Rheims surrendered to the Germans; 25, tween the Provisional government and BisVitry surrendered; 26, The German move-marck for an armistice of twenty-five days, to ment to cut off MacMahon from Paris began; allow the clections to the Legislative Assem31, Battle near Beaumont. MacMahon was bly to be held, but they failed; 7, Naval beaten and driven over the Meuse. His loss duel off Havana between French and Pruswas 7000 prisoners, 20 guns, and 11 mitrail-sian corvettes; the former was defeated and leuses.

Sept. 1, The battles around Sedan began; the principal engagement was at Bazeilles; 1, Battle of St. Barbe near Metz, which lasted all day; Marshal Bazaine failed to cut his way out; 2, The great surrender at Sedan. The whole French army under MacMahon, together with the Emperor and vast munitions of war, fell into the hands of the Germans; 4, Violent commotion at Paris; fall of the empire; flight of the EmpressRegent; proclamation of the republic and formation of a provisional government under General Trochu and Jules Favre; 6, Napoleon arrived at the castle of Wilhelmshohe, a prisoner of war; 7-12, The republic was promptly recognized by the United States, Italy, Switzerland, and Spain; 7, General Vinoy and his corps reached Paris, having escaped the capitulation at Sedan; 9, Laon surrendered and the powder mazazine fired by the French, killing many of both armies; 10, The seat of government was removed to Tours; 13, Great military review in Paris; the Uhlans appeared in the suburbs this day; 15, Paris was completely surrounded by the German armies; 16, A German government for Alsace and Lorraine went into operation; 19, There was fighting on the heights of Sceaux between General Vinoy's corps and the Germans; 20, The King of Prussia occupied Versailles as his headquarters; 20, Conquest of Rome by the Italians; 23 Toul surrendered to the Grand-Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; 27, Capitulation of Strasbourg; nearly 18,000 French prisoners were taken; 30, The French under General Vinoy made a sortie from Paris. An interview for an armistice between Jules Favre and Count Von Bismarck near the close of this month resulted in utter failure; the mission of M. Thiers to Vienna and St. Petersburg was equally fruitless.

took refuge in the harbor; 10, French victory at Orleans; General Paladines attacked and defeated General Von der Tann and reoccupied the city; 11, Capitulation of NewBreisach; 5000 French prisoners were taken; 13, The Russian government made a formal demand for a modification of the Treaty of Paris of 1856; this was followed by a commercial panic and war excitement in England; 16, Earl Granville and Count Von Beust replied to the Russian note in temperate but firm language; 18, The Russian government in rejoinder said, "The Black Sea must be opened peaceably or forcibly;" 20, Baden and Hesse were admitted into the North-German Confederation; 23-24, Bavaria and Würtemberg were admitted into the Confederation, thus accomplishing the unity of Germany; 25, Russia agreed to a conference of the powers at London; 27-29, Three days' fighting between the Germans and the Army of the Loire south of Paris; 29, Amiens captured by the Germans 29 to Dec. 2, Great battles on the eastern side of Paris, in which 250,000 men were engaged; General Ducrot routed the Germans under the Crown Prince and established his position on the Marne.

Dec. 4, Rouen occupied by the Germans; 5, Battle at Orleans; a part of De Paladines' army defeated with heavy loss by the GrandDuke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; 5-10, Series of battles along the Loire, resulting in the retreat of the French; 6-9, The German princes invited King William to assume the title of Emperor of Germany; 6, Paris was threatened with bombardment; 8, Prussian note, menacing the independence of Luxembourg; 11, The French seat of government removed to Bordeaux; 13, Surrender of Phalsbourg to the Germans.

The Ecumenical Council.

Oct. 2, 3, Marshal Bazaine made vigorous sorties from Metz; 7-9, Another sortie The great council of the Roman Catholic from Metz; the French again failed to Church was opened at Rome, December 9th, cut their way through the German lines; 1869, by His Holiness Pope Pius IX. in per9, Minister Gambetta escaped from Paris in son. The Pontiff, at the head of seven huna balloon; 9, Garibaldi reached Tours from dred bishops, proceeded to the council hall, Caprera, and accepted the command in the and in the presence of the assembled princes army of the Vosges; 10, Destruction of the and the members of the diplomatic corps dePalace of St. Cloud by the fire from theclared the sessions of the council begun. In French forts; 11, Battle near Orleans; the French were defeated and the Prussians occupied the city; 16, Capture of Soissons by the Germans; 24, Capitulation of Metz, 173,000 prisoners and immense war material were surrendered; 30, Empress Eugenie visited the Emperor at Wilhelmshohe; 31, Rising of the Reds in Paris; members of the Provisional government were seized and imprisoned the troops released them and dispersed the insurrectionists; Flourens, the ringleader, was arrested.

