funeral, 40; national grief at his death, ib.; his good qualities, 41; interceded for by Maximilian, ib.; his coffin at the Escurial cpened, 42; his decapitation dis- proved, ib.
Carlos (Don,' son of Philip II., 1545– 1568), pretended Madrid document narrating his execution, cxxxi. 342 note; extravagances of the story, ib. Carlovingian Romances, the, earliest national literature of France, cxv. 363; recited by minstrels, ib.; their metrical composition, 364; chronological contradictions in, 366; mythical character of Saracen chieftains, 367; represent the apotheosis of feudalism, 368; romances of the house of Lorraine, 369; absence of refinement dis- played in, 370; compared with the Homeric poems, 372; their interest chiefly in details, 373; their probable date, 374; largely derived from Teutonic and Nor- thern legends, 376; their place in mediæval literature, 377 Carlowitz, treaty of (1699), cxvi. 510; broken by the Turks, 540 Carlyle (Rev. Dr. Alexander, 1722- 1805), his Autobiography devoid of scandal, cxiii. 145; his paren- tage, 146; bursarship at Glasgow University, 150; his account of the rebels, 157; visits Leyden, 158; his arrival at London, 160; ministry at Cockburnspath, 163; sketches of Scottish celebrities, 164-173; revisits London, 173; his account of Lord Bute, 175; his personal appearance, 177; inarriage, 178; interview with Lord Mansfield on the window tax, 180 Carlyle (Thomas, b. 1795), his wrong estimate of Frederick William I., cxvi. 185
his estimate of Frederick
the Great refuted, cxxiii. 518, 519
Carlyle (Thomas, b, 1795), his de- sponding conception of human nature, cxxx. 165; cxxxix. 475 his immoral doctrine of force, applied to Ireland, cxxxvi. 125
his first arrival In London, cxxxix. 115; regarded by the Benthamites as a mystic, ib.: con- versation in John Austin's draw- ing-room, ib.
his politics denounced by Mr. Hall, cxl. 152; his services to literature and morality, 153 Carnot (Lazare Nicholas Marguerite, 1753-1828), his reorganisation of the French army, cxxvi. 274, 275; proscribed, 276
Caroline (Queen of George IV., 1708 -1821), her imprudent return to England, cxxxv. 519; rejects the King's terms, ib.; her reception in London, ib.; address of the Commons, 520; Government pro- posals refused, ib.; failure of her prosecution, ib.; Brougham's speech for the defence, 521; her questionable acquittal and death, 522; conduct of the principals condemned, 523; her levity and indiscretion, 524; evils of the prosecution, ib.; the scandal soon forgotten, 525
Carpentaria, gulf of, overland route to, cxvi. 35
proposal of penal settlement rejected, cxvii. 245 Carpenter (Dr.), his researches in
deep-sea thermometry, cxxxv. 453, 454; his doctrine of vertical circulation, 465
Carpenter (Mary), her book, 'Our
Convicts,' cxxii. 337; her object therein, ib.; on the reformatory system, 358; on the methods of individual appeal to convicts, 362; on the reformation of women
365; on the separate treatment of incorrigibles, 370, 371 Carstairs (William, 1649-1715), induces William III. to absolve the General Assembly from the oath of allegiance, cxiv. 419 Carstens (Asmus, 1754-1798), his fresco-paintings, cxxiii. 8 Carthage, historical interest of, cxiv.
66; treaties with Rome, ib. and 79; Aristotle's criticism of her constitution, 68; originally a trading settlement, 71; situation of, described by Polybius, ib. ; physical changes since his account, 72; commercial advantages of the site, 73; human sacrifices at, 77; ancient cisterns and aqueducts, 82; the triple wall of Appian, 84; excavations by M. Beulé, 85; position of the Byrsa, 86; temple of Esculapius, 90; artificial harbour, ib.; place of sepulture, 95; effects of Roman dominion, 97; dearth of Punic literature, ib.; note rectifying topographical error of reviewer, 589
first system of road-making in, cxix. 342 Carthusians, their settlement in London, cxxxi. 166; transfer of Charter House at the Dissolution, 175.
