XI. Mínákshi Ammál, the Queen-Dowager, 1734–1741.— The widow of the last Naik now became queen-dowager. She wore the golden diadem on her head, and held the golden sceptre in her hand. Attempts were made to dethrone her, and there were many intrigues set on foot as regards the posts of minister and commander-in-chief. At last the Nawab of Arcot interfered. In the end Chunda Sahib took possession of the kingdom of Trichinopoly, and Mínákshi Ammál killed herself with her own hands. From that time Trichinopoly was incorporated with the dominions of the Nawab of Arcot.
Abdulla Khan, the Sayyid, 397, 400, 403, 404; defeated and slain, 405. Abors, the, 46, note.
Abul Faiz, the Súfi poet, 155; his religion, 164.
Abul Fazl, Akber's minister, 155;
character, 156; bamboozles and dis-
comfits the Ulamá, 158; extinguishes
it, 160; declares Akber the twelfth
Imám, 161; said to have advised Akber
to adopt Christianity, 163, note; his
creed, 164; impressed with Chris-
tianity, 165, note; in the Dekhan,
185; takes Ahmandagar, 186; murder,
187.
Adham Khan appropriates the plunder
of Malwa, and is slain, 139, 140.
Administration, revenue, under Akber,
179; army, 146, note, 180; Moghul,
234, 235, 264; Bernier's account of,
316-320; Hindu financial, 514.
Afghans, Jewish origin, 15, 16, note;
come to the front, 40; spread of, 128;
staunch Sunnís, 129; their revenge,
129, note; refractory, 362; their
strategy, ib.; surround the Moghuls
at Khaibar Pass, ib. ; revolt among,
367; betrayed, 368; massacre at Pes-
hawar, ib.; paralysed, 369.
Aghoresvara, worship of, 451-453.
Agra, description of, 270; palace at, ib.;
sack of, 430.
Ahmadnagar, anarchy in, 181, 182; a
bone of contention, 204.
Ahmad Shah, the butcher, 101, 102;
defeats the Malwa Sultan, 102; makes
Bídur capital, ib.; alliances and death,
103; opposed to the Moghuls, 128,
129.
Ajmir sacked by Mahmúd, 36.
Akat Khan, his plot and fate, 58, 59. Akbar, son of Aurangzeb, plots against his father, 378, 379; feigned letter, ib.; his flight, ib.; entrapped, but not taken, 380; gets off by craft and finds refuge among the Mahrattas, ib.; firm friendship with Sambhaji, 384; outwits his father, ib.; escapes to Persia, 387.
Akber, son of Humáyan, accession, 135;
importance of his reign, ib.; resembles
Asoka, 136; war against Hemu, 137;
contrasted with his general, Bairam
Khan, ib.; gets Bairam Khan removed,
138; troubles and disaffection, ib. ;
conquest of Malwa and results, 139;
doings in Bihar and Oude, 140; want
of education, 141; genius and sagacity,
142; seeks to amalgamate Rajputs and
Mussulmans, ib.; negotiates with the
Rajput princes, 143; his Hindu marri-
ages, 144; brings together incongruous
elements, 145-149; success of military
policy, 145; his empire in 1575, ib.;
personal qualities, 149; his religion,
150; troubles from the Ulamá, 150-
157; makes Abul Fazl his trusted
minister, 155; relations between them,
156; the Ulamá ordered to discuss
all questions in his presence, 157;
his wives, 158, note; discomfiture
of the Ulamá, 158; becomes a Shiah
and aspires to be Khalif, 159; com-
pels the Ulamá to abdicate, 160; de-
clared Lord of the period, 161; repu-
diates Islam, inclines to Christianity,
161, 162; honours Christianity but
refuses to become a Christian, 163,
note; removes from Fathpúr to La-
hore, equipage, 166; appoints Rajput
governors, ib.; founds a new religion,
167; interviewed by Europeans, 167,
note; old English accounts of, 168-
171; administration of justice, 168;
appearance in public, tastes and amuse-
ments, 168, 169; religion, works mir-
acles, 170; one God, one king, 171;
religious stages, ib.; institutes the
"Divine Faith," 172; no fanatic, ib.;
morals, 173; practicality, ib.; experi-
ment to discover the original language,
174; kept a prisoner, 174, 175; des-
potism, 175; ministers and cabinet,
176; at the Jharokha, the Durbar and
the Ghusal-khana, 177; employment
of Hindus, 178; the Khalisa and
Jaghir lands, ib.; revenue adminis-
tration, 179; army administration,
180; at Lahore, ib.; policy towards
the Dekhan, 181; portent at Lahore,
184; its effect on his mind, ib.;_ re-
turns to Agra, 185; sends Abul Fazl
to the Dekhan, ib. ; invades the Dek-
han, 186; his son Selim revolts, and
Abul Fazl murdered, 187; misfor-
tunes, ib.; death and burial, 188, 189;
ideal character, 191; his Hindu wives,
196.
