bull of Paul III. 27th September, 1540.

Teneantur-non

communiter, ad dicendum officium.'

In one word, in the privileges which the Jesuits have obtained, a plan is perceivable, formed with address, dictated by unbounded ambition, not only to establish in the society an absolute monarchy, but to elevate the society to the monarchy of the whole universe, by enslaving all other authority to itself.

Nevertheless, if we believe the Jesuits in their imago primi seculi,' their spiritual exercises and their constitutions were dictated by the holy Virgin. Scripsit ille quidem Ignatius, sed dictante Maria.' Nay, Ignatius was still bolder, and affirmed that his laws and constitutions were not his own compositions, but were dictated to him by Jesus Christ and his mother Mary in persons. The society were therefore to obey, legibus ab Jesu et Maria, magis quam ab Ignatio, latis.'

Other extravagances are recorded of them by high authorities, among which one is, that Jesus Christ comes down to meet every Jesuit who dies, to conduct him to paradise; and that none of the society who die will be damned.

Is it astonishing that providence, to humble these proud spirits, permitted them to march in their own perverse ways, to fall into all sorts of disorders, abandoned them to that thick darkness, which they endeavoured to spread over the whole earth, delivered them up to those gross errours with which they nourished themselves and infested all Christendom? It is surprizing that they could not foresee that by attempting this universal subversion of all things they would excite the world against them; or that having foreseen the universal detestation into which they fell, they should have flattered themselves with hopes of overcoming it.

Ignatius, as soon as he had obtained from the pope Paul III. the approbation of his institution, sent his companions into all the countries of the world. Lainez had already penetrated to the court of Charles V. He had even obtained the office of negotiating the marriage of the daughter of the king of Portugal with Philip II. the son of that emperour, and accompanied the new queen into Spain. By these means he opened a way to his society into that kingdom, and it is well known that the Jesuits, having attached themselves to Philip II. found means to deliver to him the crown of Portugal, where they had been so favourably received, even before the approbation of their institution.

Ignatius and his companions, in their supplications of 1540 and 1543, had promised the pope to combat under his standard; to be his soldiers as they were the soldiers of God, and to obey him in all things. In consequence, Paul III, loaded them with his favours. He sent Lainez and Salmeron to the counsel of Trent, and Le Jay went to it in quality of theologian of the bishop of Augsburg.

The singular protection which the pope afforded them, and the zeal they displayed against the protestants, prevailed upon several princes, who entered at that time into the war of religion to admit them into their states and to give them establishments.

We will quote, from the writings of the Jesuits themselves, their ostentatious displays of these different establishments formed in so short a time in various countries; remarking, however, the artifices of surprise, deception, and violence with which they attained their ends.

In 1540, when they presented their supplication to Paul III. they appeared only to the number of ten. In 1543 they were only eighty. In 1545 they had but ten houses. But in 1549 they had two provinces, one in Spain, the other in Portugal, and two and twenty houses; and at the death of Ignatius in 1556, they had twelve grand provinces. In 1608, Ribadeneira counted twenty nine provinces, two vice provinces, one and twenty houses of profession, two hundred and ninety three colleges, thirty three houses of probation, other residences to the number of ninety three, and ten thousand five hundred and eighty one Jesuits. In the catalogue printed at Rome, in 1679, we find thirty five provinces, two vice provinces, thirty three houses of profession, five hundred and seventy eight colleges, forty eight houses of probation, eighty eight seminaries, one hundred and sixty residences, one hundred and six missions, and in all seventeen thousands six hundred and fifty five Jesuits, of whom seven thousand eight hundred and seventy were priests. In fine, according to the calculation made by father Juvenas, they had in 1710, four and twenty houses of profession, fifty nine houses of probation, three hundred and forty residences, six hundred and twelve colleges, of which more than eighty

T

were in France, two hundred missions, one hundred and fifty seven seminaries and pensions, and nineteen thousand nine hundred and ninety eight Jesuits.

The Jesuitical historians report the sudden progress of the society and the multiplication of their establishments, with the more exultation, because they cannot avoid acknowledging the opposition they have experienced from all quarters since their commencement. Ignatius was very sensible of the oppositions, which his companions encountered when they attempted to establish themselves in Salamanca, in 1548. Melchior Cano, a dominican, celebrated both for his science and his piety, then filled the first chair. Amid the rapid pro gress of this infant society, he perceived melancholy presages which seemed to threaten the world with the greatest evils. This great luminary of the church of Spain, though a catholick and a dominican, when he saw this novel society appear in the kingdom, thought the end of the world was approaching, and that Antichrist would soon appear, because his precursors and emissaries already appeared. He proclaimed every where, not only in his conversation and private conferences, but in his sermons and publick, lectures, that he saw in them the marks which the apostle had declared should distinguish the disciples of Antichrist. And when Turrian, one his friends, who had made himself a Jesuit, entreated him to desist from persecuting his new order and alleged the approbation of the holy see, he could obtain no other answer from Cano, than that he believed himself bound in conscience to advertise and warn the people as he did, lest they should suffer themselves to be seduced.

