Bessel (M.), his observations on Donati's comet, cxl. 407 Bessemer (Mr. Henry), his process of making steel partially anticipated, cxxi. 588, 589

his economy in steel manufacture, cxxix. 373; annual produce of Bessemer steel, 374 Bethlehem, Church of, architecture of, cxii. 441; character and date of the mosaics, 443 Beugnot (Count, 1761-1833), memories of, by Albert Beugnot, cxxv. 303; historical interest of his associations, ib.; his acquaintance with Madame de La Motte, 305; on the affair of the diamond necklace, 310; on French society before the Revolution, 311; his imprisonment, 312; sketches of his fellow-prisoners, ib. 316; gap in his memoirs, ib.; serves under the First Consul, ib.; his instructions from Cambacérès, ib.; at Dusseldorf, 317; interview with Buonaparte, 318; reports on Marshal Macdonald's troops, 321; his abortive mission to Lisle, ib. 322; Minister of the Interior under Louis XVIII., 323; his article in the Moniteur,' 324; anecdote of the Abbé de Pradt, 325; interview with Louis XVIII., 327; retirement, ib.; made Director-General

of the Police, ib.; prepares the Charter of 1814, 328; adventures during the Hundred Days, ib.; his high estimate of Charles X., ib.; abrupt end of his Memoirs, 331 Beulé (M.), his excavations ancient Carthage, cxiv. 84

at

his 'Auguste, sa Famille, et ses Amis,' cxxix. 70 Bhootan (India), treaty extorted from the British envoy, cxxv. 4; war declared against, ib.; surprise and recapture of Dewangiri, 5; treaty of peace in 1865, ib.; expedition against the Tongso Penlo,

ib.; the treaty criticised as too lenient, 6; annexation of the Dooars, ib.

Bible, the, various theories of inspiration, cxiii. 483; human agencies in its composition, 484; principles of interpretation, 485

"Various readings' in, cxvii. 505; instances of verbal contradictions, 506; literary character of, 508; its inspiring influence, 509; is the basis of Monotheism, ib.; best described as sacred and canonical, 511; regenerating spirit of, 515; its relation to the Church, 516. See Inspiration

revived study of, in recent times, cxxi. 42; Dictionaries of, by Smith and Kitto, ib.; definition of the word, 43, 44; its proper harmony misunderstood, 44; mischievous system of theological quotation from, ib.; limits of philological criticism, 45; strong distinction between the Old and New Testaments, ib.; analytical criticism, 46, 47; inferiority of foreign Dictionaries of, 48; influence of German criticism, 49; superiority of Dr. Smith's Dictionary of, 50, 51; the Book of Judges (see Testament, Old); dangers of undiscriminating reverence for, 59; the Jewish Canon, ib.; illustrated by Egyptian monuments, 65; relative value of profane testimony, C6; longevity recorded in, 68, 69; critical tests of inspiration, 68, 70. See Smith, Dr. William

English translation of, exxii. 103; mistakes in the Authorised Version, 104; finality of revision considered, 105; need of some revision, ib.; qualifications of modern scholars, 106-108; recent editions of MSS., ib. (see Testament, New); points for settlement by revisers, 112; change of obso

lete words, ib.; neglect in correct-
ing known errors, 114; real motive
of objectors to revision, 115;
'paragraph' Bibles, 116; mis-
translations in Acts, 114, 118
(see also Names of Apostles); the
word hell,' ib., 118; the expres-
sion 'foolishness of preaching'
(1 Cor. i. 21), ib.; Heb. vii. 18,
19, and 2 Cor. v. 14, translated
wrongly, 119; Hebraisms retained,
120; revisions from 1535 to 1611,
120; objections to revision, 121;
a Royal Commission proposed,

