ABBREVIATIONS IN THE NOTES. "H." stands for Harkness's Latin Grammar; "Madvig," for Madvig's Latin Grammar, translated by Rev. George Wood, and revised by Prof. Thacher; "D.," for Doderlein's Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, American edition, by Dr. S. H. Taylor; "Dict. Antiqq." for Dr. William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities; "Hand, Turs.," for Ferdinand Hand's Tursellinus, seu de Particulis Latinis Commentarii; "Z.," for Zumpt's Latin Grammar, translated by Dr. Schmitz, and reprinted in this country. References are also made to Arnold's History of Rome, to Liddell's, to Niebuhr's; and to Mommsen's, translated by Rev. William P. Dickson, D.D. NOTES. NOTES TO THE PREFACE. PAGE In his Preface, Livy sets forth first the motives which have deter- 1 mined him to write the history of the Roman people, then his aims and method in the treatment of his subject, and finally some of the great lessons taught by history in general, and by the history of the Roman State. 1. Facturusne operæ pretium sim. For the subjunctive sim, H. 525. Facere sometimes means with pretium to fix a price, but here facere operæ pretium means to win a reward for one's labor, or to do a thing worth while; translate, Whether I shall do a thing worth while. The historian expresses a doubt whether his work will win acknowledgment as a useful one. These first four words make four feet of an hexameter. Tacitus begins his Annals with an entire hexameter. Cicero in Orator, c. 54, censures poetic numbers in prose; but Quintilian (Inst. 9, 4.) mentions the present instance with commendation. 3. Ausim. For the form, H. 239, 4; for the mood, H. 485, 486. I.— Quippe qui...videam. The subjunctive, because it gives the reason for the assertion just made; H. 519, 3.; since I see. 4. Rem represents here, as often, a neuter pronoun like "it" or "this," and the antecedent is to be found in facturusne—sim taken in connection with dicere. The thing which is both old and common is thus the assertion on the part of writers, that they will do something worth while by the writing of their works.-Dum. This particle here annexes a clause which at once unfolds and establishes the meaning of vulgatam rem, in a mention of two points, wherein new writers hope to excel their predecessors, and so to do a good service by their works. 8. Et ipsum. For et me ipsum, and in contrast with novi scriptores; et here means also; that I also.-Pro virili parte ;=Pro mea parte, for my PAGE part, as pars virilis means what falls to each one's lot. The sense 1 is: Other writers have done their part, I shall rejoice to have done mine. 2 11. Res. The subject, i. e. the Roman State, the history of which he is to write. The relative quæ refers to res; and the subjunctive in repetatur and in creverit, according to the same rule as above, quippe qui videam.-Praeterea introduces a second ground of apprehension about the success of his history. The first was given in the latter part of the preceding sentence, in tanta scriptorum, etc., the competition with other and distinguished writers. 14. Et legentium. This clause gives a third ground of doubt, viz., whether his work will find favor with his readers. 17. Hoc quoque. The quoque indicates something additional to what has been mentioned before in juvabit tamen, etc. 21. Curæ refers to the anxiety which he would feel if he were writing contemporary history (hæc nova), lest he should give offence in the expression of his opinions. 22. Ante conditam condendamve urbem. The unusual construction of ante with the gerundive (see H. 565, 1) is here occasioned and justified by the preposition being already used with conditam. As to the respective meaning of the participles with urbs, condita represents the city as built, condenda represents the city as one to be built, with the idea of necessity expressed, as the city that must be built, and also with the idea of the building now going on, the city which is building. Hence, as ante condendam urbem would be earlier in point of time than ante conditam urbem, Livy adds condendam to conditam with a restrictive purpose, as if to say; or rather before, according to the will of the gods, the building of the city began. Translate, before the city was built, or before it was building. On the force of the participles see Madvig, § 414. 23. Decora...monumentis; suitable rather for poetic fables, than for genuine historical records. Livy here refers to the legendary character of the early Roman annals; and the first book of his history illustrates throughout the intention he expresses in this sentence: "Livy wrote," as Niebuhr remarks (Hist., vol. i., p. 3), "in the same spirit in which the marvellous legends of the heroic age were commonly drawn down into history." 3. Referre has for its object a pronoun referring to origines, and auctores is an appositive to deos.-Ea belli...patiuntur. In form these words constitute the apodosis to si cui-auctores; but they contain the ground for the omitted thought, which is the real apodosis, and which, if supplied, might be as follows: certe populo Romano licere oportet. But the same rhetorical liberty may be taken in English, and so the sentence be translated literally. Observe the difference of meaning in the sub- PAGE junctive and the indicative, patiantur and patiuntur. 7. Utcumque animadversa aut existimata crnnt. Existimare means more than animadvertere: the latter, formed from animum and advertere, means to turn the mind, to consider; the former, to put an estimate upon, to decide. 9. Mihi; the ethical dative; H. 389. Ad illa is used with emphasis, as shown alike by the pronoun itself, and by its place at the beginning of the sentence. 12. Velut desidentes. The historian compares the decline of the national character with the unsettling and fall of a building. Observe how the figure is carried out in desidentes, lapsi sint, ire præcipites. 15. Nec...nec...possumus. The inability is a moral one; the people feel the galling burden of their vices, but lack the resolute will to throw it off. Thus the vices and the requisite remedies for them are alike intolerable. sons. 16. Illud is predicate, and used with emphasis. 17. Documenta as a derivative of docere quæ docent, instructive les 22. Civitatem. The change is made from respublica to civitas, because the writer is thinking now of the citizens (cives), and of their opinions and character. The subjunctive in immigraverint and fuerit is explained in H. 501, I. 1. 27. Laxam. Luxus differs from luxuria, inasmuch as the latter denotes the disposition of the mind, luxus the outward manifestations of the disposition.-Pereundi perdendique omnia. Pereundi with reference to the persons themselves; of going to ruin, and of ruining all things. The gerunds both limit desiderium. 2 I. The arrival of Antenor and Eneas in Italy. 2. Duobus...jus abstinuisse. The abl. with ab generally occurs with 3 abstinere as an intransitive verb. Here abstinere is used transitively, and the dative, as a dat. of advantage, seems to be used after the analogy of the construction in H. 385, 4. Translate: that toward two-the Greeks refrained from exercising every right of war. 3. Et...auctores fuerunt. Homer relates this only of Antenor in Iliad, 3, 205; 7, 345. The indicative is used in fuerunt, although the clause is in oratio obliqua, because it is the writer's opinion; and the perfect rather |