resulted. Undoubtedly it was the most popular marching song of the war. BATTLE-HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC 470. Mrs. Howe visited Washington in December, 1861, and while there saw much of the regiments quartered about the city. She heard the John Brown song everywhere sung, and impressed by the inadequacy of the words, even as Pike had been impressed by the inferiority of the early version of Dixie, she wrote before she left the city what she called The Battle-Hymn of the Republic. It was first published in the Atlantic Monthly, February, 1862, and has now taken its place as The American Battle Hymn. THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND MORE First printed in the New York Evening Post, July 16, 1862, and as it was anonymous, attributed to William Cullen Bryant, who settled all conjecture as to its authorship by revealing the name of its author. It was written immediately following Lincoln's call for three hundred thousand volunteers. STONEWALL JACKSON'S WAY Written while the battle of Antietam was in progress, September 17, 1862. 471. 14. Banks, Gen. N. P. Banks, commander of a corps in the Shenandoah in 1862. 22. In forma pauperis, like a poor man. 27. Hill, the Confederate general A. P. Hill. 38. Pope, the Federal general John Pope. 38. Stuart, General Jeb.' Stuart, the Confederate cavalry leader. 39. Ashby, General Turner Ashby, killed at the battle of Cross Keys, Va. LITTLE GIFFIN 472. The poet Ticknor did take into his home a stricken young Confederate soldier just as the poem records and all the details of the story are literally true. THE CONQUERED BANNER 474. First published in Father Ryan's paper, The Banner of the South, in 1868. THE BLUE AND THE GRAY 475. First published in the Atlantic Monthly, September, 1867. Το this first appearance of the poem was prefixed a quotation from the New York Tribune: 'The women of Columbus, Mississippi, animated by nobler sentiments than are many of their sisters, have shown themselves impartial in their offerings made to the memory of the dead. They strewed flowers alke on the graves of the Confederate and of the National heroes.' Finch was a native of Ithaca, N. Y., and was long prominently identified with Cornell University. EUROPE 776. The poem deals with the revolution of 1848 in France which overthrew the corrupt Louis Philippe. The revolution as a whole was a failure. After insurrection and turmoil, gradually the monarchial forces gained control until by August, 1849, the old system had been completely re stored. FRANCE 477. Modern France was born from the French Revolution which is the subject of this poem. MANAHATTA 478. Manhattan Island, or New York City. 17. Trottoirs, French word for pavements. CAPTAIN, MY CAPTAIN 480. This poem and When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd are without doubt the finest of all the elegiac verse called out by the death of Lincoln. O STAR OF FRANCE 488. The poem was written during the dark days of the Franco-Prussian war, after the French armies had been crushingly defeated on the frontier and the commune had taken possession of Paris. THOU MOTHER WITH THY EQUAL BROOD 489. This poem was read by Whitman before the Literary Societies of Dartmouth College, June 26, 1872, and published the same year in pamphlet form. In 1876 it was included in Leaves of Grass. To the earlier edition were added later what are now the first thirteen lines of the poem in its present form, besides many other additions and changes. I have followed the latest text. DEMOCRATIC VISTAS 492. In 1871, Whitman issued what unquestionably is his most notable prose work, Democratic V'istas. It is pitched in major key: it swells O'Con nor's piping note into a trumpet blast. Boldly and radically it called for a new school of literature. The old is outgrown, it cried; the new is upon us; make ready for the great tide of democratic poetry and prose that even now is sweeping away the old landmarks. To the new era it was what Emerson's American Scholar was to the period that had opened in the thirties. It was our last declaration of literary independence.'-- American Literature Since 1870. 