The authority of Cano made a great impression on the inhabitants of Salamanca. The Jesuits were marked and avoided. They could neither be entrusted with the education of youth, nor the instruction of the faithful. In one word, the magistrates in concert with the university deliberated to drive them out of the city as a corrupted crew.

Ignatius employed many contrivances to calm this dangerous storm, but in vain. The brief which he obtained of the pope for the bishop of Salamanca, a protector of his order, made no change in the dispositions of the city, and the Jesuits never could establish themselves there while Melchior Cano lived.

It was at their solicitation, and to remove from Salamanca this learned theologian, that the pope sent him to the counsel at Trent, and that he afterwards made him bishop of the Canary islands. But Melchior Cano, though become a bishop, persevered in the judgment he had first formed of the society of Jesu. In fact this prelate, who, as the king of Portugal, in his manifest of January, 1759, says, shone with great splendour by his science and virtues, expressed himself in a letter to Regla, the confessor to the emperour Charles V. in these terms, God grant it may not be my fortune, as the fable says it was of Cassandra, to whose predictions they gave no credit, till after the capture and conflagration of Troy. If the members of the society of Jesuits, continue as they have begun, God grant that a time may not come, when monarchs will be compelled to resist them without having the power to control them. The society was then but in its infancy.

There arose also a violent tempest against them at Alcala. While Ortiz, who had declared himself their protector, lived, they had been able to maintain themselves there; but after the death of that powerful friend, the people, who hated and despised them, declared publicly that they would drive them from the city and abolish their order. These menaces appeared the more dangerous, as Siliceo, archbishop of Toledo, was greatly dissatisfied with these fathers. They had been impudent enough to preach and to confess without his approbation in the city of Alcala, which was in his diocess. Siliceo was a zealous defender of the rights of Episcopacy, and having made some remonstrances upon this subject to the Jesuits, to which they showed no regard, having continued their functions as before, this prelate was obliged to interdict them, and to pronounce a sentence of excommunication against all those who should confess to them, forbidding all curates and religious persons of the city of Alcala in his diocess, to allow any Jesuit to say mass at their houses. In such an extremity these fathers thought it their duty to consult Ignatius what to do. The patriarch answered, Spare neither solicitations, nor prayers, nor submissions, to satisfy the archbishop, without submitting, however, to any diminution of the privileges granted to the society by the holy see.' But he accompanied this answer with a new bull, which he obtained in 1549, by which Paul III. exempted the society,

all its members, their persons, their property of all kinds, from all superiority, jurisdiction and correction of all ordinary authorities. This bull prohibited, moreover, all archbishops and bishops, &c. and all other powers, both ecclesiastical and secular, to hinder, to trouble or molest, the companions of Ignatius, their houses, their churches or colleges, when they shall think fit to form an establishment.

With such arms they might conquer every thing in countries where the people made profession of a blind submission to all the decrees of the popes. Nevertheless, Villeneuve, who was then rector at Alcala, with this bull received orders from his general not to make use of it but with prudence. The rector employed all sorts of means to soften the archbishop, who would listen to nothing but submission of the Jesuits, like all others, to his orders, which they obstinately refused. They were also in troubles at Saragossa, where an insurrection of the people compelled them to fly; but they soon found means to return. From their beginning they possessed, in a supreme degree, that profound and refined policy, which they have always employed to overcome all obstacles. INQUISITOR.

INTELLIGENCE AND REMARKS.

The Western Gazetteer. A book has been lately published at Auburn, N. Y. entitled, The Western Gazetteer, or Emigrant's Directory; containing a geographical description of the western states and territories, namely, the states of Kentucky, Indiana, Louisiana, Ohio, Tennessee, and Mississippi; and the territories of Illinois, Missouri, Alabama, Michigan, and North Western, with an appendix, by Samuel R. Brown.' We have looked over this book with a good deal of interest. The work embraces an immense extent of territory, which, although much of it is imperfectly known, has already assumed a commanding importance in relation to our national interests, and exhibits an increase of population hitherto unexampled probably at any period of the world. No country seems to promise so much from its great variety of soil and climate, its local advantages and internal resources. It comprises a tract, as the author says, of almost