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All lengths, areas, and cubic measures in the tables are derived from the international meter, the basic relation between units of the customary and the metric systems being: 1 meter 39.37

inches.

All capacities are based on the equivalent 1 liter equals 1.000 027 cubic decimeters. The decimeter is equal to 3.937 inches in accordance with the legal equivalent of the meter given above.

The gallon referred to in the tables is the United States gallon of 231 cubic inches. The bushel is the United States bushel of 2 150.42 cubic inches. These units must not be confused with the British units of the same name which differ from those used in the United States.

The British gallon (277,420 cubic inches) is approximately 20 percent larger, and the British bushel (2 219.36 cubic inches) is 3 percent larger

than the corresponding units used in this country. All weights are derived from the International Kilogram, as authorized in the Mendenhall Order of April 5, 1893. The relation used is 1 avoirdupois pound 453.592 427 7 grams.

volume occupied by the mass of 1 kilogram of pure A liter (liter) is a unit of capacity equal to the water at its maximum density (at a temperature of 4° C, practically) and under the standard atmospheric pressure (of 760 mm). It is equivalent in volume to 1.000 027 cubic decimeters.

A bushel (bu) is a unit of capacity equal to the volume of 2 150.42 cubic inches. This is the socalled stricken or struck bushel. A heaped bushel for apples of 2 747.715 cubic inches was established by the U. S. Court of Customs Appeals on Feb. 15, 1912, in United States v. Weber (no. 757). A heaped bushel, equivalent to 14 stricken bushels, is also recognized.

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Years in Which a Given Amount Will Double at Interest

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U. S. and British Weights and Measures Compared

Source: United States Bureau of Standards
British Imperial bushel = 1.03205 U. S. (Win-
chester) bushel.

U. S. bushel = 0.96895 British Imperial bushel.
British quart = 1.03205 U. S. dry quarts.
U. S. dry quart 0.96895 British quart.
British quart (or gallon) = 1.20094 U. S. liquid
quarts (or gallons).

U. S. liquid quart (or gallon) quart (or gallon).

0.83268 British

The British gallon, under the act of 1878, is defined as the volume of 10 standard pounds of distilled water weighed in air against brass weights, both air and water at 62 degrees Fahrenheit with the barometer at 30 inches.

The British gallon contains 277.420 British cubic inches (277.418 U. S. cubic inches); and 8 gallons make 1 Imperial bushel 2219.36 British cubic inches (2219.34 U. S. cubic inches).

The difference between the British inch and the U. S. inch comes from the fact that the equivalents of the metre in terms of the British yard and the

U. S. yard are slightly different.

A meter equals 39.37011 British inches, or 39.37 United States inches. The value of the inch never has been fixed by Congress.

The foot came from the length of the king's foot: the old cubit was the length of a forearm; the grain came from the weight of a single grain of wheat "well dried from the middle of the ear"; and the inch originated as the thickness of a man's thumb. Traditionally the acre was the area of ground that a plowman with one ox could turn over in a day.

Often, neighboring countries assigned slightly different lengths to the same unit, such as the foot -which might equal any length from 11.3 to 14 which were used for three different purposes. In inches. The Greeks recognized three different feet. pre-Elizabethan England, the gallon depended upon the usage, that for wine being considerably smaller than the standard for ale.

their weight in stones; paper by the ream, which The height of horses is measured in hands and may be 480 or 500 sheets.

Bushel Weights in Pounds

Source: United States Bureau of Standards United States-Federal law for duties on imports | for Climax baskets for grapes and other fruits and -Apples (green or ripe), 50; barley, 48; corn (cracked), 56; corn (shelled), 56; flaxseed (lin- quart, standard dry measure. This act is interstate vegetables of the following capacities: 2, 4, and 12 seed), 56: oats (hulled or unhulled), 32; peas, in application. 60; rye, 56; wheat, 60.

Dry measure in the United States is based on the old English Winchester bushel. Both Federal and State laws fix the bushel as a unit of 2150.42 cubic inches. Where commodities are actually measured in bushel measures, it is customary for the measure to be heaped in the case of bulky commodities such as apples, pears, potatoes, onions, etc.

The United States Court of Customs Appeals decided in February, 1912, that a "bushel" under the tariff law means a heaped bushel, and that a heaped bushel should contain 2747.715 cubic inches. Under this decision a heaped bushes is 27.8 per cent larger than a struck bushel.

The Federal Standard Container Act of 1916 fixes standards for baskets and other containers for small fruits, berries, and vegetables of the following capacities: 12 pint, 1 pint, 1 quart or multiples of the quart, standard dry measure; and standards A cord of wood contains 128 cubic feet. The standard size of a piled cord of wood is 8 feet long, by 4 feet wide, by 4 feet high.

A board foot is 1 ft. x 1 ft. x 1 in. Housekeeper's Measure A 1-qt. measure holds 1 lb. of wheat flour, soft butter or broken loaf sugar; 1 lb. 2 oz. of corn meal or brown sugar; 1 lb. 1 oz. of powdered white sugar.

There are, as a rule, 10 eggs to a pound.
A pint contains 32 tablespoonfuls or 2 tumblers-

The Standard Container Act of 1928 fixes standbaskets for fruits and vegetables. The standard ards for hampers, round stave baskets, and splint hampers and round stave baskets shall be of the following capacities: 8, 14, 12, 8, 34, 14, 11⁄2 and 2 bushels.

The standard splint baskets shall be of the following capacities: 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 32 quart, standard dry measure.

