LATIN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. BY ALBERT HARKNESS, Ph. D., LL. D., PROFESSOR IN BROWN UNIVERSITV. REVISED EDITION OF 1881. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 8, And 5 BOND STREET. 1881. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S64, by D. APPLETON & COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for tho Southern District of New York. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in tho year 1874, by D. APPLETON & COMPANY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in tho year 18SJ, by In tho Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PRE FAC E TO THE REVISED EDITION. The last quarter of a century lias revealed many important facts in the development of language. During this period philological research has thrown new light upon Latin forms and inflections, upon the laws of phonetic change, upon the use of cases, moods, and tenses, and upon the origin and history of numerous constructions. The student of Latin grammar is now entitled to the full benefit of the important practical results which these labors in the field of linguistic study have brought within the proper sphere of the school. In securing this advantage, however, care must be taken not to divert the attention of the learner from the one object before him —the attainment of a full and accurate knowledge of the language. The volume now offered to the public has been prepared in view of these facts. It is the result of a thorough and complete revision of the author's Latin Grammar published in 1864. To a large extent, indeed, it is a new and independent work; yet the paradigms, rules of construction, and in general all parts intended for recitation, have been only slightly changed. The aim of the work in its present form is threefold. 1. It is designed to present a clear, simple, and convenient outline of Latin grammar for the beginner. It accordingly contains, in large type, a systematic arrangement of the leading facts and laws of the language, exhibiting not only grammatical forms and constructions, but also those vital principles which underlie, control, and explain them. The laws of construction are put in the form of definite rules, and illustrated by carefully selected examples. To secure convenience of reference, and to give completeness and vividness to the general outline, these rules, after having been separately discussed, are collected in a body at the close of the Syntax. Topics which require the fullest illustration are first presented in their completeness in general outline, before the separate points are explained in detail. Thus a single page often foreshadows the leading features of an extended discussion, imparting, it is believed, a completeness and vividness to the impression of the learner impossible under any other treatment. 2. It is intended to be an adequate and trustworthy grammar for the advanced student. By brevity and conciseness of phraseology, and by compactness in the arrangement of forms and topics, an ample collection of the most important grammatical facts, intended for reference, has been compressed within the limits of a convenient manual. Care has been taken to explain and illustrate, with the requisite fullness, all difficult and intricate subjects. The Subjunctive Mood and the Indirect Discourse have received special attention. 3. In a series of foot-notes it aims to bring within the reach of the student some of the more important results of recent linguistic research. Brief explanations are given of the working of phonetic laws, of the nature of inflection, of the origin of special idioms, and of various facts in the growth of language. But the distinguishing feature of this part of the work consists in the abundant references which are made to some of the latest and best authorities upon the numerous linguistic questions naturally suggested by the study of Latin grammar.1 An attempt lias been made to indicate, as far as practicable, the natural quantity of vowels before two consonants or a double consonant.' With this brief statement of its design and plan, this volume is now respectfully committed to the hands of classical teachers. In conclusion, the author is happy to express his grateful acknowledgments to the numerous friends who have favored him with valuable suggestions. 1 See page xv. It Is hardly necessary to add that an acquaintance with the authorities here cited is by no means to be regarded as an indispensable qualification for the work of classical instruction. The references are intended especially for those who adopt the historical method in tho study of language. ■ See page 4, foot-note 1; also page 9, note 8. Brown University, Providence, R. I., |