National Biography and the Encyclopædia Britannica. She also wrote for the Edinburgh Review, the Tablet, Knowledge, etc.

CLERKENWELL, England, parish of London north of Saint Paul's Cathedral and within the metropolitan borough of Finsbury. It is inhabited by the better class of workingmen in the metal trades, being noted for its output of watches, optical instruments and articles of gold and silver. Technical education is provided in these trades by the Northampton Polytechnic Institute. The name comes from the well around which the parish clerks of London used to meet. An attempt by Fenians to destroy the Clerkenwell prison was made on 13 Dec. 1867. Pop. 57,121.

CLERMONT, The, the name given by Robert Fulton (q.v.) to the steamboat in which he made his first trip from New York to Albany, 11 Aug. 1807. The speed attained was only five miles per hour.

CLERMONT-FERRAND, klar-môn-fĕrrän, France, town in the department of Puyde-Dôme, of which it is the capital, 113 miles west of Lyons. It is situated on a hill at the foot of the volcanic range in which the summit of the Puy is conspicuous. It was originally the capital of the Arverni, possessed considerable importance under the Romans and became a bishop's see in 250. It was afterward sacked by the northern hordes, but soon recovered, and was selected in 1095 for the meeting of the great council in which the crusades originated. In 1556 it became the capital of the duchy of Auvergne. Among its natives are Gregory of Tours, Pascal and General Dessaix. The most remarkable edifices are the Gothic cathedral, a huge, irregular, gloomy pile, begun in 1248, and recently completed by the construction of the west front and two towers; the church of Nôtre Dame, founded in 580, and encrusted externally with rude mosaics; the townhouse, courthouse, theatre, general hospital, etc. There are also a medical and a theological college, technical schools, observatory, library containing about 125,000 works, botanic garden and museums of natural history and antiques. It is the centre of a great rubber industry. Other manufactures consist chiefly of chemicals, animal oils, table-linen, nails, hats, machinery, etc. It is an important centre of trade. Near it there are two mineral springs. Pop. of commune (1911) 65,386.

CLERMONT-TONNERRE, tō-nãr, the name of a distinguished ancient family of counts in Dauphiny. One of the most celebrated is STANISLAS MARIE ADELAIDE, COUNT DE: b. 1757; d. 1792. At the breaking out of the Revolution in 1789 he took his place in the States-General as deputy of the nobility. He maintained the doctrine of a constitutional monarchy and incurred the displeasure of both the Aristocratic and Republican parties. As a counterpoise to the influence of the Jacobins, he, in concert with Malouet and other friends of monarchy, founded the Monarchical Club; and with Fontanes started the Journal des Impartiaux. The club having been denounced by Barnave as a band of conspirators, was dissolved, and the journal was suppressed after an existence of only two months. In 1791 he was arrested on the charge of having aided the king in his attempt to escape, but regained

his liberty on taking an oath of fidelity to the National Assembly. The next year he was dragged by a mob before the section. As no sufficient ground of detention appeared he was dismissed, but was pursued and murdered. His collected speeches were published under the title 'Recueil des opinions' (Paris 1791). AIMÉ MARIE GASPARD, MARQUIS, afterward DUKE DE: b. Paris 1779; d. 1865. After receiving education at the Ecole Polytechnique he entered the army, served in Italy, Germany and Spain and became aide-de-camp to Joseph, king of Spain. After the restoration of Louis XVIII he was Minister of Marine and in 182327 Minister of War. The revolution of July was distasteful to him and he retired from political life.

CLÉRON, Joseph Othenin Bernard de (COMTE D'HAUSSONVILLE), French statesman and writer: b. Paris 1809; d. 1884. He entered the diplomatic service and was successively secretary of embassy at Brussels, Turin and Naples. In 1842-48 he was member of the Chambre des Deputés, sitting for Provins. Being a Conservative, the revolution of 1848 caused his retirement from politics and thereafter he gave his attention to literature. In 1869 he was elected member of the French Academy and in 1878 he was named Senateur perpetuel. He was active in behalf of the Alsatian exiles after the war with Prussia in 1870. His works include 'Histoire de la politique extérieure du governement français de 1830 à 1848 (1850); 'Histoire de la réunion de la Lorraine à la France' (1854-59); 'L'Eglise romaine et le premier empire' (186469). During the war of 1870-71 he published several pamphlets and political letters which exerted considerable influence throughout France; of these the most widely circulated was 'La France et la Prusse devant l'Europe.>

CLÉRY, kla-rē, Jean Baptiste, the valet de chambre of Louis XVI: b. near Versailles, 11 May 1759; d. near Vienna, 27 May 1809. When in 1792 the royal family of France were imprisoned in the Temple, Cléry was one of the few servants permitted to accompany them. Louis XVI, a few days before his death, diIvided a loaf of bread with this faithful companion of his misfortune, the only proof of his regard which he was able to show him. After the king's death, Cléry was devoted to the Dauphin. He wrote a journal of what passed in the Temple from the captivity of Louis XVI until the death of the Dauphin; it has been several times republished.

CLÉSINGER, kla-zăń-zhã, Jean Baptiste Auguste, French sculptor: b. Besançon, 22 Oct. 1814; d. Paris, 7 Jan. 1883. He obtained considerable reputation for busts of distinguished persons, and also executed statues and historical groups. His colossal bust of Liberty,' and his statues of 'Fraternity,' 'Woman Bitten by a Serpent,' 'The Gipsy Girl' and of Rachael and Cruvelli in some of their principal parts are among his best known works. Others are 'Phryne'; Louise of Savoy,' in the Luxembourg Gardens; and the statue of Music,' on Chopin's grave. His work is of masterly technique, but lacks depth. He was commissioned by the French government to execute an equestrian statue of Francis I. He married

a daughter of Madame Dudevant (George Sand).

