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"Gale MSS." See Mr. Gough's Cam- 132,) says, that the "Memoirs of Scrible

den, vol. 4, page 107. It is also stated by a late author," that the Caledonians were merely the inhabitants of the Ceyd don, the Coverts, or the Woodlands. The Picti, Pithi, or Peithwi, &c. (for so it is said the name denotes,) were the people of the open country."

Now the old names of places describe the chief features of the lands; but Caledon, rendered woods, distinguishes not the chief features of the country; and therefore the Woodlands cannot be a translation. In like manner Pight, rendered the open country, marks no chief feature of such country, and is therefore no interpretation. A great part of the globe is allowed to have been formerly covered with woods; they were the clothing of the hills, valleys, and plains; but they were neither the hills, valleys, nor plains; and, being the attendants on these parts of nature, which were subject in all ages to removal, they were wisely omitted by those who originally gave names. I will say nothing of the open country; in our times, to avoid research, every chiming word has been adopted. On the deri vation in Camden, from hard, or hards, and cold, or colds, I will be silent.

A. B.

rus,'

contain "particular imitations of the History of Mr. Ouffle." Qu. What is the nature, and who was the writer, of "the History of Mr. Ouffle;" and are copies of it to be purchased?

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

MONGST the Proceedings of

A Learned Societies in your Num ber for the month of February, 1809, you have very correctly stated a communication of mine to the Royal Society, vi

"In every plane triangle the sum of the three natural tangents of the three angles, multiplied by the square of the radius, is equal to the continued product of the three tangents.

But in the succeeding Number, for the month of March, a correspondent, who signs himself Mathematicus, says, "The discovery of this property does not belong to Mr. Garrard, for you will find it in page 33 of the mathematical part of the Ladies' Diary for the year 1797, in an answer to a trifling question.

Now, Sir, I would wish you to insert this for the information of your correspondent, as well as for my own vindication.

The property of tangents, which I have communicated to the Royal So

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. ciety, is a general property of an un

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March 4th, 1811.

N.

In Beausobre's History of the Reformation, reference is frequently made to some remarks which it was evidently in the author's contemplation to affix to that work. Qu. Were they ever printed, and, if they were, have they found their way into this country?

Dr. Currie (Works of R. Burns, vol. ii. 176, 2d edition) speaks of "the beautiful story of the Paria," as being translated in the Bee of Dr. Anderson. Qu. In what volume of the Bee is this translation printed?

Dr. S Johnson, in his Life of Pope, (Murphy's edition of Johnson's works, vol. xi.

limited radius, whilst that which is inferred by the correspondent to the Ladies' Diary, is confined to the question proposed, where the given radius is unity. Also I have farther to observe, that the property there used is a postulate, drawn from my original proposition in the second Number of the Scientific Recep tacle, in the year 1792, which Mathematicus may see if he apply to Gale and Curtis, in Paternoster-row, and

then I trust he will admit that the discovery of the property does belong to me. W. GARRARD.

Royal Naval Asylum.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

HE Smithfield Club, of whose prizes

THE for the best cattle you have annually given an account in your Maga zine, at present consists of 277 members, of whom there are twenty peers, seven baronets and knights, and thirteen members of the House of Commons; the remainder

cern therefore implies the hills: the T in
Chilt, is used for adding to the sound of the
word.
P. 106.

See a similar account last year, vol. xxix.

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Mr. John Westcar's 6 years and 8 months old Herefordshire ox, worked 31 years, fed on hay, turnips, and oil-cakes

Mr. John Jenner's 6-year old Sussex ox, fed on grass and hay only.

