Menaceus non prætermittitur, qui largitus est patriæ suum SANGUINEM. Tarquinio vero quid impudentius, qui bellum gereret cum iis, qui eius non tulerant SUPERBIAM ?

POSITION OF ADJUNCTS.

The middle of the sentence is the normal position of these. They include oblique cases with or without prepositions, adverbs, ablatives absolute, &c. Hence, in order to give any of these prominence, they will generally be found at the beginning, and sometimes at the end of the sentence.

PRÆCLARE epistolâ quadam Alexandrum filium Philippus accusat, &c. (where the attention is suspended to the last). IN VITA RUSTICA M. Curius, quum de Samnitibus, de Sabinis, de Pyrrho triumphasset, consumpsit extremum tempus ætatis. (It was in rural life, &c.) His Fabriciis semper usus est Oppianicus FAMILIARISSIME. Arbores serit diligens agricola, quarum aspiciet baccam ipse NUNQUAM

The proper position for the adverb is before the verb, adjective, or adverb which it modifies, and this is true of adverbial phrases made up of prepositions and nouns, expressions of time when and how long, &c., &c., of ablatives of cause, manner, and instrument. "NON MISERABILITER vir clarus emoritur." "Aratus JURE laudatur, qui, quum eius civitas QUINQUAGINTA ANNOS A TYRANNIS teneretur, CLANDESTINO INTROITU urbe est potitus. ANCIPITI PRŒLIO DIU ATQUE ACRITER pugnatum est. AD MULTAM NOCTEM etiam pugnatum est. E LOCO SUPERIORE in nostros tela conjiciebant. NULLAM PARTEM NOCTIS ITINERE INTERMISSO, IN FINES LINGONUM DIE QUARTO pervenerunt.

ITA

POSITION OF SUBSTANTIVE-ADJECTIVE AND

SUBSTANTIVE-NOUN.

The adjective may be varied by a genitive, or by a prepositional phrase, or noun in apposition.

In certain phrases (mostly titles) which have become stereotyped, the attribute stands last, and it would appear that this is the normal position-Tribunus plebis, Tribunus militum, Magister Equitum, Populus Romanus, Civis Romanus, Es alienum, jus civile, jus gentium, res familiaris, respublica, Pater Patratus,

Via Appia, &c.,

Noun in appo-
Fabius consul,

Pater Putrice, Flamen Dialis, Præfectus fabrúm, &c. (but nova res, novus homo, or homo novus). sition the proper noun generally comes first. Mucius augur, Orpheus poeta (unless emphasis requires the common noun first), but Urbs Roma. On the principle that the governed word precedes the governing, we find Gloriæ cupidus because gloriam cupio sum gloriæ cupidus. It is only however with adjectives of this sort that this is true.

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Again, when the attribute adds something specific to the substantive, or is more emphatic than the substantive, the attribute stands first. Thus, in LIVY I. 3, Longa Alba and Alba Longa occur in successive lines-the first draws attention to the peculiar feature of Alba, from which it got its stereotyped name, Alba Longa (Poris' Hints, p. 53.) So we find terræ motus, juris consultus. Amor Dei draws no peculiar attention to God's love, as contrasted with other love, which Dei amor would. Often the adjective is separated from the substantive by a few words, in order to gain emphasis. In miseriam nascimur sempiternam, especially with prepositions, alterâ ex parte, mirum in modum, Magna nobis pueris, Quinte frater, si memoriâ teneo, opinio fuit, &c. Several attributes depending on one substantive should all either precede or follow it. Hujus autem orationis difficilius est exitum quam principium invenire.

Note especially the order generally found when a substantive is modified both by an adjective and by a genitive or prepositional phrase, Tua erga me benignitas. Pro hac, quam conspicitis, ad conservandam rempublicam, diligentiâ, &c., where even a relative clause (the equivalent of an attribute) precedes the substantive.

NOTE.-Demonstrative, and numeral, and quantitative adjectives precede the substantive, hic annus, quinque annos, &c.

POSITION OF WORDS SIMILAR IN SOUND OR CONTRASTED IN SENSE.

To gain emphasis words of this sort are placed close together, Manus manum lavit; Vir virum eligit; Alius aliud amat; so alius alio proficiscitur; alius aliunde venit, &c.; so vir viritim, &c.;

homo humanus, &c.; Ex bello tam tristi læta repente pax, fecit, &c.; Ego, Q. Fabium, senem adulescens, ita dilexi ut æqualem. Ut ad senem senex de senectute, sic hoc libro ad amicum amicissimus de amicitia scripsi.

For contrasted pairs, see Chiasmus (antea).

N.B.-Se and suus almost always precede quisque.
Suum cuique tribuito. Sibi quisque consulit.

A FEW MORE PECULIARITIES OF ARRANGEMENT.