493. a. 1. Promulge, coined by Whitman. Promulgate is the proper word. 495. b. 36. Haut ton, high tone. 500. b. 30. Con amore, with love. THE PRAYER OF COLUMBUS 501. In the Preface to the poem in the collected edition of 1876, Whitman explained: 'It was near the close of his indomitable and pious life- -on his last voyage when nearly seventy years of age that Columbus, to save his two remaining ships from foundering in the Caribbean Sea in a terrible storm, had to run them ashore on the Island of Jamaica where, laid up for a long and miserable year — 1503 he was taken very sick, had several relapses, his men revolted, and death seem'd daily imminent; though he was eventually rescued, and sent home to Spain to die, unrecognized, neglected and in want... It is only ask'd, as preparation and atmosphere for the following lines, that the bare authentic facts be recall'd and realized, and nothing contributed by the fancy. See, the Antillean island, with its florid skies and rich foliage and scenery, the waves beating the solitary sands, and the hulls of the ships in the distance. See the figure of the great Admiral, walking the beach, as a stage, in this sublimest tragedy, what poem, so piteous and majestic as the real scene? and hear him uttering as his mystical and religious soul surely utters, the ideas following perhaps, in their equivalents, the very words.' It is believed by many that this poem has autobiographic touches. It is a picture of Whitman himself in his last years. MY DOUBLE AND HOW HE UNDID ME 504. a. 17. Rasselas, a moralizing romance written by Dr. Samuel Johnson. 26. Sandemanian, The Sandemanians were a small religious sect founded by a Scotchman, Robert Sandeman, who came to America in 1764. 24. Paraheliacal, sun-equaling, or dazzling like the sun. 505. a. 31. Richard Greenough, born 1819, American sculptor. b. 21. Frederic Ingham, the pen name used by Hale for some of his early writings, notably The Man Without a Country. 506. a. 12. Thalaba, the chief character in Robert Southey's poem Thalaba the Destroyer. 19. Sanctissimum, a superlative coined by the author. An author's study is often called his sanctum,' meaning place sacred to him and his work. b. 58. Midshipman Easy, Captain Frederick Marryat's popular sea novel Midshipman Easy appeared in 1834. 507. a. 7. The Academy. In early New England days a private high school was often called an acad emy, a name derived from Plato's school of philosophy, the Academy, at Athens. 508. a. 31. Semiramis, queen of Assyria, who after the death of her husband, brought her empire to a brilliant height of glory. b. 28. Quaene sit, etc. What is the history of the Reformation in Hungary? 31. In seculo decimo tertio, etc. In the thirteenth century, etc. 49. Diggory, a rustic character in Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer. 509. a. 9. Ollendorf, author of an elementary phrase book for learners of French. MY OUT-DOOR STUDY 513. This is the tenth paper in Out-Door Papers, published in book form, 1863. 516. b. 8. William Wilkie Collins (1824-89), English novelist, had issued, when Higginson's essay was written, The Dead Secret and The Woman in White, titles that suggest the type of fiction to which they belong. 23. John Constable, (1776-1837), English landscape painter. 50. Thoreau's Walden had appeared in 1854. 517. a. 44. Henry T. Buckle, (1821-62), English historian, author of History of Civilization in England. 55. Vishnu Purana, one of the eighteen Sanscrit works which deal with the doctrines of Brahmanism. b. 517. Brentano. German romantic poet and novelist (1778-1842). 519. a. 20. Subde caput, etc. Put down your head, at the same time put down your body, at the same time wash out your hair. 520. b. 33. De soir fontaines, etc. In the evening fountains; in the morning mountains. L'ENVOI 521. This was the closing poem of Taylor's Poems of the Orient, a collection which he published after his tour through Egypt, Asia Minor, India, China and Japan and other lands during the years between 1851-53, a journey of over fifty thousand miles. THE NATIONAL ODE The National Ode' was delivered at the celebration of the Fourth of July at the Centennial at Philadelphia in 1876. An immense platform had been built running the length of Independence Hall. A most distinguished gathering it was, resplendent in the midst of it Emperor of Brazil and his suite. At last Bayard Taylor's part came. He stood upon the speaker's stand, without manuscript or notes of any kind, and in his full, strong voice began,-"Sun of the stately Day." There was something in his presence, erect, impressive, filled with a solemn sense of the moment, something in his voice, clear, penetrating, sonorous, and charged with profound emotion, which stilled the noise and tumult of those before him, hushed even the lively creatures in the branches, and made the vast audience listen. He had mastered the situation in a moment, and filled with his theme, he poured out his ode with a majesty of expression which held the people to the close. It was a real victory for Poetry.'