with but little resistance. General Lawton's division pushed forward to Siboney, followed by Kent's division, the Cubans, in uncertain numbers under Garcia, assisting.

It had been intended that Lawton's division should occupy a strong defensive position on the road from Siboney to Santiago, supported by Bates's brigade, with Wheeler's Cavalry in the rear, on the road between Daquiri and Siboney. On the night of June 23, however, General Young's brigade of Wheeler's division passed Lawton, and was therefore in advance of Lawton on June 24. This brigade consisted of a part of the Tenth United States Cavalry and two battalions of the First Volunteer Cavalry, better known as the Rough Riders. Three miles from Siboney, on the road to Santiago, in a strong, natural position called Las Guasimas, General Young found the Spaniards posted in considerable numbers, and the American brigade, numbering 964 men, was taken by surprise. A battle ensued, and the enemy driven from position, after obstinate resistance, with a reported loss of nine killed and twenty-seven wounded. The American loss was one officer and fifteen men killed and six officers and forty-six men wounded. From this time until June 30 the American troops were concentrated, and preparations were made for further advance. It was then decided to attack and carry the San Juan hills and block-houses and the village of El Caney, northeast of and three miles from Santiago, the positions named being strongly defended outposts of the city. The Americans had but four light batteries, of four guns each. Lawton's division, assisted by Capron's battery, was ordered to move out June 30, make an attack along the road to El Caney early on the morning of July 1, carry El Caney, continue to move along El Caney road and take a position near Santiago at the extreme right of the line. Grimes's battery, of the Second, attached to Kent's division, was ordered on June 30 to prepare the way next morning for the attacks by Kent's and Wheeler's divisions on the San Juan hills, the attack of which was to be delayed by the infantry until Lawton's guns were heard at El Caney.

Information that the Spanish General, Pando, with 8,000 men, was rapidly approaching to reinforce Santiago's defenders, made quick action imperative. At 6 o'clock A. M., on July 1, Lawton was in position, with Chaffee on the right, Ludlow on the left, and Miles in the centre. Stone block-houses and forts made doubly strong the position of the enemy, a well-chosen, natural vantage ground. A general engagement soon followed the opening guns at 6 o'clock. For two hours Lawton's command fought unaided, and then Bates's brigade was ordered from the rear to support them. This brought the Seventy-first New York Volunteers into the action. Slowly, but surely, the Spaniards, driven from their intrenchments, fighting stubbornly, were forced to retire. Grimes's battery, after Lawton had become well engaged, fired very effectively on the San Juan block-houses from the heights of El Pozo. The Americans, however, were at a disadvantage, not using smokeless powder, as did the enemy, with the result that it was difficult to locate the Spaniards, who soon had the American range. The Spaniards also had the advantage of using field pieces.

When Lawton had become well engaged, the divisions of Wheeler and Kent, which had been partially concealed, were ordered to deploy, to the right and left, respectively. The terse report of General Shafter thus officially tells the result:

"In the meantime Kent's division, with the exception of two egiments of Hawkins's brigade, being thus uncovered, moved rapidly to the front from the forks previously mentioned in the road, utilizing both trails, but more especially the one to the left, and crossing the creek, formed for attack in the front of San Juan Hill. During this formation the Second Brigade suffered severely. While personally superintending this movement, its gallant commander, Colonel Wikoff, was killed. The command of the brigade then devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Worth, Thirteenth Infantry, who was soon severely wounded, and next upon Lieutenant-Colonel Liscum, Twenty-fourth Infantry, who, five minutes later. also fell under the terrible fire of the enemy, and the command of the brigade then devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ewers, Ninth Infantry.

"While the formation just described was taking place, General Kent took measures to hurry forward his rear brigade. The Tenth and Second Infantry were ordered to follow Wikoff's brigade, while the Twenty-first was sent out to the right-hand road to support the First Brigade, under General Hawkins, who had crossed the stream and formed on the right of the division. The Second and Tenth Infantry, Col. E. P. Pearson, commanding, moved forward in good order on the left of the division, passed over a green knoll, and drove the enemy back toward his trenches.