Alam Chand. (See Rai Rayan.)
Alá-ud-dín, governor of Karra, 51;
plunders the temples of Bhilsa and be-
comes governor of Oude, 52; plans an
invasion of the Dekhan, ib.; mysterious
advance, 52, 53; plunders Deoghur,
53, 54; returns to Karra and murders
his uncle, 54-56, note; seizes the
throne of Delhi, 55; indifference of
the masses, ib.; conquers Guzerat,
56; marries a Rajpút queen, ib.; in-
vades Rajpootana, 57; reappearance
after reported dead, 58; revolt in Delhi
suppressed, 59; repressive measures,
59, 60; ignores the Ulamá, 60; routs
the Moghuls, 61; massacres the New
Mussulmans, ib.; ambitious aspira-
tions, 62, note; conquers Telinga, Ta-
mil, and Kanarese countries, 62;
divides Bengal, 62, note; in the Dek-
han and the Peninsula, 63; death,
64; greatness and vices, ib.; three
points in his life, 65; his Hindu
marriage, ib.; compared with Akber,
65, note; hold on revenue officials,
70.
Alexander the Great and the Hindu
Rajas, 32, 33, 62, note.
Ali Adil Shah, the Shiáh, 115, 116;
league with Ram Rai, 116.
Ali Vardi Khan, 529; becomes deputy
Nawab of Behar, 531; ambition, ib.; de-
stroys the Hindu Rajas of Behar, ib. ;
his treachery, 532, 533; plunders and
destroys Sambu, 533; has the Afghan
commandant murdered, ib. ; intrigues
at Delhi, 534; is appointed Nawab of
Behar, ib.; organises a rebellion against
Sarfaraz Khan, 537; enters Bengal
with an army, 538; in despair for
want of money, ib.; Omichund comes
to his relief, 539; sham battle, ib.;
enthroned at Murshedabad, 540; faith
in Mustafa Khan, ib. ; acquires Orissa,
541; his son-in-law as deputy Nawab
of Orissa, ib.; driven out of Orissa,
542; marches on Cuttack, ib.; settles
affairs in Orissa, 543; rouses Mustafa
Khan, ib.; at the mercy of Mahratta
invaders, 545; fruitless campaign, 546;
treacherous massacre of Mahrattas,
ib.; new Mahratta invasion threatened,
547; compromises matters with the
Mahrattas, 548; troubles with the
Afghans, ib. ; death, ib. ; his domestic
life, 548, 549.
Alptigin, rise of, 21, 22.
Amin Khan, enters Kábul and escapes
with his life, 362, 363.
Amir Jumla, rise of, 281; in Golkonda,
282; at Gandikot, ib.; administration
of justice, 283; intrigues with Aurang-
zeb, ib.; joins Aurangzeb, 285; his
camp, 293; artifice, 307; sent against
Assam out of jealousy, 335; his suc-
cesses and defeats, 350, 351; distresses
and banishment, 402.