Cartwright (Dr. Edmund, 1743
1824), patent for his power-loom, cxxi. 599
Casale (Piedmont), siege of, by Spinola, exxiii. 49, 53; battle prevented by Mazarin, 54, 55 Cashmere (India), commercial relations of, with Toorkistan, cxxxix. 317, 318
Cassini (Italian astronomer), his theory of the sun's distance from the earth, cxxxviii. 145 Cassiodorus (minister of Theodoric, b. 468), his architectural improvements at Rome, cxviii. 350,
Caste, scarcely mentioned in the Vedas, cxii. 381
effects of, on military discipline in India, cxvii. 32; instance of the power of, in India, 449; the root of the Mutiny, 461
Portuguese origin of the word, cxxxvi. 471 note; ascribed by Mr. Colebrooke to the simple division of freemen and slaves, 472-475
not a Vedic institution, cxxxix. 425 Castellio (Sebastian, 1515-1573), persecution of, by Calvin, cxxxi. 149, 150
Castle (Lieut. W. M. F.), his 'Game of Naval Tactics,' cxl. 8, 24 Castlereagh (Robert Stewart, Earl of, afterwards Marquis of Londonderry, 1769-1822), his duel with Mr. Canning, exii. 54
opposite estimates of his character, cxv. 513; his hollow sympathy with the Catholic claims, 514; his chequered foreign policy, 515; circumstances of his rise, 517; his Irish services under Lord Cornwallis, 519; his incapacity for debate, 524; his personal advantages, 525; a member of Addington's government, 526; his conduct at the India board, 527; resumes office under Pitt in 1804, 528; blunders of his war administration, 529; his speech on the Walcheren expedition, 530; duel with Canning, 531; resigns office, 532; his successful diplomacy in 1813, 533; failure of his colonial policy, 534
his speech in 1819 on the Foreign Erlistment Bill, cxxxv.
Castor-oil plant, the, CXXX. 471
Catacombs at Rome, cxx. 217. See Rome
Cathedrals, Murray's handbook to,
in England and Wales, cxxxviii. 505
Cathedral chapters, proposed read- justment of their property, cxvii.
373 Catherine Howard (Queen of Henry VIII.), portrait of, ascribed to Holbein, cxxv. 436
Catherine II. (Empress of Russia, 1729-1796), anecdote of, during her tour through Southern Russia, cxix. 328
her character by M. von Sybel, cxxviii. 321
her lover, Gregory Orloff, cxxxviii. 432; her conspiracy and accession, ib. 433
Catholic Emancipation, divisions in
the Cabinet upon, cxii. 39 Catholics. See Roman Catholics Cato Uticensis (Marcus Portius,
B.C. 95-45), his character by Dr. Mommsen, cxv. 473 Catoptric system, the, cxv. 179. See Lighthouses
Cats, breeds of, cxxviii. 424 Cattle, English and French, com- pared, cxxiii. 205
domestic, primitive origin of, cxxviii. 426; the urus and short- horu, ib.; the Bos longifrons, 427, 428; the Galloway polled cattle, the Niata breed from La Plata,
429 Cattle-Plague, the (1865), tardy pre- cautions at its first appearance, cxxiii. 210; previous epidemics in England, 211; and abroad, 212; fallacies respecting, b.; neglect of prevention, 213; identical with the plague of 1744-57, ib.; four kinds of fevers, ib. ; question of its origin, 214; its outbreak in Lon- don, 215; policy of stamping out, 216; Orders of the Privy Council, ib.; report of the Royal Com- mission, ib. 217; isolation of in- fected districts, ib.; powers of local authorities, 218; efficiency