- Taylor's Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor. THE DIAMOND LENS 538. b. 37. Leeuwenhoek, Antonius von, Dutch microscopist, born 1632. He discovered among other things the red-corpuscles of the blood. Williamson and the others mentioned in the list were noted naturalists and microscopists. 539. b. 19. Camera-lucida, an apparatus for projecting a microscopic image upon paper so it can be sketched. 542. b. 23. Inter se, among themselves. 44. Rapport, harmonious relation. 543. a. 24. Carcel lamp, a lamp invented by Carcel, a Frenchman, which is fed by oil pumped to it by a mechanical device. 544. a. 16. Chansons. The chanson is a French lyric form of poetry primarily to be sung. 516. a. 28. Alexander, according to tradition, wished for new worlds to conquer. 517. a. 29. Hybla, a city of Sicily celebrated for its honey. 36. Naiad, a water nymph. 548. a. 54. Salmacis, in Greek mythology the nymph of a fountain in Caria. She and Hermaphroditus were blended into one. b. 18. Count de Gabalis, a member of the Rosicrucians, an occult order of the seventeenth century made up of philosophers who professed to be deeply versed in the secrets of nature. Niblo's -a dancer . . b. 56. Danseuse Niblo's theater, New York. 549. a. 31. Pas-de-fascination, the step of fascination, or the climactic moment of the dance. THE COTTON BOLL 552. 61. Curious ointment, an allusion to 'The Story of Baba Abdalla' in The Arabian Nights, wherein is used a magic ointment, which when rubbed on the right eye enabled the user to see the treasures hidden in the earth. 553. 98. Poet of The Woodlands.' William Gilmore Simms, whose residence, The Woodlands' was in the vicinity of Charleston. WANTED A MAN 566. Stedman wrote this poem September 6, 1862, and sent it to the Tribune three days later. Judge Bates, discovering the poem, handed it to President Lincoln who read it to his Cabinet.. THE UNDISCOVERED COUNTRY 567. The poet wrote this after the death of his wife's sister, who was a member of his family circle. How little did the young man then think that long years afterward, at his own request, this poem would be sung at the funerals of his wife, his sons, and at his own.'- Life and Letters of Stedman. EDGAR ALLAN POE 567. This essay, which first appeared in Scribner's Monthly, later became a chapter in The Poets of America, 1885. 568. a. 27. In his preface to the collection of 1845 571. b. 45. Reliquiae, remains, fragments. 572. a. 29. In 1837 Walter Savage Landor issued The Pentameron,' a prose work, purporting to be conversations between Boccaccio and Petrarch. It is a part of his series entitled 'Imaginary Conversations.' 42. Post facto, after the deed is done -an analysis of the poem after the poem was written. His b. 2. Thomas Holley Chivers, (1807-58), a Georgia physician, has been often mentioned as a source from which Poe plagiarized. Poe in his 'Chapter on Autobiography' called him 'one of the best and one of the worst poets in America. productions affect one as a wild dream - strange, incongruous, full of images of more than arabesque monstrosity, and snatches of sweet unsustained song. Even his worst nonsense (and some of it is horrible) has an indefinite charm of sentiment and melody. We can never be sure that there is any meaning in his words. The poem which Taylor and Swinburne made merry over was undoubtedly Rosalie Lee with stanzas such as these: 'Hang mellow Cydonian Suckets, To my beautiful, dutiful Rosalie Lee.' Taylor has parodied the poem in his Diversions of the Echo Club. 573. a. 3. Mr. Miller, probably 'Joe' Miller, the joker. 