122

Bible, the, early English translations

of, suppressed, cxxxiv. 163; Tyn-
dal's version, 164; first Authorised
Version of, 165; errors of early
printers, ib., 167

earliest extant MSS. of,
cxxxvii. 63; causes of transcrip-
tural error in, 81

the Speaker's, edited by
Canon Cook, Vols. I.-IV., cxl. 32;
its origin, character, and design,
ib., 33; precedents for composite
authorship of the commentaries,
ib.; the Genevan Bible, 34; the
Bishops' Bible of 1568, ib.; King
James' Bible, 35; progress of
annotation, ib.; the Assembly's
Annotations,' 36; difficulties of
selecting a competent staff, ib.;
question of Hebrew scholarship,
37; efficiency of the Speaker's
staff, 39; the text based on the
Authorised Version, ib.; different
treatment of the Old and New
Testaments, ib.; the Masoretic
text, 41; revision of various read-
ings, 42; classes of emendations
required, ib., 44; puncta extra-
ordinaria, ib.; Correction of the
Scribes,' 45; ancient divisions of
the Hebrew text, ib. 48; use of
the definite article, ib. 50; inac-
curacies in Mr. Clark's note, 51;
Canon Espin's notes criticised, 53-

56;

Canon Rawlinson's commen-
tary on the Jewish monarchy, ib.;
his Hebrew criticisms, 57; wrong
correction in 2 Kings iv. 16, ib,
58; Moabite Stone inscription, 59 ;
contrariety of views caused by
joint production, 60; discordant
treatment of chronology, 62; date
of the Exodus, 63; want of agree-
ment as to class of readers for
whom the Commentary is de-
signed, 64; inaccuracies in foot-
notes, 65; value of argumentative
portion, 67; Mosaic origin of the
Pentateuch, ib.; Editor's intro-
duction to Book of Exodus, 68;
alleged discrepancies between
Scripture and Science, 69, 70;
great value of the notes or essays,
ib.; the Poetical Books, 71; ex-
cellent typography, ib.; later cor-
rections, ib.; general value of the
work, ib.

Bible, the, revised translation of, set-
tled by the King's authority with-
out Convocation, cxl. 439; revi-
sion thereof, now in progress, 455
Dictionary of, its theologi-
cal merits, cxix. 151
Bible, Chaucer's use of the word,
cxxxii. 38.

Bickersteth (Dr., Bishop of Ripon),
his evidence against tithe impro-
priation, exvii. 367

Biela (M.), his Comet of 1826, cxl.
412; its disruption, 413; identi-
fied with the meteoric showers in
1872, ib.; when first seen, 416
Bigamy, early toleration of, in
Europe, cxv. 205

Bignon, family of, their services to
the National Library at Paris,
cxxxix. 20
Billingsgate, its mythical origin from
Belinus, cxix. 347

probable etymology of,cxxxi.

157
Binney (Rev. Thomas), his views on
Church fusion in Australia, ciii. 2

Biographies, diffuseness of modern,

cxvi. 115

want of, lamented in the case
of great men, cxxxi. 193

prevalent defects of, cxxxviii.
367; German biographers, ib.
Biography, popular appetite for,
cxiii. 386; fascination of the
study, 501

conditions of, cxv. 512; num-
ber of bad biographies explained,
513

value of minute personal
details in, cxxiv. 342

twofold division of, cxxv. 304
contemporary, fascination of,
cxxvii. 469

interest of personal recollec-
tions in, cxxxviii. 218; topo-
graphical illustrations of, 507

usual apologies made by
editors of, cxxxix. 44; claims of
distinguished parentage in, 45
Biology, want of definite laws in,
CXXX. 155

Biondo (Flavio). See Blondus
Bioplasm, the term explained,
cxxxvi. 222; its relations with
disease, 230

Biren (Ernest John, duke of Cour-
land, 1689-1772), favourite of
Anna of Russia, cxx. 525
'Birkenhead,' the, wreck of, cxxxv.
163

Biron (Louis Antoine de Gontant,

Duke de, 1700-1788), his conduct
at Fontenoy, cxx. 529
Bishops, their constitutional position
in the House of Lords, cxxviii.
271, 272; their responsibility to
the law, ib.