"After completing their formation under a destructive fire, and advancing a short dis

tance, both divisions found in their front a wide bottom, in which had been placed a barbed-wire entanglement, and beyond which there was a high hill, along the crest of which the enemy was strongly posted. Nothing daunted, these gallant men pushed on to drive the enemy from his chosen position, both divisions losing heavily. In this assault Colonel Hamilton, Lieutenants Smith and Shipp were killed, and Colonel Carroll, Lieutenants Thayer and Myer, all in the cavalry, were wounded."

Thus, on the night of July 1, the battle of El Caney was over, with the Americans strongly holding all they had gained during the day, but with heavy losses, while the reputed approach of General Pando made necessary a decisive victory before the enemy could be reinforced. The Spaniards still held strong positions and must be driven out. While the American lines were being rearranged and strengthened during the afternoon and night of July 1, the two remaining batteries took positions near Grimes's and played on the Spanish trenches. General Duffield's brigade, composed of the Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Michigan, with a Massachusetts regiment, 'assaulted the small outposts of Aquadores. On the morning of July 2 the Spaniards opened battle with a fierce assault, repelled, as were subsequent ones, by Kent and Wheeler, who remained behind their works. On the right, meanwhile, Lawton advanced his lines and gained strong and commanding positions. Fighting was renewed on the morning of July 3, but firing soon ceased, as the enemy's lines gave way. At 8.30 o'clock A. M. General Shafter sent, under a flag of truce to the Spanish commander, a demand for the surrender of the army and of the city of Santiago. The reply, while not acquiescent, impelled General Shafter to wait. The Spaniards were disheartened by the destruction of Cervera's fleet and by the knowledge that reinforcements for the Americans were on their way. After numerous parleys, the Spaniards surrendered the city and province of Santiago de Cuba on July 17, with more than 22,000 troops, thus ending the campaign. The Spanish loss during the first three days of July, while not accurately known, was about 1,500 officers and men, killed and wounded. The American losses were 22 officers and 208. men killed, 81 officers and 1,203 men wounded and 79 men missing.

THE PORTO RICO CAMPAIGN.

Porto Rico was won by military strategy rather than by fighting. The credit for this belongs to General Miles and his officers, while in the Santiago campaign the courage and discipline of the soldiers contributed largely to the splendid results. The Spaniards held strong, natural positions throughout Porto Rico, with a garrison of 8,233 regulars and 9,107 volunteers. The force landed by Miles was but one-fifth of this number, 3,514 officers and men. After Santiago had surrendered General Miles promptly organized his Porto Rico expedition, sailing from Guantanamo, Cuba, on July 21. The Spaniards had assumed he would land near San Juan, the capital, on the north side of the island, but while he held the enemy's attention by naval demonstrations off San Juan, and by the shelling of Ponce, on the south side of Porto Rico, he quietly and quickly dis barked his forces at Guanica, a short distance west of Ponce, drove back the Spanish troops in a short but spirited engagement, and proceeded to occupy Guanica and Ponce. The brigade of Generals Henry, Ernest and Schwan pushed along the island roads to the interior, sending the heaviest forces along the noted military road connecting Ponce and San Juan. On this road, on August 10, an engagement resulted in a loss of one American killed and 16 wounded. At Coamo, on August 9, General Ernest's troops captured 167 Spanish soldiers, and a little later the Spaniards were shelled from an apparently impregnable position at Aibonito Pass, There were but nineteen days of active campaigning in Porto Rico, during which time much of the island was captured by United States troops, with a total loss of only three killed and forty wounded. There were six engagements, in all of which the Spanish were defeated, and all their positions, except that of San Juan, were made untenable. On August 12 news of the suspension of hostilities ended the campaign, by which Porto Rico became a part of the United States.

THE FALL OF MANILA.

