MATHEMATICS. Bonnycastle's Alge- this period. Girls may begin the pianobra-Hutton's Mensuration Crocker's forte. Land Surveying-Simson's EuclidKeith's Trigonometry-IIutton's Course of Mathematics. STENOGRAPHY.-Mavor's System. Bossut's First French Book In the NINTH year introduce Bossut's Phrase Book-Goldsmith's Gramınar of Geography-and Blair's Class Book; proceeding regularly in arithmetic, writing, dancing, and music. In the TENTH year, answer the Questions in Goldsmith Grammar, and Adair's Questions on Murray-Proceed to Bos of three thousand Words-his Conversations or Phrase Book-his First Grammar-his Exercises-Oiseau's Nugent-sut's Grammar and Exercises-Read in Murray's Lecture Français. LATIN. The Eton Grammar-Ellis's Exercises-Ainsworth, by Morell-Valpy's Exempla Moralia-Valpy's Delectus -Selecta e Veteri- Cæsar Ovid. Sallust-and Virgil-Baldwin's Pantheon -Lempriere's Classical Dictionary. Such are the useful subjects to which conductors of English schools are now enabled to extend their systematic course of general education. Other books enable them, in particular cases, to diver. sify and still further extend the system. For example, in botany, there are the works of Thornton; in Agriculture, the works of Young; a Grammar of Medicine; Elements of the Art of War, by Muller; and of Navigation, by Moore and Bowditch. There are besides elegant works on Astronomy by Bonnycastle and La Place; a Dictionary of Commerce by Mortimer; Elements of Theology by Prettyman, of Moral Philosophy by Paley, and of English Law by Blackstone. So that, at this tune, nearly every art and science has its elements reduced to a convenient form for purposes of study; and, though all those books are not adapted with equal success to the practical use of public schools, yet they are so arranged as to assist the self-student and private teacher, and serve to bring the whole within the scope of popular education. In the practical subdivision of these subjects, through that period of life usually allotted to education, an arrange ment something like the following, varied for boys and girls and for different capa cities, will, perhaps, be found to answer: Previously to the seventh year, the pupil should be employed in a preparatory course of reading, poetry, and spelling with the books, designated under the first class-Writing and dancing may be commenced in the sixth year. the Class Book and Classical PoetryProceed with arithmetic and music. In the ELEVENTH YEAR, begin (for boys) the Latin Vocabulary-Proceed through Bossut's French ExercisesCommence Robinson's Grammar of History, and read his Ancient and Modern History-Answer Adair's Questions on Murray's Notes, and correct his Exercises; or, if Blair's English Grammar is preferred, finish his Syntax and Questions Proceed through Vulgar and Decimal Fractions-Take lessons from Hamilton in drawing, and project geometrical figures with scale and compasses. In the TWELFTH year, begin the Latin Grammar-Copy Blair's Models of Letters-Answer the Questions in Robinson's Grammar of History-Begin Blair's Universal Preceptor-Fill in the first Geographical Copy-Book-Read Goldsmith's Popular Geography-Write Letters on Blair's Topics-Proceed in Arithmetic, Music, and Drawing. In the THIRTEENTH year, go through Ellis's Exercises, and begin Valpy-Finish Blair's Universal Preceptor, and proceed to the Questions-Fill up the Second Geographical Copy-Book, and work the useful problems on maps in the School Atlas-Answer Adair's Questions on the New Testament-Read that book, and Goldsmith's England-Answer Adair's Questions on Irving's Elements-WriteThemes and Letters from Blair's Models-Proceed with Drawing, Music and Dancing, and in Writing copy forms of business. In the FOURTEENTH year, let boys go through Morrison's Book-keeping, and proceed through Valpy to Cesar-Finish and repeat Barrow's Questions on the New Testament; and Adair on Goldsmith's England and Irving's Elements. Read Mavor's Nepos and Plutarch-Begin Algebra--Finish Morrison's Bookkeeping-Make French and LatinLearn the Military Exercise and Swimming. In the seventh or EIGHTH year, Bossut's First French Book will lay the fourdation of the French tongue-Murray's In the FIFTEENTH year, proceed Abridgment and the First Rules of Arith- through Ovid, Sallust, &c.-Repeat the metic should diversify the occupation of Questions on Blair's Preceptor, referring MONTHLY MAG, No. 235, 3 R N perusing Crombie's Treatise on the able Cyclopædia, and Lempriere's Clas-glish language, I find that he disap sical Dictionary. At FIFTEEN boys in general leave school. Those who continue longer may read other authors in Latin, and proceed to Greek, and to modern Janguages, according to their several destinations in life. Those who are intended for particular professions, should in the last year vary their course accordingly. The young merchant should repcat his course of book-keeping; the young physician or surgeon should auswer the questions in the Grammar of Medicine; the intended farmer should peruse Young's Farmer's Kalendar; while the young divine should answer a third time Barrow's Questions on the New Testament, and should read his Young Christian's Library, and his School Ser mons. Other books may in due time still further extend the system. Better books may also be compiled than those now in use. Yet much has been done within