ordination of State powers, ib.; Bureau of Refugees, 536 (see Mississippi); terms of re-admission to the Union, ib.; question of guarantees, 537; required reaffirmation of laws of Congress by restored States, 538; distribution of the public debt, ib. ; repudiation of Confederate debt, ib.; votes originally granted to slaves, 540; disproportionate power of Southern whites, ib.; proposed re-adjustment of voting power, 541; reconstruction of the labour system, 542; recuperative energy of the South, 543; their social materials for re-construction, 544; class of Southern loyalists, ib.; Southerners who accept defeat, 545; discontented planters, ib.; the mean whites, 546; coloured freedmen, ib.; position of negroes since the war, 547; protective legislation, ib.; General Howard's report of the Freedmen's Bureau, 548; exceptional powers of Congress over Southern States, 551; schemes of negro enfranchisement, ib. 551 America (United States), codification of law in, cxxvi. 362
the Irish in, cxxvii. 505, 521 church in, cxxviii. 279; inadequacy of the voluntary system, ib.; described as a 'sandhill of sects,' 280
financial reports, 1865–1869, cxxix. 504; growth of the public debt from 1860 to 1865, ib.; financial scheme of Mr. Chase, 505; interference of Congress with Mr. McCulloch, 506; financial problems after the war, 508; embarrassment of the Treasury, 509; contraction of the currency adopted as a step to specie payments, 511; piecemeal policy of Congress, ib.; the Act of 1866, 513; contraction abandoned in 1868, ib.; disposal of the floating debt, ib.;
Treasury gold reserve fund, 514; the 5.20 bonds, 515; the democratic 'greenback party,' 516; Bill of Mr. Sherman, ib.; General Butler's proposed tax, 517; contest between the House and Committee, ib.; repudiation rejected at the elections of 1868, 518; Mr. Johnson's message to Congress, ib.; surplus revenue after the war, 519; mischievous mode of taxation, ib.; demoralisation of trade, 520; first reduction of taxes, 522; budget of 1867, ib.; corruption of the revenue system, ib.; duty on distilled spirits, 523; indifference to official venality, 525; evils of presidential patronage, ib.; tardy reforms of Congress, 526; budget of 1867-8, 527 and note; reduction of debt in 1869, 528; difficulties of excise taxes, ib.; duties on lumber, salt, and pig iron, 529, 530; recklessness of the tariff therein, ib.; collection of customs-duties, ib.; Mr. Well's report, ib.; increased expenses of life to intermediate classes, 532; vices of financial government, 533
America (United States), M. Jacquemont's sketches of, cxxx. 63, 69
State authority weakened by presidential elections, cxxxiii. 11; conduct of legislative business in, 74, 75
claims against England arising out of the civil war, cxxXV. 549. See Geneva Arbitration
waning influence of the Irish element in, cxxxvii. 152; decreasing hostility to England, ib.
Ninth Census of, cxxxix. 130; value of the reports, ib.; vast experiment of slave emancipation, ib.; revolution caused by the late war, 131; date of the Census, 133; present condition of the Southern negroes, ib.; coloured and white
populations, 134; waste of negro life by reckless mode of emancipa- tion, 136; retardation in increase of negroes, ib.; sufferings of run- aways, 137; prospects of the negro race in the South, 138, 139; evi- dence of their improvement, ib.; progress of education, ib.; em- ployment of female blacks, 140; favourable condition, on the whole, of the freedmen, 141; blessings of abolition of slavery, 142; its ques- tionable advantages to the South- ern whites, ib.; deterioration of Southern property since 1860, 144; their tremendous losses, ib.; agri- cultural retrogression, ib.; oppres- sive taxation, 145; causes of Southern distress, viz., 'carpet- bag' misrule and white ruffianism, 146; first difficulties of re-con- struction, 147; the 'Ku-Klux- Klan,' 149; back-stairs influence in Congress, ib.; recent deteriora- tion in character of public men, 150; possibility of a new party of reform, ib.
America (Southern States), difficul- ties of negro emancipation, cxv. 62
scanty knowledge of, since the late war, cxxxvi. 148; gene- ral need of re-construction, 149; desolation in Tennessee, 150; Mr. Well's picture, 151; liberated negroes, ib.; observations of Mr. Somers, 153; spirit of isolation, ib.; profuse natural resources, 154; the land question in Virginia, 155; want of capital and labour, 156; fertility of the soil, ib.; coal-fields, 157; white labour needed in Alabama, ib.; re-organisation of agricultural labour, 158; public opinion reconciled to free negro labour, 159; their value in cotton cultivation, ib.; their condition improved by liberation, 161; their, position as agricultural labourers,!