Mr. John Westcar's 4 years and 10 months old Herefordshire ox, not worked, fed on grass, hay, and turnips

Mr. John Price's 4 years and 7 months old dark-red Herefordshire ox, not worked, fed on hay and Swedish turnips Mr. James King's 6-year old Devon ox, worked 3 years, fed on hay and oil-cakes Mr. John Warmington's 3-year old Durham ox, not worked, fed on hay, linseed cakes, and potatoes

Mr. Ralph Oldacre's 3-year old Devon steer, not worked, fed on grass and hay only. His Grace the Duke of Bedford's 11-year old Hereford cow, which has borne 7 calves, fed on grass, hay, and oil-cakes

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Some ACCOUNT of the LIFE, CHARACTER, and OPINIONS, of the late AUGUSTUSHENRY FITZROY, DUKE of GRAFTON, RANAR of Whittiebury-forest, his MAJESTY'S GAME-KEEPER at Newmarket, HIGH-STEWARD of Dartmouth, a GOVERNOR of the Charter-house, a MEMBER of the PRIVY COUNCIL, KNIGHT of the GARTER, CHANCELLOR of the UNIVERSITY of Cambridge, RECORDER of Thetford and Coventry, GOVERNOR of the FORTS in Cornwall and Devonshire, RECEIVER-GENERAL of the Profits of the SEALS of the KING'S BENCH and COMMON PLEAS, also of the PRISAGE of WINES, &c. * Uni quippe vacat, studiis odiisque carenti, Humanum lugere genus." Lucan.

the tuition of the late Dr. Newcombe,
who had attained considerable eminence
for his skill and attention in the edu
cation of youth. After remaining some
time there, he was entered of St. Peter's
College, Cambridge, where he did not
however take a degree; having gone into
the world very early in life, and engaged
earnestly, and perhaps prematurely, in
public affairs. In 1756, when just of
age, Mr. Fitzroy was appointed a lord
of the bedchamber to his present ma
jesty while prince of Wales; and, in
the course of the same year, he was
elected a member of parliament, first
for Boroughbridge, Yorkshire, in the
room of the earl of Harrington, and
hen for St. Edmundsbury, in Suffolk,
in the place of the first earl of Mans
field, which latter he retained while a
fore his grandfathers' death, in May
This was not long be
1757, when he succeeded to all the
after a short trip to the continent, was
family honours and estates. His Grace,
now destined to run through the career
of public employments. On July 10,
1765, he was appointed one of his ma
Jesty's principal secretaries of state, which
in August following, he was nominated
office he resigned in May, 1766, and,
abdicated January 28, 1770.
first lord of the treasury, which post he
On June
seal, in winch department he continued
12, 1771, he was chosen lord privy
until November, 1775; and in 1782, he
was restored to the same office.

commoner.

HE dukes of Grafton, like those of THR Richmond and St. Albans, are descended from the royal family of Stuart; and like these have attained the highest honours in the state. The female ancestor of the Fitzroys was Barbara, daughter and heir of William Villiers, Viscount Grandison. This lady had been married a little before the Restora tion, to Mr. Roger Palmer, then a student in the Temple, who, desisting from his legal pursuits, and being of a very compliant disposition, was raised to the honours of the Irish peerage, having been created earl of Castlemaine, in the 13th of Charles II. Having put herself under the protection of this gay, dissipated, and luxurious, monarch, the Countess of Castlemaine, in 1670, was Notwithstanding their near alliance to Created Baroness of Nonsuch, in Surrey, countess of Southampton, in the the house of Stuart, it is not a little sincounty of Hants, and duchess of Cleve-gular that the Fitzroys have uniformly been connected with, and attached to, land, during her own natural life. By this lady he had a son, Charles, born September 28, 1663, to whom His Majesty very aptly gave the name of Fitzroy. Respecting the precise date of the subject of this memoir, there is some difference in the Modern Peerages; ac

that party denominated Whigs, the basis of whose conduct either has been, or pretinuance of the house of Hanover, on tended to be, the establishment and conone hand, on the throne of these realms, and the ascertaining, preserving, and ex the other. Accordingly, when Mr. Fitztending, the liberties of the people, on

cording to Collins, he was born in October, and, if we are to credit Edmonson, on September 28, 1736. While Mr. Fitzroy was of age to sit as a member of the roy, he was placed at Hackney, under legislature, he acted with what was then termed "the country party" in one house; that great, popular, and dignified, body and after his Majesty's accession, joined in the other, called at that day the Minority, which then consisted of some of the first and most opulent families in Eugland. One of the chief objects of their association was to diminish the supposed