Negatives-and he did not speak, &c., and he never, &c., and he said nothing, &c., and no one ever, &c.-in Latin are neque locutus est, neque unquam, nec quidquam dixit, neque quisquam unquam, &c. The negative should always get a prominent place, especially in contrasted sentences, Non quod sapientior sim, sed quia rei militaris peritior sum, hæc suadeo. Nego is used as negative of aio (= ag-jo. cp. ad-agi-um). He says he was not present-Negat se adfuisse, where Dicit se non adfuisse would be a solecism. Birth, virtue and wealth-Genus, virtus, opes, or, Genus et virtus et opes, or often a word is repeated. Quum patrem, quum matrem, quum filium amisisset, &c.

N.B.-Elegant separation of prius or ante already noticed from quam. Nec prius abibo quam mihi pecuniam solvendam curaveris-And I will not depart till you cause the money to be paid to me.

ORDER OF CLAUSES RELATED TO EACH OTHER.

Subordinate sentences are expansions of (1) nouns, (2) adjectives, (3) adverbs. As we found that the last of these generally precede the verb or adjective they qualify, so the corresponding adverbial sentences generally precede the greater part of the principal sentence, or at least, unless for some special reason of emphasis or rhythm, the verb of the principal sentence.

The noun sentence takes the form of (1) accusative and infinitive, (2) quod, because, and subjunctive, (3) interrogative put indefinite and subjunctive, (4) after certain verbs (command,

Order of Clauses related to each other. 31

&c., see page 18), ut or ne, &c., and subjunctive. There is nothing special to be said here in regard to order of words which will not be noticed under Periodic Structure.

The adjective sentence, introduced in Latin by qui and its compounds, has some peculiarities. The relative must be placed as near as possible to its antecedent, even the parts of the principal sentence being dislocated for this purpose-Condemnatus est Junius, qui ei quæstioni præfuerat.

Note these idioms:-Mary was the most unhappy queen that ever lived-Reginarum, quæ unquam vixerunt, infelicissima erat Maria. He sent the best horse (which) he had-Equorum (ex equis) quem habebat optimum misit. You see the danger to which we are exposed-Videtis quanto obnoxii simus periculo.

The placing of the relative next to its antecedent explains the peculiar Latin use of it, as a connective between even long complex sentences. Often it stands after a full stop, and thus acts at once as an equivalent of an English demonstrative and a conjunction.

Hence sentences often begin like these-Quo facto, Quibus dictis, Quod quum dixisset, Qui quum, &c., Quod ubi resciit, So Quam ob rem, Quâ de causâ, &c. These will be noticed afterwards under paragraph construction.

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NOTE 1.-A relative demonstrative + et, is occasionally found with infinitive. (Dixit) Urbem ut propugnaculum oppositam esse barbaris, apud quam jam his classes regias fecisse naufragium.

2.-An elegant transposition of relative and antecedent clauses is seen in sentences like- -Qui se metui volent, a quibus metuentur, eosdem metuant ipsi necesse est. Fac, qui ego sum, esse te. Timoleon, id quod difficilius putatur, sapientius tulit secundam quam adversam fortunum. Qui Antonium oppresserit, is bellum confecerit.

3. Note the difference in-He attacked Tarentum, a city which he had taken before-Tarentum oppugnavit, quam urbem jam ceperat.

PERIODIC STRUCTURE.

The chief difference between a good style in English and in Latin is produced by the periodic structure of the latter. This structure is due chiefly to the care with which a Latin writer arranged his ideas. He fixed on a leading statement (1) for each paragraph, (2) for each sentence. The connections between the sentences were closely kept up, either by: I. (a) demonstrative co-ordinating connective words such as tum, inde, is, hic, or (b) co-ordinating conjunctions like et, atque, itaque, nam, sed, autem, or, II., by relative pronouns or relative adverbs such as "Quod quum dixisset, quibus dictis, quo facto, quæ quum ita sint, the cases of qui instead of is, ille, hic."

In individual sentences Latin chiefly seeks the complex form, i.e., a principal sentence or sentences with one or more subordinate sentences (noun-sentences, adjective-sentences, or adverbialsentences) dependent. The principal sentence contains the leading idea, the others either precede it or follow it. If they precede, they generally consist of clauses which mention the circumstances in the order of cause and effect, i.e., the logical order of events which produced the necessity for the action of the principal clause. If they follow, the clauses contain consequences of the principal verb.

This style of sentence possesses many advantages over the English detached style, as indicating clearly the main statement, and the relations of cause and effect. On the other hand, it may be so complicated as to be clumsy and trying to the patience.

CÆSAR III., 3.—" His nuntiis acceptis Galba, cum neque opus hibernorum munitionesque plene essent perfectæ, neque de frumento reliquoque commeatu satis esset provisum, quod deditione factâ obsidibusque acceptis nihil de bello timendum existimaverat, consilio celeriter convocato, sententias exquirere cœpit."

Here the position of the word Galba keeps the attention suspended to the last word coepit. It is seen that none of the clauses introduced by cum, neque, quod, can contain the predicate of Galba. He is here said to have done several things, (1) received messengers, (2) had no dread of war, (3) called a council of war; indirectly he may be said to be the subject of the clauses