CLESSE, kles'ë, Antoine, Belgian popular poet: b. The Hague 1816; d. Mons 1889. To the day of his death he followed his trade of armorer. His first ballad, Godfrey de Bouillon,' won for him a gold medal. His popular songs Beer and The Family Name' (meaning Belgian, including Fleming, Walloon, etc.) came into great favor with the people. He wrote also a comedy, 'A Poet.' Two volumes of 'Songs) (1866-88) contain all his popular ballads, with the music. They were published at Mons (1886). Consult Potvia, 'Histoire des lettres en Belgique) (Brussels 1882).

CLETHRA, klěth'ra, the typical genus of the family Clethracea, or white-alder family. The family has but this single genus, which numbers about 30 species, indigenous to Japan, Madeira, Mexico, South America and the eastern seaboard of North America. The United States species are the sweet-pepperbush or white-alder (C. alnifolia), found near the coast from Florida to Maine, and the mountain sweetpepperbush (C. acuminata), a shrub or small tree growing in the mountain woods of Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia.

CLEVEDON, England, watering-place on the Bristol Channel, about 15 miles southwest of Bristol. It is the burial-place of Hallam, the historian, and of his son Arthur, whom Tennyson's In Memoriam' has made famous. Here Coleridge lived in 1795. Clevedon Court is the Castlewood of Thackeray's 'Henry Esmond. Pop. 6,111.

CLEVELAND, Charles Dexter, American author: b. Massachusetts 1802; d. 1869. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1827 and became professor of Latin and Greek in Dickinson College, and of Latin in the University of the City of New York. He was United States consul at Cardiff, Wales, 1861-67. His chief works include an edition of Milton's Poetical Works with a 'Life' (1851); A Complete Concordance to the Poetical Works of John Milton (1867); English Literature in the Nineteenth Century) (1851); and compendiums of English Literature (1847); American Literature' (1858); 'Classical Literature' (1861).

CLEVELAND, Chauncey F., American lawyer and politician: b. Hampton, Conn., 16 Feb. 1799; d. there, 6 June 1887. He was admitted to the bar in 1819, became active in local politics as a Democrat, and in 1826 was elected to the State legislature, serving 12 terms in all; and was speaker of the lower house in 1836, 1838 and 1863. He was appointed attorney-general of Connecticut in 1832; and was elected governor in 1842 and 1843; in both years the popular vote was indecisive and he was chosen by the legislature. In 1849 and 1851 he was elected to Congress. He was one of the leaders in the organization of the Republican party; in 1860 was a presidential elector; and in 1861 was a delegate to the Peace Congress.

CLEVELAND, Frederick Albert, American economist: b. Sterling, Ill., 17 March 1865; d. 15 Oct. 1914. He was graduated at De Pauw University in 1890. He studied for the bar, but gave up practice in 1896 and there

after gave his entire attention to economics, first at the University of Chicago and then at the University of Pennsylvania. He was instructor in finance at the latter institution in 1900-03, and from 1903 to 1905 was professor of finance at the School of Commerce, New York University. He served as accounting expert on several commissions, including that on the finances of New York city (1905) and President Taft's commission on economy and efficiency (1911) which recommended a national budget. He was appointed director of the bureau of municipal research in 1907. His publications include Growth of Democracy in the United States) (1898); 'Funds and their Uses' (1902), school edition as 'First Lessons in Finance (1903); The Bank and the Treasury' (1905); Chapters on Municipal Administration and Accounting) (1909); Organized Democracy (1913); Railroad Capitalization and Promotion,' with F. W. Powell (1908); 'Railroad Finance,' with F. W. Powell (1912).

CLEVELAND, John, English poet and satirist b. Loughborough, June 1613; d. London, 29 April 1658. He studied at Christ College, Cambridge, where Milton was a fellowstudent; became a fellow of Saint John's College 1634; and M.A. 1635. A royalist and gifted satirist, he was judge-advocate at Newark 1645-46, but after its capitulation underwent a series of vicissitudes and wanderings until his death. Among his contemporaries, Cleveland's poems were held in higher esteem than Milton's; 'The Rebel Scot'; 'Rupertismus'; 'Smectymnuus, or the Club Divines'; 'Fuscara, or the Bee Errant'; and three elegies on the king, are the most noteworthy. Consult Berdan, J. M., The Poems of John Cleveland (New York 1903).

CLEVELAND, (Stephen) Grover, 22d President of the United States: b. Caldwell, N. J., 18 March 1837; d. Princeton, N. J., 24 June 1908. Grover was the fifth of a family of nine children born to Rev. Richard F. Cleveland, a graduate of Yale (1824) and Presbyterian clergyman, and Ann Neal, the daughter of a Baltimore merchant of Irish descent. He received a common school and academic education at Fayetteville and Clinton, N. Y., the successive residences of the family after leaving Caldwell, and was preparing for college when his father's sudden death (1853) changed his prospects entirely. To support himself and to aid in providing for the rest of the family he secured a clerical position in the New York Institution for the Blind, where his older brother William was a teacher. In 1855 he started West, but on his way stopped at Buffalo to visit an uncle, Lewis F. Allen, a stock breeder and publisher of The Herd-Book of American Short-Horn Cattle.' His uncle advised him to stay in Buffalo and employed him in the preparation of the 'Herd-Book,' until a position as clerk and copyist was secured in a law office, August 1855. He at once set to work with perseverance and industry to make himself useful and master the rudiments of the law, with the result that in 1859 he was made managing clerk of the firm at a salary of $600 (increased to $1,000 in 1863) and admitted to the bar. During the war, his two brothers being in the Union army, the support of his mother and sisters fell upon him. Unable to