collecons, pictures, &c., offered for sale. A NEW French translation of Benvenuto Cellini's amusing autobiography has just been published by M. Quantin as an édition de luxe. it is illustrated by nine original etchings by Laguillermie and numerous engravings in the text from Cellini's works. Some of these are executed by a new chromo-typographic process, which is not very satisfactory. Colour-printing seldom yields good results. THE distinction of Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur has been conferred on three Belgian artists who have each repeatedly carried off prizes for works exhibited in the Paris Salon. These gentlemen are M. Jan Verhas, whose Revue des Ecoles in the past Salon won him a medal; M. A. Vervée, tue well-known animal painter; and M. S. Pannemaker, who exhibited a portrait of Victor Hugo in the Salon of 1879 which was generally admired. The last-named artist has special claims to distinction on account of having, in 1879, received the first medal of M. C. FONTAINE-BORGEL, of Geneva, has printed an interesting monograph on the artist Louis August Brun, a native of Rolle, on the Lake of Geneva, who was attached to the Court of Louis XVI. as Court painter. He afterwards became Maire of Versoix, in the Department of l'Ain. The book is said to be enriched with some hitherto unknown details concerning the Revolution period and the Bonapartes. As it is not to come into the book-trade, a copy of it can only be obtained by application to the author, at 15 Cornavin, in Geneva. has appeared in the Mélanges d'Archéologie et An interesting article by M. Eugène Müntz d'Histoire, published by the Ecole française de Rome, upon the influence exerted by Boniface VIII. on the development of Italian art. This Pope was, as is well known, the patron of Giotto; and it was at his command that Giotto, the last painter whose canvases show the unquestioning faith of the Middle Ages, executed the scenes from the life of Christ which adorn the upper part of St. Peter's, and the Old and New Testament subjects which are to be seen in the nave of the cathedral. has been able to add to its collection some of the THE Wallraf-Richartz Museum at Cologne ancient Roman glass collected by the wellknown hotel-keeper and connoisseur, Herr Disch. In particular, we may mention a curious glass vessel in the form of an ape playing on a reed flute. This vessel belongs to the second drian satire on either Hermes or Pan, both of century A.D., and is supposed to be an Alexanwhom are represented in Greek mythology as playing on a syrinx or flute composed of seven reeds. It is acknowledged by all authorities to be a unique work, that was probably made at the celebrated glass manufactory at Alexandria in the time of Hadrian or Commodus. It was not put up to competition at the Disch sale, but was presented by the Disch family to the town museum. M. ALPHONSE WAUTERS has published as a tirage à part from the Bulletin of the Académie royale de Belgique a valuable monograph upon Bernard van Orley, the Court painter of Margaret of Austria and of Mary of Hungary. Van Orley was a pupil of Raphael, by whom he was charged with superintending the manufacture at Brussels of his tapestries for the Pope; and also a friend of Dürer, who painted his portrait. The publisher of the work is Hayez, of Brussels. L'Art continues to occupy itself with the Salon, giving spirited artists' sketches from most of the principal pictures. The drawings, water-colours, pastels, &c., are now under review by M. Paul Leroi. THE Nederlandsche Kunstbode, a small but useful journal of art, has published during the present year biographical sketches of Reynolds, Turner, and Gainsborough. Other English painters are, we believe, to follow. The Neder landsche Kunstbode used to devote itself almost exclusively to local news. We are glad to see it is taking a wider field. WE learn that M.; Victor Gay, who is a corresponding member of the Society of Antiquaries of France, will shortly publish by subscription (Paris: M. Tardieu) a dictionary of mediaeval antiquities, copiously illustrated from original sources, under the title of Glossaire archéologique du Moyen-Age et de la Renaissance The scope of this work will embrace the period of time which extends from the age of Charles the Great to the Renaissance; and the matters of which it will treat fall under the heads of literature, art, science, manners and customs, and folk-lore. |