these few years to render the next an ENLIGHTENED and PHILOSOPHICAL AGE -to qualify the mass of our future population to be able to distinguish between truth and error; consequently to protect them against the delusions of corruption and the influence of bad passions. And, as KNOWLEDGE IS VIR TUE, AND VIRTUE IS HAPPINESS, the effects may, perhaps, in some degree, realise the dreams of the millenarians and the poetic fables descriptive of a golden age. At any rate the prospect is cheering to the philanthropist, who, in the present generation, has been doomed to witness the ascendency of folly, prejudice, and superstition; and to see the mass of the people become the dupes of knaves and fools. The best hope of philosophy and patriotism is the better instruction of the whole population; while the best security of wise, virtuous, and paternal governments are, the cultivated faculties of the people,-enabling them to distinguish between law and op. pression,-liberty and anarchy,-protec proves of the following expression of Sterne: "Some fifty years ago, he had been no mean performer on the vielle." He says, the word some should be omit ted; and, in the first edition, he assigns the following reason. Some fifty years ago, which in such examples, if the expression have any meaning, is equivalent to some fifty years or other, must imply not a point or limit of time, but a continued space, the date of its commence ment being left undetermined. Now, with all due deference to the learning. and critical acumen of the author, it ap pears to me, that the omission of the word some does not exactly express, what is usually intended by this phrase. If we say, "Fifty years ago he was no mean performer on the vielle," we fix a definite period; whereas, it is the intention of the speaker to leave the time somewhat indefinite, and merely to note the fact as existing at, or near, the period specified. He censures also, "He arrived at Pa ris as yesterday." Here likewise I have the misfortune to differ from this ingenious grammarian. If we say, "He ar rived at Paris yesterday," we express a positive fact: if we say, "Ile arrived us yesterday," we signify an expectation merely, or a strong probability, founded on his own express intention, or on our knowledge of the usual rate of travelling. It may be true, indeed, that neither of the expressions, which have incurred the censure, of this judicious critic, will bear a strict analysis; but expressions of this description occur, I believe, in every language, and, if sanctioned by ge neral use, are therefore not to be rejected. T. VERE. Devonshire-street, Nov. 10, 1812. To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine, Queries respecting Writers on Stenography, in the Number for August, p. 19, and shall be farther obliged by his affording me the opportunity of an inter view. I conceive myself correct in supposing Dr. Mavor to have transferred the names of Labourer and Facey, from Lyle's 1st of writers on the art, to his own; for, although Dr. M. has Coles' name, it is evident that neither he nor Lyle had seen his Treatise (first published in 1674 not 1672), which contains a list inclu ding eleven names not noticed by them. It is of importance that, if a list be given at all, it should be as correct as possible; and as the progress of the art will be illustrated by placing the names in a chronological series, I am desirous to acquire accurate information of the dates of the works by the following persons: Barnaby, Bartlet, E. Beecher, Blandemore, Blosset, Bryant, Button, Cross, Ewen, Facey, Farthing, Labourer, Lloyd, S. (not T.) Shelton, Slater, Soare, Stileman, Walker, Webster, West, and Witt. Should any of your numerous correspondents be able to favour me with the desired information; and, moreover, of the present existence of the respective works; together with those of Bridges, Lane, Mawd, Nicholas, Redpath, Steel, and Willoughby, dates of which latter I already possess; I shall be enabled to complete a project, which, I flatter my self, will be found to contain much steB. HANBURY. nographic novelty. 8, Temple-place, Blackfriars'-road, To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, TH HE two following Experiments in Baking merit a place in your useful publication, as they prove the statement of Mr. Johnes to be fallacious. barm (yeast). The bread produced was To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HE caverns in Derbyshire, and Tparticularly those at Castleton, are every summer visited by a great The caves on the north-west side of Yorkshire have not met with such great patronage. The number of persons who visit these caves is very small, compared with the throng of rank and fashion who every season stop at the Castle at Castleton. There are several reasons for this. They have not been so often presented to the public notice, and are therefore much less known to those who travel for pleasure; they are also not so much in the circle or round of travelling in which this class of travellers generally follow one another; neither can the country, in which they are situate, boast of the beauty of the Vale of Castleton, and the attraction of the scenery of Derbyshire. Much of the gratification which arises to the stranger from visiting the great cavern at Castleton, consists in the astonishment at finding cavities of such large dimensions