163; revival of cotton culture, 164-170; exceptional legislation due to Southern whites, ib.; the Ku-Klux-Klan, 171; recent legis- lation thereon, 172, 173; obstacles to complete restoration of pros- perity, 174; question of tariffs, ib.; financial discontent, 175; irritating policy of the North, 176; pros- pects of domestic politics, 177; need of more direct trade with Europe, 178; problem of cheap production of cotton, 179 America (British North), enormous extent of, cxix. 442; original definition of Rupert's Land, 443; the Hudson's Bay and North-West Companies, 444; fluctuations in the lake system of, 445; rival explorations of the two companies, 446; their final union, 447 (see Hudson's Bay Company); failure of attempts to colonise Vancouver Island, 448-451; British Columbia made a colony, 451; gold-mining in the Fraser river, ib.; the Cariboo gold-field, 468; the Lau- rentides, 477; the Fertile Belt, 478; dangers of a population of adventurers, 479
seasonable proposals for a Federation, cxxi. 182; resolutions at the Quebec Conference, 185- 189; proposed Federal Parliament, 186; its legislative powers, ib., 187; local legislation, 188; powers of taxation, 189; omissions in the resolutions, 190 note; their Con- servative character, 190, 191; completion of the Intercolonial Railway, ib.; general result of the proposals, 192; difficulties of ad- justing relations between Imperial, Federal, and Local Governments, ib., 193; novelty of the scheme, ib.; theory of responsible Govern- ment,' 194; its difficulties illus- trated, 195; definition of the Federal Executive required, ib.;
proposed form of imperial sove- reignty, 197; anticipated inde- pendence of, 199
America (Spanish South), revolt of the colonies, cxxviii. 138; their independence recognised by Eng- land, 140
America (Spanish). See Spain, New American artillery-failure of huge
guns against Fort Sumter, cxix. 513 American House of Representatives; rule for limitation of speeches, cxxxiii. 75
practice regarding Bills, cxxxiv. 588; the 'previous ques- tion,' 589 note; divisions in Com- mittee, 590
American navy, its important services
in the late war, cxxiv. 185 (see American War of Secession); penury of resources when the war began 186; the Powhatan,' 190; its strength at the accession of Lin- coln, 192; disaffection among naval officers, ib.; first ironclad vessels, 193; the 'Monitor,' ib.; vigour of the department under Mr. Welles, 194; rapid growth of, in 1862, 196; appointment of rear-admirals, 198 note; first trial of rams by the Confederates, 199; fire-rafts at New Orleans, 206; the 'Monitor' and Merrimac,' 213; the 'Mian- tonomah,' 226; use of heavy smooth-bore guns, ib. American railways-legislation re- specting, cxxv. 103; unsystematic construction of, 104; position of Congress, ib.
American War of Independence, weakness of the British army in, cxvi. 141
inferiority of British generals in, cxxvi. 39
the cause of independence gained by the English Opposition, cxxxix. 188; Irish feeling towards the English in, 487
American War of Secession, valuable
work of Mr. Ellison on, cxiv. 556; public opinion on, in England, 558; the question of slavery, 559; high prerogative claims of Fede- ralists, ib.; State and Federal Sovereignties, 561; causes of dis- union, 563; crisis at President Lincoln's election, ib.; mistaken doctrines respecting 'Secession,' 564; Mr. Douglas' speech in 1861, 567; the struggle anticipated by the Edinburgh Review in October 1856, 569; political blindness in America thereto, ib.; impossible permanence of a Southern Slave Confederacy, 570; dangers of suc- cess to the North, ib.; horrors of 'emancipation by war,' 571; Congress powerless to abolish slavery, 572; intemperate procla- mation of General Fremont, 573; different American versions of the causes of the war, ib.; insufficient grievances of the Southern States, 574; the contest one for territorial dominion, 575; English aversion to the war, 578; exhausting nature of the struggle, 580; mu- tual confiscations, 581; delusive notion of a perpetual union, ib.; bitter feeling against England, 582; the Queen's proclamation misinterpreted, 583; precedents of American jurists, 584; recognition of the South must depend on events, 586; probable short dura- tion of the war, 587; mutual sepa- ration anticipated, ib.
aspect of the contest at its beginning, cxvi. 549; preponderant value of Southern votes, 551; sla- very the origin of the war, 553; English sympathy with the South, 560; democracy as a cause of disruption, 561; doctrine of the perpetuity of the Union, 564; schemes of government before the Convention, 566; sovereign character of the states, 508; ac-
tion of the Supreme Court, 570; theory of the sovereignty of the people, 571; desirability of sepa- ration discussed, 574; hostility to England ascribed to Southern policy, 576; despotism of the Washington government, 578; Northern hatred of England ex- plained, 580; progress of the war, 582; its increasing atrocity, 584; financial policy of the North, 585; improbability of re-union, 586; futility of foreign recognition of the South, 590
American War of Secession, three
degrees of recognition open to England, exvii. 298; historical precedents, 299; the question one of expediency, not of principle, 304; ill-timed proposal of the French, ib.