Soon after the demise of the earl of Castlemaine, in 1705, the duchess of Cleve land married the "handsome Fielding," against whom she was obliged to demand the protection of the laws. See the English edit. of the Memoirs of the Count de Gram

mont.

influence

its debts and expenses, are committed to a young nobleman, already ruined by play. Introduced to act under the auspices of lord Chatham, and left at the head of affairs by that nobleman's retreat, he became minister by accident; but, deserting the principles and profes

larity, we see him, from every honourable engagement to the public, an apos. tate by design. As for business, the world yet knows nothing of his talents or resolution; unless a wayward wa vering inconsistency be a mark of genius, and caprice a demonstration of spirit."

influence of the earl of Bute, usually denominated "the Northern Thane," and the "favourite ;" another to support the constitution in all its integrity. On the dismission, or rather the voluntary retreat, of the nobleman just alluded to, his Grace accepted of the seals, under the patronage of the duke of Cumberland. On this occasions which gave him a moment's popu sion he hoped for the support of the earl of Chatham; but finding that this great patriot was averse to the measures of the court, and was accustomed to observe enigmatically "that there was something behind the throne, greater than the throne itself," he soon after resigned. The arrangements for the next adminis tration were all made by that eloquent nobleman; and it is no small proof of the high opinion in which he held the duke of Grafton, that to the latter was assigned the post of first commissioner of the treasury, which, in consequence of the increasing infirmities of the earl, became, in fact, that of prime minister.

During this period, Mr. Wilkes began to make a noise, and was the first private individual who, by securing popularity with the nation, was enabled to cope, first with the ministers, and, finally, in some measure, with the throne itself, Thinking himself slighted by the duke of Grafton, with whom he had formerly lived in some degree of intimacy, he boldly attacked both him and the noble earl his colleague, as "tools of lord Bute." This circumstance, ridiculous as it may appear, proved unfavourable to this administration, and hurt their influence not a little; for the author of the North Briton was now in the zenith of his popularity, and succeeded in all the objects of his ambition, becoming, in turn, knight of the shire for the county of Middlesex, sheriff, alderman, and lordmayor, of the city of London; and, finally, he obtained the lucrative office of chamberlain.

But a writer of still greater talents and reputation now appeared, and directed his keen, powerful, and envenomed, shafts against the minister. This was the still celebrated, although still unknown, author of the Letters of "Junius," who commenced his labours in the Public Advertiser, January 21, 1769, by a pointed attack on the ministers of that day. "Without much political sagacity, or any extraordinary depth of observation," says he, "we need only mark how the priucipal departments of the state are bestowed, and look no further for the true cause of every mischief that befals us. The finances of a nation, sinking under

1

After Junius had tried the temper of his maiden sword on sir William Draper, and found it proof, he addressed himself directly to the duke of Grafton, relative to the pardon granted by His Majesty, March 11, 1769, to M'Quirk, for the murder of George Clarke, at Brentford. In letter 11 he reproaches His Grace, during the time of mobs and tumults, for indulging himself, " while prime minister of Great Britain, in rural retirement, and in the arms of faded beauty, losing all memory of his sovereign, his country, and himself." In letter 12 he bitterly remarks as follows: "You have better proofs of your descent, my lord, than the register of a marriage, or any troublesome inheritance of reputation. There are some hereditary strokes of character, by which a family may be as clearly dis tinguished as by the blackest features of the human face. Charles the First lived and died a hypocrite. Charles the Second was a hypocrite of another sort, and should have died upon the same scaffold. At the distance of a century, we see their different characters happily revived and blended in Your Grace. Sullen and severe without religion, profligate without gaiety, you live like Charles the Second, without being an aniable companion; and, for aught I know, may die as his father did, with out the reputation of a martyr.