in the very bowels of the hills. This gratification is mach lessened to those who have before seen the various caverns of a similar kind; and on the reflection that the hills in the whole neighbourhood abound in excavations, and internal hollows of different dimensions; it having been ascertained that a succession of caverns and passages very nearly connects Poole's Exp. 1. Eight pounds of flour, best seconds; 1 lb. of rice boiled; half a pint of barm, previously mixed with as much warm water; and 1 ounce of salt; produced 12lbs. of good bread. The rice when boiled had absorbed so much water as to weigh 5 pounds and a quar-Hole at Buxton, with the Speedwell mine. ter. The dough, just before it was put in the oven, weighed 14 pounds 2 ounces. Exp. 2. This experiment was made by a friend. To 11 pounds of the flour, 1 pound of boiled rice (= 5lbs. 4 Ounces with the water) and 2 ounces of salt were added, with about a pound of With the exception of the magnificent archway and cave at its entrance, perbaps few have found that celebrated cavern at the Peak a pleasing object; and perhaps still fewer have found pleasure in going through it a second time. The splendid reflections from various 3 R2 part . parts of the roofs and walls of the mines and caverns, whence the different spars and crystallizations are gutten, must, generally, also be found a pleasing objec, if the descent into most of them be not considered. But, as a spectacle, I think these are all much inferior to Weathercote Cave, and Gordale Scar, on the north-west side of Yorkshire. These may be seen again and again, and scarcely want the aid of novelty to please. The mind, I think, is also vastly more filled with wonder, at beholding the stupendous vaulted cave in Yordas Fell, than in be holding the caverns at the Peak. Add to this, the feeling of something like pleasure in admiring at the upright sides of this well-proportioned cave, as if chisselled by its fabled gigantic genius; and at the elevated regular Gothic roof, giv ing a finish to the rude architecture of the place. The roar of its subterraneous waterfall, altogether invisible in the large cave, must also not be forgotten in the comparison. I have herewith extracted for you, my notes on the caves in Yorkshire, as put down at the time on looking over them, and bring the objects themsees to my mind's eye; the account appars to me scanty, had a very inadequace chronicle of their distinguishing fees. I shall, however, make no dton to them from recollection, havine learnt to think that, as well as fir toughts are frequently the most repicable, So also are the first impressions the most vivid and correct. "Yordas Cave."-Take a guide from Ingleton with candles, &c. Proceed along the high road to Thornton church; the way from which place to the cave is about five miles over the Moors. There is something of a road for about a mile up an extremely-steep ascent from Thornton church, when every appearance of a road-way is lost. Passing over some boggy moor, we get again into a more beaten track; but scarcely passable for a horse, where now and then a solitary little cart is to be seen. The view now is closely shut up by the fells on each side; and the whole country hence to the cave, and in the neighbour. hood of it, is prodigiously dreary and desolate; the bald fells on one side being scarcely more melancholy than the black noors on the other. No sign of habitation here is to be seen, excepting a miserable cottage about half a mile from the cave, which would scarcely be dis covered unless pointed out to you; where a man and his wife live; a small part of whose scanty livelihood arises from finding candles, if wanted, and attending to light the cave. On the way to the cave, pass the spring of the river Doe, which runs hence to Ingleton. In its way it proceeds through a channel or dell, in many places very remarkable. It will well repay the trouble of tracing its whole course, but it is more particularly remarkable by a waterfall which it produces in one part, called Thornton Force; which may be visited either in going to, or returning from, the cave. On approaching Yordas Cave, it does not present itself to us, with the grand and imposing appearance of the cavern at the Peak. On the contrary, there is so little to distinguish its entrance, that there might be some difficulty in finding it without a guide. The first appearance is indeed so humble, that we cannot help a feeling of disappointment. In the slope of the moor is a large hole some yards diameter. Getting down this hole, we stand opposite to the entrance to the cave. This is a low archway of about eight feet high. Through this archway we are almost immediately in the cave. On entering the cave, the first thing which arrests the attention is, the sound of water dropping on the floor, on all sides, from the high roof, and the noise of a distant waterfall within, from which only, some idea is formed of its dimensions. As the candies (of which thirty-six are lighted, and fixed on three sticks framed like bay-rakes) are moved about, the whole space is, by degrees, darkly visible; and we become more and more surprised at the magnitude of this cavernal hall; shaped with perpendicular sides of excellent proportion, and crowned with an arched roof, of great altitude and regularity. It immediately brought to my mind Westminster