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European contempt of Ame- rican strategy, cxxi. 252; McClel- lan's Anaconda strategy, 253, 254; capture of Vicksburg, ib.; Grant's relief of Rosencrans, 256; his brilliant tactics at Chattanooga, ib.; he defeats Bragg at the Clouds,' 257; opening of the 1864 campaign, 259; gloomy prospects of the Confederates, ib.; Federal transport of supplies, 201, 262; Sherman's expedition to the Ala- bama frontier, 263; demeanour of the slaves, 264; Federal forces concentrated, 265, 266; double operations against Richmond, ib.; battle of Pleasant Hill, 267; the Confederate ram Albemarle,' ib. and note; routes to Richmond, 268; different views of McClellan and Lincoln thereon, ib. 269; triple plan of invasion by Grant, 272, 273; simultaneous Federal advance, ib.; first contest with Lee, 274; normal character of battles in the war, 275; Federal use of breastworks, ib. 276; battle of the Wilderness' continued
ib.; Lee adopts the defensive, 277; series of skirmishes, 278; value of the Sanitary Commission, 281 and note; battle of Cold Har- bour, 283; siege of Petersburg, ib.; results of the Virginian cam- paign, 284; Sherman's capture of Atlanta, ib. 286; and of Savan- nah, 287, 288; cruel treatment of prisoners by the Confederates, 445 note
American War of Secession, intro-
duction of tirailleur practice from, cxxiii. 117; cause of indecisive battles in, ib.; use of mounted in- fantry, 124; and of fieldworks, 125; its military lessons, 127; its unexpected result, 524; questions decided by the contest, 529; con- sequent diminution of State-lights, 531; Mr. Johnson's terms of re- admission to the Seceded States,536
importance of the navy in, cxxiv. 185; failure to relieve Fort Sumter, 186; the 'Merri- mac' seized by the Confederates, 192; Confederate privateers, 195; mixed operations in Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, 196; Du- pont's services at the mouth of the Savannah, 197; Farragut's operations against New Orleans, 198-209; importance of its cap- ture, ib.; the Confederate iron- clad Arkansas,' 211; attack on Vicksburg, ib.; the battle of Hampton Roads, 213; Federal failure against Fort Sumter, 216; victory of the Weehauken' over the Confederate Atlanta,' 219, 220; action in Mobile Bay, 221; surrender of the Tennessee,' 223; the ram 'Albemarle' sunk by a torpedo, ib.; Porter's success against Wilmington, 224; Con- federate piracy, ib.
the battle of Belmont, cxxix. 236; new phase of, in 1862, 237; the spring campaign of that year,
238; position of the Confederates, ib.; Federal capture of Fort Donel- son, 239, 240; battle of Pittsburg, 244-247; desperate nature of the war thereafter, ib.; Confederate scheme of Northern invasion, 248; Grant's capture of Vicksburg, 250– 252; investment of Chattanooga, 253; unfinished work of Colonel Badeau on, 256; the affair of Cold Harbour, 260; Lee's position at Richmond, 263; Confederate de- sertions, 264; surrender of Rich- mond, 268. See Grant, General American War of Secession, Ameri-
can claims against England aris- ing out of, cxxxv. 550 (see Geneva Arbitration); the contest not an ordinary insurrection, 555
battle of Bull's Run, cxxxvii. 374; its unimportant results, 375; McClellan in Western Virginia, b.; Federal programme in the spring of 1861-2, 376; battle of the Seven Pines, 377; Lee's vic- tory on the Chickahominy, 380 Mr. Grote's views on, CXxxviii. 243
frightful mortality of the Confederates, cxxxix. 135; Fede- ral employment of runaway ne- groes, 137; demoralising effects of, on society and public life, 150 Americans, their passion for tracing Old World pedigrees, cxx. 189; instability of their social life, 468
their genuine attachment to the mother country, cxxix. 456
causes of French sympathy with, cxxx. 63
their humour of exaggera- tion accounted for, cxxxii. 282
instance of their pride of English pedigree, cxxxv. 389
as Continental tourists, cxxxviii. 497
foreign influences on their language, cxl. 144; distinctive features of Anglo-American speech,
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Amphictyonic Council, the, origin of, cxii. 392
Amravati, the Tope of,-the Mack- enzie marbles of, in the Indian Museum, cxxx. 484; discovery of the ruins of, 506; Sir W. El- liot's excavations, 507; Græco- Bactrian colony at Amravati, ib.; Mr. Fergusson on the age of the Tope, 508 Amsterdam, Bank of, cxv. 24 Anacreon (6th century B.C.), the reputed author of light lyrical poetry, cxl. 356 Anæsthetics, use of, in surgery, cxxxvi. 490
Analogy, argument of, applied to geology, cxviii. 258
Anaximander (b. B.C. 610), his notions of Transcendentalism, cxxiii. 301
Anaximenes (d. about B.c. 546), his
theories of the universe, cxvi. 91 'Anchor Ice,' cxiii. 77 Ancona, suppression of its municipal
rights by Clement VII., cxii. 122 'Ancren Riwle,' the, early English text, cxxv. 236
Andaman Islands, curious skeleton discovered in, cxvi. 172. Anderson (Dr. John), his 'Expedition to Western Yünan,' cxxxvii. 295- 330 Andorre, Republic of, its history, compiled from original records, cxiii. 345; antiquity of its inde- pendence, 347; simple form of government, ib.; evidences of tra- dition, 349; genuineness of Char- lemagne's charter, 351; War of Independence, 352; its constitu- tion finally settled, ib.; primitive life of the magnates, 354; general ignorance of the people, 355; their field sports and religious fêtes, 357
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