51. William Beckford, whose romance Vathek appeared in 1784, William Godwin, whose Caleb Williams appeared in 1794, the Irish novelist Charles Robert Maturin, whose The Fatal Revenge appeared in 1807, the German romancer Ernst Hoffman, whose first romance, Phantasy Pieces in Callot's Manner, appeared in 1814, and the German romancer Friederich Fouqué, whose Undine ap. peared in 1811, may be taken as representatives of the ultra-romantic school of fiction of the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth century. 57. John P. Kennedy, the Southern novelist, author of Swallow Barn, was one of the board of judges that in 1833 awarded the prize to Poe for the best tale submitted to the Baltimore Saturday Visitor. 73. b. 16. Raconteur, story teller. 574..b. 44. Griswold in such collections as the Poets of America and The Female Poets of America served up honied materials for the sentimental readers who bought his books. 575. a. 10. Stedman, with a sensitiveness which con. trasts markedly with Poe's brutal directness, placed the dash where Poe had put the word 'Longfellow.' In his Poets of America Stedman restored the word 'Longfellow.' 577. b. 4. Heinrich Heine, the German poet (17971856), spent the last twenty-five years of his life in Paris. In 1847 a terrible spinal disease began to fasten itself upon him, the disease that during the last seven years of his life chained him, as he expressed it to his mattress grave.' He has recorded his last walk out of doors in May, 1848: 'With difficulty I dragged myself to the Louvre, and I almost sank down as I entered the magnifi. cent hall where the ever-blessed goddess of beauty, our beloved lady of Milo, stands on her pedestal. At her feet lay long, and wept so bitterly that a stone must have pitied me. The goddess looked compassionately on me, but at the same time disconsolately, as if she would say: Dost thou not see, then, that I have no arms, and thus cannot help thee?' Emma Lazarus, in her poem 'Venus of the Louvre,' has commemorated the event in these lines: 'I saw not her alone, PERE ANTOINE'S DATE PALM The same year that this story appeared in the Atlantic Monthly it was published in Aldrich's collection Out of His Head, and Other Stories, encased in an elaborate setting of narrative machinery that he afterwards abandoned to its great advantage.' He issued it privately in 1866 in an edition of twenty copies which he gave to his friends, and again in 1866 in Marjorie Daw and Other People. Mrs. Hawthorne, widow of the romancer, was one to receive one of the twenty copies of the private edition, and of it she wrote to Aldrich: I do not believe that in the English language there is anything more delicate, tender, arch, and spherical in rounded beauty.' The setting for the story Aldrich knew intimately. He had removed with his parents to New Orleans in 1846, when he was ten years of age, and had lived there until the death of his father three years later. b. 8. Sir Charles Lyell, 1797-1875, the celebrated British geologist, visited the United States in 1841, in 1845-46, and several times later. His book A Second Visit to the United States of North America appeared in 1849. 581. b. 9. Entre or et roux, etc. God made her long hair between gold and reddish brown. 582. b. 45. C'est le bon Dieu, etc. It is the good God who has given me this. b. 1. Pike County, originally Pike Missouri. It was synonymous with a Georgiacracker-like type of grotesque poor white. See Hay's Pike County Ballads. 45. Aria, an elaborate musical movement for a single voice. 599. b. 13. San Diego, Derby was for a long time stationed at San Diego as government engineer for works in the harbor. INTERVIEW WITH PRESIDENT LINCOLN Lincoln was elected in November, 1861. 'Springfield [Illinois, Lincoln's home town] now became, for some months, the Mecca of American politics. Casual visitors tarried for a few hours to shake hands with the newly chosen chief; correspondents of leading newspapers established temporary headquarters from which to send their readers pen-pictures of his personal appearance, his daily habits, his home and public surroundings, and to catch the flying and often contradictory rumors of his probable intentions. Artists came to paint his portrait, ambitious politicians to note new party currents, and veteran statesmen to urge the adoption of favorite theories or the advancement of favorite adherents.'