of their precautions disputed, ib.; system of cordons, 219; losses in previous murrains, ib.; its check to improved husbandry, 220; threefold aspect of, ib.; its effect on the rural system, 221; conta- gion among sheep, ib. note; loss in milk-supply, ib. 222; conditions of its recurrence, ib.; inoculation, 223; need of Parliamentary inter- ference, ib.; cattle importation and cattle-markets, 224; future action of farmers, ib.; cowhouses in towns and private slaughter- houses, 225
contagion contained in the cow's milk, cxxxvi. 235 Catullus (b. about B.C. 86), parent MS. of, cxxxvii. 74 Caucasus, fixed on by Russia as the boundary range between Europe and Asia, cxxx. 338; travels of Messrs. Freshfield, Tucker, and Moore, ib.; ascents of Ararat, 339; the mountain-range described, 341; Pass of Dariel, ib.; Mounts Elbruz and Kazbek, 342, 345; stu- pendous peak of Uschba, 347; de- fects of Russian maps, 348; beauty of the valley of the Ingur, ib.; savage character of the natives, 349; the Suanetians, 350; local guides, 351; Uruspieh, ib.; Päti- gorsk, 352; contrasted with the Alps, 353; inhabitants of, 354 Caucus-system, the, in America, cxviii. 146
Causation, Dr. Newman's doctrine of, cxxxii. 392
Causerie, the French word has no
English equivalent, cxxiv. 341; the term 'Table-talk,' applied to, ib. See Conches, M. Feuillet de 'Causeries de Lundi.' See Sainte- Beuve
Cavalry, altered use of, in modern warfare, cxxvi. 291 Care-dwellings, evidence of, regard- ing paleolithic man, cxxxii. 450;
in Périgord, 451; in Belgium and England, 454; at Aurignac, 460; use of, as burial places, 462 Cavelli (Marchesa Campana de),
her history of the Stuarts at St. Germains, cxxxvi. 47; her valu- able research, ib. ; her visit to the Château, ib. Cavour (Count, 1809-1861), his ne- gotiations with France respecting Nice and Savoy, cxi. 535
on the separation of Church and State in Italy, cxiv. 263; his death a national calamity, 269; his character, 270; his insight into English thought, 273; his sagacity during the Crimean War, ib. ; con- stitutional principles, 274; won- derful power of work, 275; uni- versal grief at his death, 276
his deep sense of responsi- bility, cxxviii. 246; his advocacy of Free Churches, 283 Cecil (Sir William). See Burleigh, Lord
Cellini (Benvenuto, 1500-1570), his works in cinque-cento, cxxi. 551; his statue of Perseus, ib.; his de- sign for bronze gates for the Duomo, ib. 552
Celsus (Epicurean philosopher), his remark on the personal appearance of Christ, cxxiv. 349 Cenis (Mont), use of, as an Alpine pass, cxxii. 123; engineering roads into Italy, 124; Mr. Fell's railway over, 125 note; idea of a tunnel objected to, 126; French prize poem thereon, 127; line chosen for the tunnel, ib., 128; ascending and descending gradient for drain- age, ib.; progress of early negotia- tions, 129; machines for rock piercing, ib.; employment of com- pressed air, 131; choice of ex- tremities, 131; the Grand Vallon, not M. Cenis, pierced by the tun- nel, ib.; terms of the Convention, 132; the route mapped out, 133;
length of the tunnel, ib.; manu- facture of compressed air, 134- 136; the conduit pipe, 137; per- forating rods, ib.; plan of opera- tions, 138-141; rate of progress, ib.; importance of the work, 142 Census, impolicy of applying it) to religious denominations, cxxxvii. 208 Centralisation; over-government on the Continent, cxv. 324; reaction- ary movement in France, 325; its relations with moral and material progress, 331; assisted by local authority, 351; jealousy in Eng- land of, 352; promotes place- hunting, 354