For the purpose of this act a bushel, standard dry measure, has a capacity of 2,150.42 cu. in., and a quart, standard dry measure, has a capacity of 67.2 cu. in. This act is intrastate as well as interstate in application.

The U. S. standard barrel for fruits and vegetables (except cranberries) has a capacity of 7,056 cu. in.; the U. S. standard barrel for cranberries has a capacity of 5,826 cu. in.

full, or 2 "measuring cups."

A tablespoonful equals 3 teaspoonfuls; a teaspoonful equals 80 drops. The equivalent is somespoonfuls, thus reducing the teaspoonful to 60 drops. times given as, one tablespoonful equals 4 tea

Milk, at 68° Fahrenheit, weighs 8.60 lbs. a gallon provided it contains 3 per cent of butter fat; cream 8.37 lbs. a gallon, if it has in it 28 per cent of butter fat. When cream contains 40 per cent of fat it weighs 8.28 lbs. a gallon.

Electrical Units

Source: United States The watt is the unit expressing electrical power as horsepower (hp) represents power in mechanics, it is equal to the product of the volts (pressure) times amperes (rate of flow). Thus, 2 volts times 2 amperes would give in a direct current circuit 4 watts. Electrical energy is sold at so much per watt hour or more generally at a given amount per kilowatt hour-which means 1,000 watt hours. This may represent 1 watt for 1,000 hours or 1,000 watts for 1 hour. 746 watts are equal to one horse

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Roman and Arabic Numerals,

.30 LXXX...80 CCCC...400 CM. 40 XC. 90 D..... ..500 M 50 C.. 100 DC. 60 CC..

11 III IV

1VI. 2 VII. 3 VIII

6 XI. 7 XII .8 XIII

IX. X.

9 XIV.

Source: Historical Records
11 XVI.. .16 XXX..
12 XVII. 17 XL.
13 XVIII.. .18 L.
14 XIX.
15 XX..

10 XV..

900 1000

.19 LX.
.600 MCM..1900
.200 DCC....700 MM...2000
.20 LXX. ..70 CCC....300 DCCC..800

NOTE-A dash line over a numeral, multiplies the value by 1,000: thus, X=10,000; L-50,000; T= 100,000; D=500,000; M=1,000,000; CLIX=159,000; DLIX=559,000. Other general rules in Roman numerals are as | (3), a letter placed before one of greater value subfollows: (1), repeating a letter repeats its valueXX-20; CCC=300; (2), a letter placed after one tracts therefrom-IV 4. of greater value adds thereto VI=6; DC=600;

Arabic numerals are those now commonly in use -0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, etc.

Medical Signs and Abbreviations

R (Lat. Recipe), take; ñà, of each; D, pound; 3 ounces: 3, drachm; . scruple; m, minim, or drop. O or o. pint; 13, fluid ounce; 13, fluid drachm; as, 38, half an ounce; 31, one ounce; 1ss, one ounce and a half; ij, two ounces: gr., grain; Q. S., as much as sufficient; Ft. Mist., let a mixture be made; Ft.

Haust., let a draught be made; Ad., add to: Ad lib.. at pleasure: Aq.. water; M., mix; Mac., macerate: Pulv.. powder; Pil., pill: Solv., dissolve: St., let it stand; Sum., to be taken; D. dose; Dil., dilute; Filt, filter; Lot., a wash: Garg., a gargle; Hor. Decub., at bed time: Inject., injection; Gtt., drops: 89, one-half; Ess., essence.

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Multiplication and Division Table

A number in the top line (19) multipiled by a ber at the top of that column (19) results in the number in the last column on the left (18) pro- number (18) at the extreme left; also, a "umber in duces the number where the top line and the side the table (342) divided by the number (8) at the line meet (342), and so on throughout the table. extreme left gives the number (19) at the top of A number in the table (342) divided by the num- the column, and so on throughout the table. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 12 18 24 30 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 150

2

6 8 10 12

6

4

5

6

36 42

48 54

60

66

7 14 21 28 35

42

49 56 63

70

77

8

16 24 32 40 48

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84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 189 198 207 216 225 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 10 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209 220 231 242 253 264 275 11 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252 264 276 288 300 12 91104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260 273 286 299 312 325 13 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196210 224 238 252 266 280 294 308 322 336 350 14 90105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 15 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288|304|320 336 352 368 384 400 16 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272 289 306 323 340 357 374 391 408 425 17 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 306 324 342 360 378 396 414 432 450 18 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228 247 266 285 304 323 342 361 380 399 418 437 456 475 19 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 200 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 20 42 63 84 105 126 147 168 189 210 231 252 273 294 315 336 357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525 21 44 66 88 110 132 154 176 198 220 242 264 286 308 330 352 374 396 418 440 462 484 506 528 550 22 46 69 92115 138 161 184 207 230 253 276 299 322 345 368 391 414 437 460 483 506 529 552 575 23 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 480 504 528 552 576 600 24 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 25 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25

18 36 54 72

19 38 57 76 20 40 60

21 22 23

24

25

Squares, Square Roots, Cubes and Cubic Roots of Nos. 1 to 100

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To find the circumference of a circle multiply the or depth. Thus, a pipe 1 foot in diameter and 1 diameter by 3.14159265 (commonly expressed as foot in length contains .7854 cubic feet. To find 3.1416). To find the area of a circle multiply the how many gallons are contained in a pipe or square of the diameter by .785398 (usually ex-cylinder, divide the cubic contents by 231, which is pressed as .7854). To find the cubic contents of a the number of cubic inches in a United States cylinder or pipe, multiply the area by the height gallon.

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