- Nicolay and Hay. 'PETROLEUM V. NASBY' 606. The Saturday evening before President Lincoln left Washington, to go to the front, just previous to the capture of Richmond, I was with him from seven o'clock till nearly twelve. It had been a very hard day with him. The pressure of office-seekers was greater at this juncture than I ever knew it to be, and he was almost worn out. Among the callers that evening was a party composed of a Senator, a Representative, an exLieutenant Governor of a Western State, and several private citizens. They had business of great importance, involving the necessity of the Presi dent's examination of voluminous documents. Pushing everything aside, he said to one of the party. "Have you seen the Nasby Papers? No, I have not," was the answer. "Who is Nasby? "There is a chap out in Ohio," returned the President, who has been writing a series of letters in the newspapers over the signa ture of Petroleum V. Nasby. Some one sent me a pamphlet collection of them the other day. I am going to write to Petroleum' to come down here, and I intend to tell him if he will com. municate his talent to me. I will swap places with him!" Thereupon he arose, went to a drawer in his desk, and taking out the " letters," he sat down and read one to the company, finding in their enjoyment of it the temporary excitement and relief which another man would have found in a glass of grog! The instant he had ceased, the book was thrown aside, his countenance relapsed into its habitual serious expression, and the business was entered upon with the utmost earnestness.'- F. B. Carpenter. 44 volume of the Atlantic Monthly, 1863, Harte set out to do for California what Irving had done for the Highlands of the Hudson, and to do it after Irving's manner. WASHINGTON IRVING L. 624. b. 46. Fables of Weems. Rev. M. Weems, 1760-1825, was for a time pastor of the church at Mount Vernon, Virginia, of which Washington was an attendant. Later he became a very successful book agent for the publishing house of Carey of Philadelphia. His life of Washington published in Philadelphia in 1800 undoubtedly was the most popular biography of the great President that ever was written. Several of the most widelyknown anecdotes of the youth of Washington, like the cherry-tree incident for instance, rest upon the unsupported evidence of Weems. Much that he has recorded is more than doubtful. 625. a. 52. Frascati, a town twelve miles south-east of Rome, celebrated for its villas. .b. 47. The North American Review, founded in 1815, ran for many years as a quarterly. Until 1878 it was published at Boston. In its earlier years at least it was the most influential critical Journal in America. LEAVES OF GRASS 627. In 1867 when Burroughs issued this first book of his, Whitman had published four editions of Leaves of Grass, 1855, 1856, 1860, 1867, and his volume Drum-Taps, 1866. It was undoubtedly the 1860 edition that fell into Burroughs's hands. Whitman had been dismissed from his clerkship at Washington in June, 1865, for the alleged immorality of this book, and his friend O'Connor had in September of the same year begun the defense of the poet with his pamphlet The Good Gray Poet. Burroughs's Walt Whitman as Poet and Person is in one respect a continuation of the defense of Whitman during this critical period of his poetic career. In another and larger sense it is a call for a new period, a voice of the times, a new statement of literary principles for a new after-the-war era. 630. a. 4. Wordsworth in the well-known preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, the first edition of which had appeared in 1798, had called for a return to Nature. He would strip poetry of its artificial vocabulary and would treat of humble subjects in a simple way. The book and the preface are generally taken as the beginning of the new romantic period of the nineteenth century. Every new period, it would seem, begins with a call to a return to Nature. LIGHT IN A DARK PLACE 646. That Lincoln did win a case in something like the manner described so graphically by Eggleston is undoubtedly true, Miss Tarbell in her Life of Lincoln, Vol. I, page 272, has recorded all that is now surely known about the case. She has told thus the central incident of the trial: |