Nov. 8-8, Negotiations were carried on be

his allocution to the prelates of the church the Pope said that the church was "stronger than heaven even," and had nothing to fear from "false human science and worldly impiety." The council shortly after the opening adjourned over Epiphany. Jan. 22, 1870, The discussion on the Syllabus commenced. Feb. 21, Expulsion of newspaper correspondents from Rome; 28, Count Daru, French Foreign Minister, protested in the name of France against Papal infallibility, and threatened to withdraw the French troops from Rome. March 7, The schema of infâl

libility was distributed in the council; 31, The Schema de Fide promulgated. April 24, Third public sitting of the council; the decree condemning rational philosophy and heterodoxy was proclaimed by the Pope. May 14, The discussion on the schema of in fallibility commenced. July 13, The dogma of Papal infallibility was adopted by the -council by a vote of 450 to 88; 18, The dogma was officially proclaimed at Rome with imposing ceremonies. August 1, Evacuation of Rome by the French troops; 23, The Bavarian government prohibited the proclamation of the bull of infallibility in the kingdom. Sept. 20, Conquest of the Papal States by the Italians. Oct. 21, The Pope suspended the sittings of the Ecumenical Council on the ground that the territorial rights of the church had been violated, and the freedom of the council was no longer possible. Dec. 4, The Roman Catholics of America united in a protest against the deprivation of the Pope of his temporal power.

United States.

Jan. 4, Strike of the operators of the Western Union Telegraph Company; 5, Murder of James Logan, No. 2, by Jerry Dunn in New-York; 10, The Utah Central Railroad completed; 10, Début of Fechter, the tragedian, in America; 19, Large Cuban sympathy meeting at Cooper Institute, NewYork; 21, Arrival of Prince Arthur of England in New-York; 23,Sinking of the United States Corvette Oneida near Yokohama, Japan, by a collision with the British steamer Bombay; many lives lost; 23, Massacre of the Piegan Indians by Colonel Baker's force, under orders from General Sheridan; 173 Indians, including women and children, sick with smallpox, were slaughtered in cold blood, and the Indian village burned; 24, Prince Arthur visits President Grant at the White House, Washington; 25, Peabody funeral fleet arrives in Portland harbor from England; 28, Murder of William Townsend by Jack Reynolds in New-York; 31, Assassination of Gonzalo Castanon, editor of the Havana Voz de Cuba, at Key West, by Cubans.

troubles in Richmond, Va., Ellison and Cahoon contend for the mayoralty; fighting in the streets and several persons killed; 23, Hope for the safety of the ocean steamship City of Boston abandoned about this time; she had been out about two months.

April 4, Trial of Daniel McFarland for the murder of A. D. Richardson began in NewYork: it lasted until May 10; 8, Funeral of General George H. Thomas at Troy; Execution of Jack Reynolds in New-York; Negro jubilee over the Fifteenth Amendment in New-York; 27, Awful calamity in Richmond, Va., falling of the floor of the Supreme Court-room in the Capitol and great destruction of life; 61 killed and 120 wounded. May 6, Return of General Thomas Jordan, the Cuban commander, to the United States; 8, Extraordinary hail-storm in Philadelphia; 10, Acquittal of Daniel McFarland of the murder of Albert D. Richardson; 10, Mace and Allen prize fight near New-Orleans, Mace wins in ten rounds and 44 minutes; 17, Ladies' mass meeting in New-York to denounce the verdict in the McFarland case; 23, Beginning of the Fenian raid into Canada; 24, Proclamation of the President against the Fenians; 26, Northern Pacific Railroad (land grab) bill passes both Houses of Congress; 30, Decoration Day celebrated throughout the Union.

June 1, Corner-stone of the Steuben Monument laid at Steuben, N. Y.; 6, Reception of Red Cloud and Spotted Tail, the Sioux chiefs, at the White House, Washington; 13, Beethoven centennial festival in NewYork; 23, Destructive nitro-glycerine explosion at Worcester, Mass.; 30, Anti-Coolie mass meeting in New-York.