"You had already taken your degrees with credit, in those schools in which the English nobility are formed to virtue, when you were introduced to lord Chatham's protection. From Newmarket, White's, and the Opposition, he gave you to the world with an air of popu larity which young men usually set out with, and seldom preserve; grave and plausible enough to be thought fit for

*The earl of Rochford was secretary of state for the home department, and was therefore the responsible officer. business;

business; too young for treachery, and, in short, a patriot of no unpromising expectations. Lord Chatham was the earliest object of your political wonder and attachment; yet you deserted him, upon the first hopes that offered, of an equal share of power with lord Rocking ham. When the late duke of Cumber land's first negociation failed, and when the favourite was pushed to the last extremity, you saved him by joining with an administration in which lord Chatham refused to engage. Still, however, he was your friend and you are yet to explain to the world, why you consented to act without him; or why, after uniting with lord Rockingham, you deserted and betrayed him. You complained that no measures were taken to satisfy your patron; and that your friend, Mr. Wilkes, who had suffered so much for the party, had been abandoned to his fate. They bave since contributed not a little to your present plenitude of power: yet, I think, lord Chathamn has less reason than ever to be satisfied: and, as for Mr. Wilkes, it is, perhaps, the greatest misfortune of his life, that you should have so many compensations to make in the closet for your former friendship with him. Your gracious master understands your cha racter, and makes you a persecutor, be cause you have been a friend."

The whole of this passage consists of bold invective, and elegant declamation. When this celebrated writer condescend ed to state facts, he was completely foiled, particularly when he attacked the duke of Grafton for misconduct, as hereditary ranger of Whittlebury-forest. An author, who many years after that period held some communication with the late Mr. John Pitt, at that time surveyorgeneral of the king's woods, writes thus:

"The timber in Whittlebury-forest is undoubtedly vested in the crown, and the right of felling it has repeatedly been exercised. The right to the underwood is as clearly vested in the duke of Graf ton, as that of the herbage at the proper periods in the vicinage. In the attempt, alluded to by Junius, to cut down the timber, the deputy-surveyor was stopped by an order from the treasury; because the felling of the timber at that time, would have destroyed all the underwood, which would of course have been a great injury to private property; and would likewise have deprived the neighbourhood of the right of commonage for nine or ten years. The timber was no longer withheld from the public service than

was absolutely necessary. It had been preserved for that purpose, with an attention and an integrity perhaps not equalled in any of the other royal forests. At the proper period (about nine or ten years after), the timber was felled, as each coppice came in the course of cutt ing, according to the rule of the practice all over England. The surveyor-general's report made in the year 1776, of the state of the inclosures in His Majes ty's forests, is a confirmation of the care taken by the duke of the timber for the public service."

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It must be frankly allowed, however, that the administration of the duke of Grafton, if not unfortunate, was assuredly unpopular; and, without popularity, no minister in a limited monarchy is capable of filling his office in such a way as either to give satisfaction to the country, or be enabled to serve it with due effect. It has been said, that His Grace was fairly written down by the joint efforts of Wilkes and Junius; but this is not correct. In the first place, he was no longer supported by the earl of Chatham, who even in his declining age exhibited gigantic powers; and, after he had ceased to wield the thunder of the state, smote all around him by the flashes of his eloquence. On the retreat of that nobleman, lord Camden, whose talents and integrity had secured the esteem of the nation, happened to differ in many essential points with the premier, and was therefore suffered to withdraw also. A new chancellor was therefore to be found, and Mr. Yorke, who had acted with high reputation as attorney-general, died suddenly, in the month of January 1770. On this the duke of Grafton, finding himself bereft of all aid, immediately resigned, and appeared to withdraw for ever from the bustle of politics to the comforts of domestic privacy.

This, however, was not long the case; for, in about eighteen months after, (June 1771,) on the removal of lord Suffolk to the office of secretary of state, His Grace succeeded him as lord privy seal. In this office be remained until the month of November 1775. His resig nation, or perhaps more properly speak ing, his dismission, reflects high honour on the subject of the present memoir, as it proceeded from an unequivocal avowal of those generous sentiments which must

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