Cephalus and Procris, explanations of the myth, cxxxii. 343 Ceuta, Portuguese capture of, from the Moors, cxxviii, 204 Ceylon, Buddhist literature of, cxv. 386
introduction of the Chin- chona plant, cxviii. 520
Singalese temples in, cxxv. 348 note
Chaibhar (Arabia), captured by Mahomet, cxxiv. 41
Chaillot, Monastery of, cxxxvi. 54 Chaillu (Paul B. du), his 'Adven-
tures in Equatorial Africa,' cxiv. 212: his field of discovery, 213; crowned king of the Apingi tribe, 216; his truthfulness questioned, 219; his geography must be tested by internal evidence, 220; contra- diction of dates in his narrative, 222; his explanation, 223; incon- sistencies of detail, 225; his jour- nals probably mistranscribed, 229; importance of his travels, 230 Chalcedony, varieties of, cxxiv. 250; its porous nature, 253
Chaldæa, early monarchy of, cxi. 58; evidence of civilisation in Lower Chaldæa, 61
Chaldæans, Mr. Rawlinson's con- jectural history of, cxxv. 114; his
Chaldæans, date of the foundation of
the empire examined, cxxxii. 160; views of M. Lenormant, ib. Chalmers (Dr. Thomas, 1780-1847), his services to the Evangelical party in Scotland, cxiv. 423
his vague notions of Church Establishments, cxxviii. 256
his oratory described by Lord Cockburn, cxl. 272; pro- posals respecting Church patron- age, 276 Ghamberlayne (Edward, 1616- 1703), his 'Angliæ Notitia,' cxxxviii. 492; his valuable sketch of England, ib.; preservation of his writings, 493 Chamier (Daniel), Huguenot pastor, his interview with Henry IV. of France, cxxiv, 101; his Diary published, 102 note
Champ des Emigrés, the, cxxviii. 300 Champollion (Jean François le
Jeune, 1790-1832), on Egyptian hieroglyphics, cxvi. 104 Chancellors (Irish), O'Flanagan's Lives of, cxxxiv. 44; their origin and early jurisdiction, 47; position compared with English Chancel- lors, 48; their decline as the Pale increased, 49; early instances of note, ib.; limited notions of Equity, 50; changes in the fifteenth cen- tury respecting, ib.; Tudor policy, 51; the 'King's Inns,' 52; time- serving Chancellors of the Tudor
age, ib,; prelates and Chancellors under the first Stuarts, 54, 55; Commissioners under Cromwell, ib.; office renewed at the Restora- tion, ib.; Eustace and Boyle, 56; upright career of Sir C. Porter, 57; his successors, 58; Sir R. Cox, 59; 'English' Chancellors under the House of Hanover, 61; straining of the Penal Code, 62; Anglo-Irish Conservatives after 1760, viz. Lords Bowes and Lif- ford, 63; the Bar at that time, 64; squalid site of the Four Courts, ib.; Lord Clare, 65, 67; Tory Chancellors after the Union, ib.; their sectarian prejudices, b.; George Ponsonby a bright excep- tion, 68; Hart and Plunket, ib. 69 ; evils of dominant system of rule reflected in, 70
Chandragupta (d. B.c. 291), his history illustrated by Buddhist inscriptions, cxxii. 380 Chanzy (General), his Deuxième
Armée de la Loire,' cxxxv. 149; on the causes of French defeat, 165 Charcoal, its employment in iron manufactures superseded, cxvi.
Charing-Cross, etymology of, cxxxi. 178 and note
Charlemagne (742-814), his charter for the Republic of Andorre, cxiii. 351
his theory of polygamy, cxv. 206; his love of national poetry, 359; his legendary character, 362 ; his history distorted in romance, 365; the type of feudal royalty, 368
-his treaty with King Achains, cxviii. 238
'Histoire poétique de,' by Gaston Paris, cxxv. 229
-wrong notions of his system in modern school-histories, cxl. 203
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