July 4, Visit of President Grant to Connecticut; Reception at Woodstock; 4. Tammany celebration in New-York; Oration by Senator Casserly; 5, Massacre of miners by the Ute Indians at North-Path, Wyoming; 12, Serious riots between Catholics and Orangemen at Elm Park, N. Y.; 14, Congress grants a pension of $3000 per annum to Mrs. Abraham Lincoln; 15, Conviction of General Starr and other Fenian prisoners, and their sentence to two years' imprisonment; 16, General McClellan appointed Engineerin-Chief of the New-York Dock Department; 20, Suicide of M. Prevost-Paradol, French Minister at Washington; 21, President Grant takes up his residence at Long Branch, N. J., for the summer; 22, University boatrace atWorcester, Mass., Harvard beats Yale; 22, Outrages of Colonel Kirk and his negro militia in North-Carolina; 27, The yacht Cambria arrives at New-York, winner of the ocean race; time from Queenstown 23 days, 5 hours, and 17 minutes; 29, Murder of Mr. Benjamin Nathan in New-York.

Feb. 5, Prince Arthur in Boston; 8, Funeral of George Peabody at Peabody, Mass.; address by Hon. Robert C. Winthrop; 15, The bridge over the Ohio River at Louisville formally opened; 20, Burning of the steamer Emma, No. 3, on the Mississippi River, 70 lives lost; 24, Mr. Storey, of the Chicago Times, assaulted by the English blondes; 25, Return of Hon. William H. Seward from his visit to Alaska and Mexico; 25, Honors to the British war vessel Monarch at Annapolis. March 1, Arrival of General Quesada, the Cuban commander, in New-York; 3, Convention of Christians at Pittsburg, favoring Aug. 5, Execution of John Real in Newthe recognition of Jesus Christ in the Con- York; 6, Shocking railroad accident in Virstitution; 7, Public reception of Hon. Wil-ginia, Hon. George T. Cobb, of New-Jersey, liam H. Seward by the New-York Common Council; 10, First woman jury in America assembled in Wyoming Territory; 16, Defalcation and flight of Collector Joshua F. Bailey, of New-York; 18-20, Municipal

killed; 8, Yacht-race in New-York harbor for the Queen's cup; the Magic wins; 14, Death of Admiral Farragut at Portsmouth, N. H.; 22, Proclamation by the President of neutrality in the Franco-Prussian war.

Sept. 1, Governor Shaffer, of Utah, issues Westminster Abbey; 19, Funeral address on a proclamation against the Mormon militia; Dickens in Westminster Abbey by Dean Judge McKean decides against the Mormon Stanley; 22, Tailors' riot in Cork; barricades jury system; 6, the United States recog-erected; 23, Meeting of the Commission for nized the French republic; 8, Distressing the Revision of the Bible; 26, Death of the accident at Tom's River, N. J., bridge gives Earl of Clarendon; July 4, Starting of the way and 8 persons drowned; 14, Arrival of yachts Dauntless and Cambria on the Ocean Mlle. Nilsson, the Swedish singer, in Ameri-race from Queenstown; 13, Opening of the ca; 20, Arrival of Coolies at South-Belleville, new Thames embankment in London; 20, N. J.; 22, Début of Seebach, the German Enthusiastic demonstration of sympathy for tragic actress, in America; 30, Farragut ob- the French in Dublin; 28, Earl Granville ansequies in New-York; 30 to Oct. 3, Great nounces in the House of Lords England's floods in Virginia, and loss of life; Richmond neutrality in the Franco-German war; Aug. partly submerged 10, Parliament prorogued; Sept. 7, Sinking of the British iron-clad Captain off Cape Finisterre; 500 lives lost; Sept. 11, Popular demonstration in Hyde Park in favor of the French republic; Oct. 8, Execution of Margaret Waters, the baby farmer at London; 16, Betrothal of the Princess Louisa and the Marquis of Lorn; Oct. 19, Loss of the steamship Cambria with 200 lives on the Irish coast; 19, Democratic popular demonstration in Palace Yard, London; the Queen and Gladstone denounced; 26, The Prince and Princess of Wales paid an official visit to the exiled Empress of the French at Chiselhurst; Nov. 13, Panic and war excitement over the Russian demand for a modification of the Treaty of Paris; 16, Earl Granville responds to the Russian note in temperate but firm language; 26, Earl Granville tendered his resignation, but it was not accepted; Dec. 20, Retirement of John Bright from the Ministry.

Oct. 1, Yellow fever raging on Governor's Island, New-York; 6, Southern Commercial Convention in Cincinnati; 8, Second neutrality proclamation by the President; 11, Killing of John C. Nolan by a Judge of Election in Philadelphia; 12, Death of General Robert E. Lee at Lexington, Virginia; 19, Severe shock of an earthquake felt in the New-England and Middle States; 18, Foundering of the steamer Varuna on the Florida coast, 36 lives lost; 21, Address by Mr. Thomas Hughes, M. P., at Cooper Institute, New-York; 24, Memorial services in honor of General Lee in New-York.