origin of their writs to Par-
liament, cxl. 431.
Bismarck (Prince Otto von, b. 1815),
his rapacious policy against Den-
mark, cxxiv. 281; promotes the
war with Austria to secure the
German ascendancy of Prussia, ib. ;
artifice of his negotiations before

the war of 1866, 282; his unscru-
pulous policy of ambition, 283;
his insidious mask of German
unity, 284; his influence over the
King, 287; his conduct in the
Sleswig-Holstein question, 288;
his scandalous compact at Gastein,
289; his overtures to Austria
against Italy, ib.; his sudden at-
tack on Austria, 291; unpopular
with the Prussian soldiery in the
Austrian War, 589, 590; his
heavy stake in that war, ib.
Bismarck (Prince Otto von), his un-
scrupulous policy of Prussian con-
quest, cxxviii. 238; his saying
on the line of the Main,' 243; a
thorough Imperialist, 245; want-
ing in sense of responsibility, 246;
his negotiations at Nickolsburg,
247; his aggrandising policy to the
German States after the war of
1866, 248; his mischievous con-
ception of German unity, 250

biographies of, cxxx. 417;
his early life, 419; delegate of his
provincial Diet in 1847, 420; sup-
ports Jewish disabilities, ib.; con-
duct in 1848, ib.; his courageous
defiance of the revolution, 421;
contempt of popular rights, ib.;
plenipotentiary at Frankfort, ib.;
at Vienna, 422; his Austrian sym-
pathies reversed, ib.; neutral policy
during the Crimean War, 423;
minister at St. Petersburg, ib.;
efforts in 1859 to obtain a revision
of the Federal League, 424; his
residence in Russia, 425; letter of
1861 on German consolidation, 426;
on army reorganisation, 427; am-
bassador at Paris, 428; made Pre-
mier and Foreign Minister, ib.;
difficulties of his position, 429;
propounds his theory of blood
and iron,' ib.; views on the budget,
430; his Austrian policy declared
to Count Karolyi, 431; Convention
with Russia after the insurrection

at Warsaw, 432; formal retreat
therefrom, 433; subsequent re-
serve on Polish affairs, ib.; debates
on the Polish Convention, 434;
meeting at Gastein, 436: dissolves
the Prussian Diet, 437; his share
in the Danish War, ib.; visit to
Biarritz, 441; interview with M.
Rouher at Carlsbad, b.; menacing
language to Austria, 443; his
policy superseded by the Conven-
tion of Gastein, 444; overtures to
Napoleon, 445; peremptory dis-
patch to Baron Werther in 1866,
146; the Prussian Chambers
closed, 447; his efforts to alienate
the King from Austria, 448; secret
treaty with Italy, 449, 450; his
pretexts for the war with Austria,
ib.-452; success of his stake, ib.;
his conduct in the Luxembourg
question, 453; negotiations in
1866 with Benedetti, ib.; his
foreign and internal policy con-
trasted, 456; hatred of real liberty,
ib. ; administrative incapacity, ib. ;
his introduction of universal suf-
frage, ib.; compared with Napoleon,
ib.; his Socialist tendencies, 457;
his obsolete system of statesman-
ship, ib.; a first-rate diplomatist,
ib.; his personal qualities, ib.,

458

Bismarck (Prince Otto von), his in-
terview in 1870 with Jules Favre,
cxxxii. 583

his long-cherished policy of
Prussian supremacy, cxxxiii. 8;
his political foresight in 1866, 9;
question of his similar knowledge
of France in 1870, ib.; his repudia-
tion of the Luxembourg treaty,
278; his effrontery and bad faith,
ib. 281

his evasive conduct to Den-
mark respecting the Treaty of
Prague, cxxxiv. 239-243; his re-
mark on Paris during the siege,
513

Bismarck (Prince Otto von), his ap-
pearance described by Samarow,
cxxxvii. 425

his friendly relations with
Rome before Sedan, cxxxix. 368;
his complaint against the French
bishops during the war, 369; his
letter to Count Frankenburg, ib.;
origin of his campaign against the
Church of Rome, 370; his impru-
dent policy as represented by the
Falk laws, 372; case of Dr. Woll-
mann, ib.; his Bill against the
abuse of the pulpit, 373; inspec-
tion of public schools, 374; his
expulsion of the Jesuits, ib.; his
system of State persecution, 381;
his arrogant and dictatorial lan-
guage, 382

Bison, the Bison urus, cxi. 180; ac-

climatisation of, in England, ib.
Bissel, battle of (1815), defeat of
the Wahabees at, cxxii. 510
Black (Dr. Joseph, 1728-1799), his
daughter married to Adam Fergu-
son, cxxv. 70; his successful treat-
ment of Ferguson's paralysis, 76;
his life by Ferguson, 84; his dis-
coveries of carbonic acid and latent
heat, ib.