Hall, than which it appeared to me larger and much higher. Various parts of the sides have the appearance of being fluted in the rough style of the place; and at several parts are projecting masses of stone, bearing very grotesque figures; one group in particular, at the farthest side, which is called The Bishop's Thrones. The floor of the cave is in ge neral level, and covered with pebbles; towards the farther end, as we keep approaching the sound of the waterfall, some masses of stones lie piled toge ther Having Having reached the farthest end of the cave, we hear the water close upon us, without the least sign of its dwellingplace. In the rock appear several very narrow passages, but of considerable height. They are connected together, the roof, as it were, supported by a num ber of pillars, and forming something like rude and natural colonnades or cloisters. In a few steps through these, the waterfall is seen on the left, shut up in a small round cave, or cabinet, of about tep or twelve feet diameter, but very high; from near the top of which, through a hole, this subterraneous stream is projected. At this time it was not large, although it filled the apartment, so as to prevent entrance. It has been said, that from this cave it is possible to get, by passages, to Kirkby; but I could find no opening that would admit of farther passage. Weathercote Cave-in Weathercote Feil-in a far less rude country than Yordas Cave-about a mile out of the high road from Lancaster to Richmond, and four long miles from Ingleton. This is a very different cave from the one before described, and more pleasing as a view, chiefly perhaps on account of the beauty of the cascade. Coming from having scen Yordas cave, you may readily imagine the roof of this cave to have been broken down, and half filled up the cavity which was in the hill, and which is now open to the day. From the entrance, we descend slopingly many yards over fragments of rock, or limestone, till we come to an archway of very rude constructure, having large stones hanging in the most threatening manner from the roof. Turning to the right, under this archway, we come full and at once in front of a very handsome waterfall at the end of the cave. This water enters the ground about a mile distance, and, after proceeding through subterraneous passage, discharges itself into this cave in a considerable body, and with great force, from an opening nearly at the top of it, into a deep hole or whirlpool at the lowest part. Here it boils and foams, and throws all around a very large spray. In this hole the water is lost immediately, and runs for near a mile under ground towards Ingleton, when it makes its appearance again from underneath a ledge of rocks, which is called God's-bridge, and forms a clear rivulet. Over this bridge we crossed to come to the cave.-The cascade is from twenty to thirty yards high, and is a inclosed on each side, from top to bottom, by a skirting of rugged perpendicular limestone, forming a recess for it. Near the top of it, opposite to the opening whence the stream is precipitated, a stone of large dimensions is a singular object, being suspended across this recess, apparently in a very ticklish and insecure manner, diagonally by two of its corners, From the archway to the pool, in which the water is lost, the access is over rocks piled on the floor in the wildest confusion. The day being cloudy, we lost an additional beauty in this cave, which are the rainbows formed by the spray. The guide said, that he had frequently seen several complete ones at once in a sunny day about noon. Looking up, a fringe of green turf is in many places more or less visible, and a few stunted trees are disposed to advantage, overhanging the chasm. From the top, looking down into the cave, the view is also in the highest degree picturesque, having some of the awfulness of the neighbouring Hartlepot with its own peculiar beauty. Gordale Scar.-"On the right of the town (Malham), about a mile and a half, is another scoop out of the same moor (the moor forming a high back-ground to Malham as you approach it) in which is a very remarkable chasm or chine, into the belly of the hill called Gordale Scar. This is a very grand and pleasing spectacle. The first appearance of it is an immense circular scoop out of the steep high moor, similar to Malham cave, but deeper and of a very different aspect. The approach to it from the road is up a narrow valley, along the course of the rivulet which runs from the Scar. The height of its limestone walls accord with the slope of the hill, the highest or farthest side being reckoned about 250 feet high. And their ruggedness is softened by patches of grass and ledges of shrubs at different heights. This may be called the antichamber of the Scar, which becomes visible on the right on reaching the end of this first excavation. Notwithstanding the expectations already formed, we are surprised at the grandeur and beauty of the scene. This chasm, open to the sky, and to which no roof can be imagined ever to have existed as at Weathercote Cave, is spacious and nearly circular. The area or floor of it is a soft herbage, spread over with limestones of various shape and size, the rivulet running, in the centre, across it. The concave sweep of cliff surrounding it, on the right of us, is black and frightful, overhanging |