Nov. 2, Jefferson Davis addresses a meeting of ex-Confederate soldiers in Richmond; 5, A masked banditti attack and rob an express car on the Central Pacific Railroad near Reno, Nevada; 5, Allen and Gallagher prize fight at St. Louis; the former won in sixteen rounds and 261⁄2 minutes; 7, Bloody riots at Donaldsonville, La., between the whites and negroes; several persons killed; 14, Cadet Smith (negro) of West-Point "whitewashed" by an investigating committee; 22, The Cincinnati Red Stocking (Base Ball) nine disbanded; 23, Immigration Convention at Indianapolis; 24, General observance of Thanksgiving.

France.

Jan. 3, New Ministry under Ollivier announced; 10, Killing of M. Victor Noir by Prince Pierre Bonaparte in Paris; 11, Great agitation in Paris; 12, Funeral of Victor Noir; 100,000 troops under arms; 17, Henri Rochefort arraigned for creating disorders; 19, Execution of Traupmann, the Pantin assassin; 21, Strike of 10,000 workmen at La

Dec. 1, Burning of the Varieties Theatre, New-Orleans; 5, Arrest of General Jordan, of the Cuban army, in New-York, for viola-Creuzot; 22, Rochefort convicted and sention of the neutrality laws.

Great Britain.

Feb. 8, Opening of Parliament; Speech by the Queen; 23, Trial of the Mordaunt divorce case; the Prince of Wales on the stand; March 26, Large woman suffrage meeting in London: April 4, The Irish Force bill having passed through Parliament receives the royal assent; 6, University boatrace; Oxford beaten by Cambridge; 21, London newspaper offices threatened by the Fenians; May 4, Jacob Bright's Woman Suffrage bill passed to a second reading in the House of Commons; May 11, International yacht-race off Cowes: the Sappho (American) beats the Cambria, (British ;) 12, Defeat of woman suffrage in the House of Commons; 13, Naturalization treaty between Great Britain and the United States signed in London; 23, Horrible butchery of an entire family at Uxbridge; June 1, Derby day Kingcraft the winner; 9, Death of Charles Dickens; 14, Burial of Dickens in

tenced to six months' imprisonment; Feb. 5, Le Verrier removed from the Directorship of the French Observatory by the government; 8-9, Rochefort arrested; attempted insurrection; barricades erected; fighting between the troops and populace; 24, Political banquets in Paris in honor of 1848: Feb. 27, Father Hyacinthe secularized by the Pope; 28, Count Daru, Minister of Foreign Affairs, protests against Papal Infallibility on behalf of France; March 18-27, Trial and acquittal of Prince Pierre Bonaparte at Tours; 29, Prince Pierre exiled by the Emperor; April 2, Riots at La Creuzot; 6, Ecole de Medecine in Paris forcibly closed by the government; 7, Discovery of the remains of a Roman amphitheatre near Paris; 9, Cabinet crisis; withdrawal of Minister Buffet; 13, Adjournment of the Corps Legislatif after the submission of the Plebiscitum; 15, Resignation of Count Daru, Minister of Foreign Affairs; 15, End of the strike at La Creuzot; 20, Beginning of the Paris strikes; 20, Adoption of the Senatus Consultum by the French Senate; 24, The Em

peror issues the proclamation announcing the Plebiscitum; 30, Alleged plot against the Emperor's life discovered; wholesale arrests of suspected conspirators; May 1, French victories over the insurgent tribes in Algeria; 8, The Plebiscitum taken; the result was: for the Empire, 7,336,434; against, 1,560,709; majority, 5,775,725; 10, Barricades erected in Paris; fighting between the troops and people; 16, Duke of Gramont becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs; 21, Paris illuminated in honor of the result of the Plebiscitum; 30, Small-pox raging in Paris; June 14, Napoleon seriously ill with the gout; July 6, France energetically protests against the candidature of a Hohenzollern Prince for the throne of Spain; 17, War declared against Prussia. (For events of the war see preceding pages.) August 7, Paris declared in a state of siege; 9, The Corps Legislatif having voted a want of confidence the Ollivier Ministry resigned; the Count of Palikao formed a new Ministry; Sept. 2, Fall of the Empire at Sedan; the EmpressRegent flies to England; 4, Revolution in Paris; the Republic proclaimed; a new government created, with General Trochu and Jules Favre at its head; 10, The seat of government removed to Tours; 15, The siege of Paris began. Dec. 8., The seat of government removed to Bordeaux.

Spain.