Black Country, the, cxvii. 406; gen-
eral aspect of, 408; clanship among
mining families, 429; habits of the
miners, 432; their intemperance,
433; the pitgirls, 435; spiritual
condition of the people, 439. See

Coalmines, English
Black Death, the (1348), cxxvi. 46;
views of Messrs. Rogers and See-
bohm on the mortality, 50; its en-
demic character, 60; traditions in
Norway and Sweden respecting, C1
note; its effect on wages and prices,
ib. 62; on the tenancy of land, 63
Blackfriars (London), early history
of, cxxxi. 166

Black Sea, neutralisation of, by the
Treaty of Paris, cxxxiii. 275, 276.
See Russian War

Black Sea, problem of the escape of
under-currents from, cxxxix. 465
Blackstone (Sir William, 1723–1780),
his Oxford lectures on law, cxxxiv.
498

Blaeu (John), his map of Scotland

in 1755, cxii. 492

Blair (Dr. Hugh, 1718-1800), Dr.
Carlyle's sketch of, cxiii. 172
Blakely (Captain), his evidence
against English naval ordnance,
cxix. 517
Blanc (Louis, b. 1813), his 'IIistory
of the French Revolution,' cxviii.
101; vicissitudes of his authorship,
102; his patient conduct in exile,
ib.; his researches at the British
Museum, 103; unity of purpose in
his work, 104; his spirit of ad-
vocacy, 106; honesty of his par-
tisanship, 109; instances of his
credulity, ib.; his prejudices
against Pitt, 110: on the Septem-
ber Massacres, 112; mitigates their
atrocity, 117; discredits the mur-
der of Marie Gredeler, 119; his
account of Louis XVI. on the
scaffold, 121; affirms the murder
of Robespierre, 124; his theory of
the Dauphin's escape, 129; as-
cribes the increased value of as-
signats to the 'Maximum,' 133;
his opinion of the Revolution, 135
Blant (M. Edmond le), his 'Chris-

tian Inscriptions of Gaul,' cxx.
225; his geographical method of
arrangement, 230, 231; rare use of
Greek in Gaulish epitaphs, 232;
his translation of the Greek epi-
taph found at Autun, 238, 239; on
the proportion of Christian soldiers
at Rome, 239; on Runic epitaphs,
247

Blenheim, battle of (1704), Swedish

criticism on, cxxxii. 523 note
Blomfield (Charles James, Bishop of
London, 1786-1857), his letter to
Archbishop Howley on Colonial
Bishoprics, cxviii. 555, 556

Blomfield (Bishop), his Bill for
submitting doctrinal questions to a
Clerical Court, cxxi. 158 note
Blondus (Flavius, d. 1463), his lite-
rary works, cxxxvi. 137
Blood, the, recent researches on its
composition, cxxxvi. 216; its vital
properties, ib. 217; the serous
liquid, b.; admixture of albumen,
218; the fibrinous principle, ib.;
microscopic inspection of, 219;
blood-corpuscles, ib. ; stamp-marks
of vital condition, 221; retardation
of its movement, 225; colourless
and coloured corpuscles, ib.;
enormous number of the latter,
227; mixture of gas, ib.; and oil,
228; its connexion with disease,
ib.; stagnation and derangement
of, 230; pus-corpuscles, 232;
symptoms of depraved condition,
234; vitality of disease-germs,
235; consumption due to degrada-
tion of the blood, 238. See Disease
Blood-stains on food, cxxv. 407
Bloomsbury (London), origin and
early history of, cxxxi. 182
Blount (Charles), suppressed pam-
phlets of, cxxxiv. 188, 189
Blücher (Field Marshal, 1742-1819),
dismissed by Frederick the Great,
cxxiv. 563; restored by his nephew,
ib.; his activity on detached ser-
vice, 566

Blundeville, the first systematic

English writer on horsemanship,
cxx. 134; his account of the light
Irish horse, 135
Bluntschli (Jean Gaspard, b. 1808),
on the trade of neutrals in
contraband, cxxxv. 562-574
Boccaccio (Giovanni, 1313-1375),
his praise of the sculptor Giotti,
cxxii. 87, 88

Bodmer (Jean Jacques, 1698-1783),
his classical studies, cxxv. 225;
his 'Bremische Beiträge,' 226;
editorship of early German works,
ib.