Amirs and Mansubdars, 146, note, 147;
of Akber, 180.
Amok, 465.
Anandpal, Raja of Lahore, submits to
Mahmud but grows refractory, 32; is
defeated and sues for peace, 33, 34.
Antagonisms, religious, 412-414.
Arabs and polygamy, 9, note; conquer
Syria and Persia, 10; causes of success,
12; influence of women among, 12,
note; conquest of Central Asia, 13; in
Khorassan and Scinde, 14; conquer
Bokhara, 14, 15; and Kábul, 15; and
Scinde, 16; persecution and toleration,
16, 17; tyranny in Persia, 19.
Arakan, tragedy of Shah Shuja, 314.
Aravulli mountains, defiles of, 376;
Moghuls besiege the Rajpúts, 377.
Areb Khan, his court at Ahmadabad,
268; visit of Mandelslo, 269; his
cruelty, ib.
Aristocracy, Indian, slavish, 318.
Arithmetic, learning, 445.
Artisans, misery, 318.
Asia, Central, its four oases, 13, 30,
note.
Asoka and Akber, 136.
Astrologers in Delhi, 275, note.
Aurangzeb, character and habits, 279-
281; goes to Golkonda, 284; recalled,
ib.; and Amir Jumla, 285; ambition,
ib.; hoodwinks Murád, 288; craft with
Amir Jumla, 289; zeal for the Koran,
290; joins Murád, ib.; quiets Murád,
ib.; strategy of, 294; victory and
moderation, 297; activity, ib.; ad-
vances against Shah Jehan at Agra,
298; treachery and artifice, ib.;
.: master,
300; proclaimed Padishah, 304; pur-
sues Dara, 305; recalled to Agra, ib.;
wins over Jai Singh, 306; is joined by
Amir Jumla, ib.; advance to Kajwa,
307; wins the battle, 308; dealings
with Jaswant Singh, ib.; anxieties,
returns to Agra, 309; at Delhi, 310;
defeats and captures Dara, 311; his
accession an epoch in the history of
India, 315; terror of his father at
Agra, 321; unrecognised by the Sherif
of Mecca, 322; proclaimed Padishah,
ib.; wary policy, 323; conciliates the
Hindu Rajas, ib.; trims with the Mu-
hammadans, ib.; boasts of his absti
nence, 324; edict against long mus-
tachios, ib.; abolishes music, 325;
suppresses dancing and dancing-girls,
ib.; spite against the Santons, ib. ;
demands a miracle, 326; punishment
of Santons for disloyalty, ib.; deprives
the Persians of their lands, 327; estab-
lishes the spy system ib.; is rebuked
by Mahábat Khan, 328; cajoles his
father to give up the jewels, ib.;
withdraws the pension from his old
tutor, 329; rates his tutor on his in-
competency, ib.; dismisses him as the
most worthless of his servants, 330;
ill-treats the ambassadors from Balkh,
331; conceives the conquest of Bíjá-
pur and Golkonda, 332; alliance with
Sivaji, 334; hypocrisy, ib.; jealous of
Amir Jumla, 335; sends Shaista Khan
and Jaswant Singh to the Dekhan, ib.;
enraged at news from the Dekhan,
337; illness and rumoured death, 338;
recovery, ib.; public audience, ib.;
suspicious of his sister, 341; alarm at
her intrigues, ib.; his daughters, 342;
consents to their marriage, 343; pre-
pares to leave Delhi for Kashmir, yet
fears to go, 344, 345; in sore straits,
345; alarming news from Agra, 346;
sends a cordial to his father, ib.; sends
him a European physician expert in
poisoning, 347; is suspected of parri-
cide, ib.; feigned grief at the funeral
of his father, ib.; his dreams of con-
quest at Kashmir, 348; insulted on the
sea, 349; experiments in, 350; con-
ceives the conquest of China, but fails,
350, 351; consoled by the death of
Amir Jumla, 351; threatened by the
Shah of Persia, 352; his ambassador