1, Capital punishment abolished; April 7, Banquet to Minister Brown, of the Chinese embassy, given by Minister Bancroft at Berlin; April 13, New Austrian Ministry formed; May 12, Conference between Père Hyacinthe and Dr. Döllinger, the opponents of Papal Infallibility, in Munich; June 3, The Grand Duchy of Lauenburg absorbed by Prussia; July 6, Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern accepts the candidature for the Spanish crown; energetic protest of the French government; July 17, France declares war against Prussia; 31, King William of Prussia departs for the Rhine to take command of the army; 31, Austria formally ends the concordat with Rome; August 23, The Bavarian government prohibits the proclamation of the Papal bull of infallibility in the kingdom; Sept. 1, Arrest of Herr Jacoby, the Prussian democratic leader, and his confinement in the fortress of Loetzen; Nov. 16, Count Von Beust, Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs, protests against the Russian attempt to reopen the Eastern question; 20, Baden and Hesse joined the North-German Confederation; 23, Würtemberg joined the North-German Confederation; 24, Bavaria joined the Confederation; German unity accomplished; Dec. 9, President Simson announced to the North-German Parliament that King William had accepted the title of Emperor of Germany; 11, Peace riots in Berlin.

Italy.

March 12, Duel near Madrid between the Duke of Montpensier and Prince Henry of Bourbon; the latter killed; 15, General Prim mobbed in Madrid; 22, Resignation of Southern Italy. June 24, French and AusMay 13-25, Insurrectionary troubles in Admiral Topete from the Ministry; 30, Di-trian reunion on the battle-field of Solferivorce of the ex-Queen Isabella from her hus-no. July 24, Italy announces her neutrality band; April 4, Insurrection against the conscription in Barcelona; 8, Heavy fighting at Barcelona; the insurrectionists defeated; 12, Duke of Montpensier convicted and sentenced to exile; May 17, Espartero declined to be a candidate for the throne; 17, Civil marriages authorized by the Cortes; June 4, Rescue of the Englishmen captured by the Spanish brigands; 6, Demonstration in favor of Espartero in Madrid; 16, General Balderich appointed Captain-General of Porto Rico; June 25, Formal abdication of exQueen Isabella in favor of her son, the Prince of Asturias; July 7, The Spanish government addressed a circular to foreign powers announcing the offer of the throne to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern. (This led to the Franco-Prussian war.) July 20, A declaration of neutrality in the war made by Spain; Sept. 8, Great popular demonstration in Madrid in sympathy with the French republic. Oct. 26, The candidature of the Duke of Aosta, second son of the King of Italy, for the Spanish throne announced; Nov. 17, The Cortes elected the Duke of Aosta King of Spain by a vote of 191 to 120. Dec. 31, Assassination of Marshal Prim.

Germany.

Feb. 14, Opening of the North-German Parliament by the King of Prussia; March

in the Franco-Prussian war. Aug. 4, The French troops begin the evacuation of Rome. Sept. 1, The Italian movement on Rome commenced. Sept. 12, Battle of Civita Castellana, lasting one hour; the Papal troops surrender. Sept. 20, Capture of Rome by the Italian army under General Cadorna after a sharp fight at the gates. 29, The Pope formally protests against the violation of his rights as a temporal sovereign. Oct. 2, The Plebiscitum submitted in the Papal States. Result: In favor of union with Italy, 133,681; opposed, 1507. Oct. 11, General La Marmora assumed command in Rome. 21, The Pope suspended the sessions of the Ecumenical Council. Nov. 12, General La Marmora took possession of the Quirinal Palace, and the Pope protested. Dec. 3, The deputation from the Spanish government and Cortes to offer the crown to the Duke of Aosta arrived at Florence, and were received with imposing demonstrations.

Russia.

March 1, Magnificent funeral of Hon. Anson Burlingame in St. Petersburg. Nov. 13, The Russian government addressed a note to the powers who were parties to the Treaty of Paris of 1856, announcing the intention of Russia to modify its provisions

relating to the closing of the Black Sea. killed. June 17, The Mexican fillibustering Nov. 16-30, Correspondence between Prince steamer Forward destroyed by the U. S. Gortschakoff, Earl Granville, and Count Von steamer Mohican. Oct. 21, General Amnesty Beust on the Eastern question, which finally law passed by Congress. Oct. 22-29, More resulted in an agreement to hold a confer-revolutionary outbreaks in Northern Mexico. ence of the great powers in London to dis- Nov. 10, The Mexican Congress voted to cuss the modification of the Treaty of continue the Zona Libre. Hostile demonParis. strations in Congress against the United States.