Although Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila, and might have captured the city by bombardment, the holding of such captured territory and the adjacent country without a land force was obviously impossible. The Philippine campaign was therefore actively begun immediately after the battle of Manila Bay. Gen. Wesley Merritt was

appointed Military Governor of the Philippine Islands, was assigned to the command of the Eighth Corps, with headquarters in San Francisco, and was ordered to send troops as rapidly as possible to the investment of Manila. The first expedition sailed on transports from San Francisco on May 25 and consisted of 158 officers and 3,428 men. Between then and October other expeditions rapidly followed, General Merritt himself arriving in the Philippines late in July. By that time the Spanish lines were fairly well surrounded, the outer lines of Manila having been invested by the preceding expeditions, under Generals Anderson and Greene, and by the insurgents, under Aguinaldo. The Spanish centre was at Malate, a suburb of Manila. The American forces, reinforced by a division under General MacArthur, numbered more than 11,000 men on July 31. On that day the Tenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry and part of the Utah Volunteer Artillery were posted behind breastworks about 750 yards in front of Malate. Taking advantage of the fact that the insurgents had withdrawn to celebrate a feast day, the Spaniards, 3,000 strong, attacked the American position on both flanks and front. The small American force was becoming demoralized, when Battery K, Third United States Artillery, opportunely arrived and restored confidence. Captain O'Hara, of the Third Artillery, intercepted a courier going to General Greene for reinforcements and ammunition, and, without awaiting orders, sent out the remaining battery H, of the Third, and hurried to assist Lieutenants Krayenbuhl and Kessler, who, with Battery K. had halted the Spaniards. The regular battalion, with Battery H, now numbered 125 men, who, with a cheer and with rapid and effective fire, charged the Spaniards and put them to rout. The early arrival of reinforcements under General Greene resulted in driving the enemy from the field. The honors of the day thus rested largely with the small, regular battalion. The next night there was more fighting, with slight American and heavy Spanish losses. When General Merritt arrived it was decided to force the situation, and he demanded the surrender of Manila. The Spanish commander asked for a truce until August 13 to enable him to consult with his Government. As he did not reply by the date last named, the American commanders ended the suspense by a land and sea attack. The bombardment by the fleet opened in the morning, and General Greene assaulted the city defences, losing eight killed and forty wounded. Shortly after noon Manila capitulated. Further reinforcements arriving, the Americans became masters of Luzon, with 18,000 men encamped on the former Spanish territory.

The Spanish Government, through French Ambassador Cambon, asked for terms of peace on July 26, 1898. President McKinley, through the French Ambassador, stated the American terms on July 30. These terms were, on August 9, formally accepted by Spain, and the French Ambassador was officially clothed by Spain with power to sign a protocol.. Spain agreed: To relinquish all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba; to cede to the United States the island of Porto Rico and other Islands then under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and also an island in the Ladrones, to be selected by the United States; that the United States should hold and occupy the city, bay and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of the treaty of peace, which treaty should determine the control, disposition and government of the Philippines; to immediately evacuate Cuba, Porto Rico and other islands under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies. The protocol also provided for the appointment of Spanish and American Evacuation Commissioners, to meet at Havana, Cuba, and San Juan, Porto Rico, to arrange for the evacuation of the two islands named by Spanish troops; also, for the appointment of five Spanish and five American Commissioners to treat of peace, at Paris, not later than October 1, 189S. Secretary of State William R. Day, for the United States, and French Ambassador Jules Cambon, for Spain, signed this protocol at 4.23 o'clock P. M. on August 12, 1898.

Upon receipt of the news of the signing of the protocol hostilities ceased, the blockade of the Cuban coast was at once raised, and the battleships and cruisers returned to the United States for needed repairs. On September 9 the United States named its Peace Commissioners to meet at Paris, and on September 18 the Spanish Government did the same. The American Commission was composed of William R. Day, of Ohio; Cushman K. Davis, of Minnesota; William P. Frye, of Maine; George Gray, of Delaware; Whitelaw Reid, of New York. The Spanish Commission consisted of Eugene Montero Rios. Buenaventura Abarzuza, M. W. Z. de Villaurrutia, Gen. R. Cerero, M. J. de Garnica. The Evacuation Commissions appointed to superintend the evacuations of Cuba and Porto Rico were: For Cuba, Americans: Maj. Gen. James F. Wade, Admiral W. T. Sampson, Brig.-Gen. John C. Bates. Spaniards: Admiral Manterola. General Parrado, the Marquis of Montoro, For

Porto Rico, Americans: Admiral W. T. Schley, Maj.-Gen. John R. Brooke, Maj.-Gen. W. W. Gordon. Spaniards: Admiral Vallarino, General Ostega, Senor Delalginia.