insulted, ib.; cowardice, 353; saved
from the Shab, ib.; sends an army
against Sivaji and decoys him, 354;
ensnares the "mountain rat," ib.;
takes his seat on the peacock throne of
his father, 355; is charged with breach
of faith to his face, ib.; the prey
escapes, 356; disgust, 357; new wiles,
ib.; escape of Sivaji, 359; disarms
Shah Alam, 360; prohibits the writing
of the history of his reign, 361; his
reasons, ib.: displeasure at the Afghan
disaster, 363; mission from Mecca,
364; affection for his wife, Udipurí,
ib.; disaffection of the Hindus, a rising,
366; his magic, ib.; takes the field in
person, 367; perfidy, 369; ceases to
tolerate the Hindus, 372; religious
zeal, 373; orders the Jezya tax to be
revived, ib.; arrogance towards the
Rana of Udaipur, 375; stupendous
war preparations, ib.; entrapped, 377;
wastes his strength, ib.; plot against
him, 378; roused up, ib.; attempted
assassination, 379; Rana holds out,
380; magnificence of the Moghul camp
life, 382; escapes poisoning, 383; new
plots, outwitted, 384; seeks alliance
with the Portuguese, ib.; two-faced
policy, 386; sham wars, 387; intrigued
against by his sons, 388; arrests Shah
Alam, ib.; captures Golkonda by
treachery, 389; last Mahratta wars, ib.;
last years, 390; divides his empire
among his sons and dies, 390; his char-
acter and policy, 390, 391; his fleet,
500; religious bigotry, ib.; religious
persecutions under, 523.
Azam Shah, son of Aurangzeb, 338, 376;
his death, 392.
Azim, grandson of Aurangzeb, Viceroy
of Bengal, 523; plot to murder the
Dewan, Mir Jafir, 525.
Azof Khan, Núr Mahal's brother, 202;
dealings with Sir Thomas Roe, 213;
and Khuzru, 219, 220; befriends the
English, 234; his plot and its failure,
240, 241, note.
Báber, character and early career, 127,
128; invades the Punjab, 129; victory,
130; advance to Agra, meets and de-
feats the Rajputs, 130, 131; policy and
death, 131.
Bagdad, court of, 19, note.
Bahadur Shah, proclaimed emperor, 392;
would fain retire, but his sons would
not let him, ib. ; hurries to Lahore,
393; his religious zeal and death, 394.
Bairam Khan, regent and minister of
Akber, 135; beheads Hemu, 137; a
contrast, ib.; founds the Moghul em-
pire, ib.; removal and death, 138.
Bala Deva Rai, 562; conversion, ib.
Balkh, ancient Bactria, 14, note; em-
bassy from, 331; its position, ib.
Bandu Guru, his atrocities and fate, 402.
Banians in Surat, 497.
Basava Iswara, 558, 559; his sister, 559,
note.
Baz Bahadur, a typical prince, 139.
Begum Sahib and Shah Jehan, 264,
note, 266; intrigues for Dara, 280.
Belál empire of Karnata, origin, 561;
Mussulman conquest, 562.
Belál Rai, Raja of Karnata, reign of,
564.
Bells, of justice, 272; in worship, 427.
Bengal, fertility and cheapness, 515; best
known of all the provinces, 522; its
history, authorities, ib., note; becomes
settled under the Moghuls, 523; early
Mussulman persecutions in, ib.; an-
tagonism between the Nawab and
Dewan, 525, note; inhabitants panic-
stricken at the Mahrattas, 546, 550.
Bernard, the French physician, 193, note.
Bernier, Francis, xii; his sagacity, 273,
274; account of Moghul administra-
tion, 316-320.
Betel tree and nut, 494.
Beyt, pirates of, 518.
Bhoja Raja, patron of letters, 559; his
death, 560.
Bídur, city in the Dekhan, its antiquity,
102, note.
|