On September 17 the United States Peace Commission sailed from New York for Paris, where they were received by the French Foreign Office, presented to the representatives of Spain, and shown a series of graceful attentions. The two bodies sat from October 1 to December 10, when the Treaty of Peace was signed. This treaty, in seventeen articles, provided: For the relinquishment of Cuba; the cession of Porto Rico; the cession of the Philippines for $20,000,000 as compensation; for the return of Spanish prisoners in the hands of the Tagalogs; the cession of barracks, war materials, arms, stores, buildings and all property appertaining to the Spanish administration in the Philippines; for the renunciation by both nations of their respective claims against each other and the citizens of each other; for the granting to Spanish trade and shipping in the Philippines the same treatment as American trade and shipping for ten years; for the release of all prisoners of war held by Spain, and of all prisoners held by her for offences committed in the colonies acquired by the United States; for the guaranteeing of legal rights of Spaniards remaining in Cuba; for the establishing of religious freedom in the Philippines and guarantees of equal rights to all churches; for the composition of courts and other tribunals, and for the administration of justice in Cuba and Porto Rico; for the continuance for five years of Sparfish copyrights in the ceded territories, giving Spanish books admittance free of duty; for the establishment of consulates by Spain in the ceded territories; for the granting to Spanish commerce in Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines the same treatment as to American for ten years, Spanish shipping to be treated as coasting vessels; for the termination of the obligations of the United States to Spanish citizens and property in Cuba with the withdrawal of the United States authorities from the island; and, finally, for the ratification of the treaty within six months of the date of the signing by the respective governments. The treaty was transmitted to the United States Senate by the President January 14, 1899, was ratified by the Senate February 6; signed by the President February 10; signed by the Queen Regent March 17, and ratifications were exchanged April 11. The evacuation of Cuba by Spanish troops was completed on January, 1899. In Porto Rico the evacuation was completed on October 17, 1898, and on the following day the United States flag was hoisted at San Juan, formal possession thus being assumed, with Gen. John R. Brooke as first Governor.

1899

The calm of peace settled upon the United States, except in the Philippines, in 1899, both governmental and popular interest centring largely in the new insular possessions. The American flag was raised at Guam February 1, and Commander Taussig, of the Bennington, was made first Governor. While en route to Guam, Commander Taussig raised the United States flag over Wake Island. The President signed the peace treaty with Spain February 10, and on June 16 United States Minister Bellamy Storer was received in formal audience by the Spanish Queen Regent. On January 12 Commissary-General Eagan aspersed the veracity of General Miles before the War Investigating Committee at Washington; a court-martial recommended Eagan's dismissal from the army, but ne was suspended for six years instead. Fire in the Brooklyn Navy Yard destroyed $1,000,000 worth of property February 15. The Windsor Hotel, New York City, was burned with great loss of life March 17. Resolutions were introduced in the Massachusetts Legislature April 18 revoking the order banishing Roger Williams in 1635. Ex-Senator Quay, of Pennsylvania, was acquitted of a charge of conspiracy to use State funds for private gain April 21. A reciprocity treaty with France was signed July 24. The National Export Exposition opened

at Philadelphia September 14. An Anti-Trust Conference at Chicago ended September 21. Admiral Dewey arrived in New York harbor September 26 from Manila; a great naval parade in his honor was held in the harbor and North River September 29, and a huge land parade in the city September 30. England and the United States agreed on a temporary arrangement of the Alaska boundary dispute October 12. The Dismal Swamp Canal, the original survey of which was made by George Washington, was opened October 14. The cruiser Charleston was wrecked on a reef on the northwest coast of Luzon, Philippines, November 7. The Samoan partition treaty was signed at Washington December 2, England having relinquished its territorial rights November 8, and hostilities between naval claim

ants for the throne having been pending since January 1. American and British naval forces were attacked at Apia, Samoa, by Mataafa's followers April 1, and one British and two American officers were killed. The Philippine war of 1899 begun on February 4, when the Filipinos, under Aguinaldo, attacked the American defences at Manila; the next day the Americans assumed the offensive, and in the several days' fighting which ensued lost 57 killed and 215 wounded, the Filipinos losing 500 killed, 1,000 wounded and 500 captured. The battle of Caloocan was fought February 10. In all the engagements, which followed to the end of the year in a warfare largely desultory, the Americans were almost uniformly successful, the enemy retreating after making a more or less determined stand. General Wheaton attacked and occupied Pasig March 13-19. General MacArthur advanced toward and captured Malolos March 21-30, and on April 25-May 5 he captured Calumpit and San Fernando. General Lawton led an expedition to San Isidro April 22-May 17, and, with General Wheaton, he advanced south to Imus June 10-19. General Hall took Colamba June 26. Military operations were partially suspended during the rainy season, but General MacArthur captured Angeles August 16. Meanwhile the southern islands were occupied by American forces; Iloilo, by General Miller February 11; Cebu, by the Navy March 27, and Mindanao, Negros and the smaller islands subsequently. A treaty was concluded with the Sultan of Sulu, in which his rights were guaranteed, and he acknowledged the supremacy of the United States. The Philippine Commission, appointed by the President, and composed of President Schurman, of Cornell University; Prof. Dean Worcester, Charles Denby, late Minister to China; Admiral Dewey and General Otis sat in Manila from March 20 until September. On April 4 the Commission issued a proclamation to the people of the Philippines announcing a broad but firm American policy in the islands. On November 2 the Commission submitted its preliminary report to the President at Washington. The army of occupation having been reinforced by 30,000 men, military operations on a much larger scale than before were begun with the advance of the dry season. General MacArthur, after several days' fighting, occupied Porac September 28. General Schwan's column operated in the south part of Luzon, and captured Rosario and Malabon October 1-10. A military expedition on board transports, under General Wheaton, captured Dagupan November 7. Major Bell entered Tarlac November 14; on the same day Maj. John A. Logan was killed during brisk fighting near San Jacinto. On November 24 General Otis announced to the War Department that the whole of Central Luzon was in the hands of the United States authorities; that the President of the Filipino Congress, the Filipino Secretary of State and Treasurer were captured, and that only small bands of the enemy were in arms, retreating in different directions, while Aguinaldo, a fugitive with a small escort, was being pursued toward the mountains. The navy captured Vigan, on the coast, November 26. The President directed General Otis to open the ports of the Philippines to commerce December 11. General Lawton was killed in attacking San Mateo December 19.

Abroad, the event of worldwide interest in 1899 was the beginning of the South African war between the Transvaal Republic and Great Britain, the story of which appears on following pages of this quarter-century record of events. The war opened October 10, when the Boers sent an ultimatum to Great Britain and invaded Natal, October 12. Other important foreign events were: Lord Curzon, of Kedleston, assumed the Vice-Royalty of India January 6; President Faure, of France, died suddenly February 16, and M. Emile Loubet was elected President to succeed him February 18. Russia deprived Finland of certain liberties in home government February 20; the Sagasta ministry resigned in Spain March 1; China refused Italy's demand for a lease of San Mun Bay as a naval base March 5; the naval powder magazine at Toulon, France, was blown up, killing 60 and wounding 100, March 5; the Anglo-French treaty, agreeing on the Nile boundary, was signed March 21; the English excursion steamer Stella was lost on Casquet Rocks, near Alderney Island, and seventythree were drowned March 30; the Cuban Military Assembly voted to disband the army and to dissolve April 4; the three hundredth anniversary of Cromwell's birth was celebrated in England April 25; the Italian Cabinet resigned May 2; the Tuberculosis Congress at Berlin convened May 15; President Kruger, of the Transvaal, and Sir Alfred Milner conferred at Bloemfontein regarding the grievances of the Outlanders May 30; Major Marchand was received with enthusiasm in France June 1; the French Court of Cassation decided in favor of a revision of the Dreyfus verdict June 2; Esterhazy admitted that he wrote the bor dereau in the Dreyfus case June 3; President Loubet, of France, was attacked by a mob at the races June 4; the Depuy ministry in France was defeated by a vote of 321 to 173