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had accepted Great Britain's offer to send military and economic missions to Russia to "coordinate our efforts in what is now beyond doubt the common task-the defeat of Germany." -The German Catholic episcopate sent to all dioceses a message describing the war against Russia as a battle for Christianity all over the world. The clergy was directed to point out in sermons that Christianity had been subjected to terrible persecution in Bolshevist Russia. -Italy ruled that Americans must have exit visas to leave that country.

-Soviet planes bombed Constanta, Sulina, Danzig, Koenigsberg, Lublin and Warsaw. Ankara reported that German land forces had penetrated the Ukraine 120 miles, and had occupied Chisinau (Kishinev), capital of Bessarabia, 40 miles east of the Prut River; Bolgrad, 25 miles northeast of Galatz, Rumania, and Cernauti, near the Rumanian-Russian border.

-Russia accepted the British offer of aid. -Germany put "freezing" restrictions on American funds.

June 25-The only German High Command communique on Russia said: "In the east, fights of the army, air force and navy against Soviet armed forces take such a farvorable course that great successes are to be expected." The Russian communique said the German and Soviet forces were in combat in Lithuania, Poland, Bessarabia and Finland. The Finns were on the defensive. Rumanians were fighting as a part of the German forces. The area around Hanko the base which the Russians got from Finland in the peace settlement of March, 1940, was the scene of violent air raids all day. Russian planes also raided nearby islands.

-Sweden announced that permission had been granted for one division of German troops (about 15,000) to cross Swedish territory from Norway to Finland.

-The U. S. Civil Aeronautics Board zoned the air to "facilitate the movement of military aircraft as well as to provide greater safety on the airways in the face of the enormous increase in civil and military air traffic now taking place." The air space above 17,000 feet was designated for military_operations.

June 26-In Russian-held Poland, German forces got through the Soviet defenses on the Niemen River above its junction with the Neris (Wilja) River and were within 50 miles of Minsk, capital of White Russia. There it is stated, Stalin's generals have massed 632,000 men for a major defensive stand. The troops were said to include infantry divisions totaling 500,000 men, 10 cavalry divisions of 73,000 men, 14 tank brigades of 49,000 men and 3 air divisions of 10,500 men. -Germany announced that its auxiliary cruiser Pinguin had been sunk in a fight with the British cruiser Cornwall in the Indian Ocean. The commander, Captain Krueder, and most of the crew were reported to have been lost. In raiding over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans the Pinguin was credited by Nazi authorities with having sunk more than 140,000 tons of enemy merchant shipping and having taken as prizes another 60,000 tons, which had already arrived in German harbors under prize crews.

-Finland entered the war against Russia. June 27-"There is a state of war between Hungary and the Soviet Union because of the aerial attacks," the Hungarian Premier and Foreign Minister Dr. Ladislaus de Bardossy, declared in the House of Deputies, in Budapest. This was after Russian planes had raided Talabor, and Kosice, where 20 persons were killed. There were reprisal attacks by Hungarian bombers. -Further retirement of the Russian forces amid violent combat toward Minsk was along the northern limits of the German salient stretching from Shavli in Lithuania to Vilna and thence southward to Baranovichi in Poland.

-In Finland. Russian planes attacked the port of Aaba, destroyed 100 buildings and killed many persons.

-In Rumania, Russian planes bombed Bucharest, Polesti, Constanta, and Jassy. Constanta was shelled by Russian warships.

-Denmark severed diplomatic relations with Russia.

-British planes raked the French

"invasion

coast" from Boulogne to Calais; German airmen attacked shipping in the Thames Estuary and German cannon on the French coast destroyed, it was said, British merchant convoys in the Channel. June 28-The Germans fought the Russians in major engagements in the Lwow and Bialystok regions, in the Soviet Union, in the German drive on Minsk. A heavy battle also was in progress in the Luck sector of the Russian-held area in

Poland. The Russians said that the front stretching from Przemysl to the Black Sea had been the scene of frequent thrusts by which the Germans were attempting to force the Pruth River and the Carpathian line into the Stanisslawow Province. German troops were driving from Northern Finland against Murmansk and along the Karelian Isthmus toward Leningrad. June 29-In what the Federal Bureau of Investigation announced as the greatest spy roundup since the World War, J. Edgar Hoover, the Director, made public the names of 29 persons22 of them natives of Germany- who had been arrested charged with conspiring to violate the provisions of the espionage act of June, 1917, which makes it a crime to transmit unlawfully information affecting national defense and to utilize that information to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of a foreign power. Of the prisoners, 18 were seized in the Port of New York, four in New Jersey and one each in Michigan and Wisconsin. Some were working in defense plants, others on American ships.

-Albania declared war on Russia.

-A Berlin communique-one of 12-said that German forces had occupied Minsk and had marched on beyond, on the way to Moscow; with other German troops headed for Kiev, to the southeast, with the Black Sea as their objective. Other and summarizing communiques, stated that German troops had launched a push extending through Lithuania, part of Latvia and most of Sovietized Poland, and had captured Grodno, Brest-Litovsk, Lwow and Dubno, in Poland; Vilna and Kaunas in Lithuania, and Dvinsk in Latvia. The German radio said Luck had been taken. Several sea victories also were claimed. -In Britain, Lord Beaverbrook became Minister of Supply. -Induction of 900,000 men into the United States Army in the year beginning July 1, 1941, was authorized by an Executive Order.

June 30-On his return from Paris to Vichy, the French Vice Premier, Jean Darlan, personally notified the Soviet Ambassador, Alex. E. Bogomolov, to quit the country. The French Ambassador to Russia, Gaston Bergery, was recalled from Moscow. The Vichy Finance Ministry froze all Russian assets. A general roundup and internment of Russians in both the occupied and the free zones of France was begun. The reason given was that Soviet diplomatic and consular agents in France "have been carrying on action prejudicial to public order and the security of the State." -Russia formed a Defense Committee of five to take over all authority of the State, with Joseph Stalin as chairman and Foreign Commissar Vyacheslaff M. Molotov assistant chairman. The other members are Marshal Klementy E. Voroshilov, chairman of the Defense Council; L. P. Beria, Commissar for State Security, and Georgi M. Malenkov, Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. The decree said: "All citizens party organizations and communal institutions will have to carry out the orders of the committee in full obedience." -German and Hungarian forces, advancing in Galicia, took the city of Lwow (Lemberg) in Southern Poland (which the Germans took in Sept., 1939 and handed over to the Russians). Libau, a Latvian port, fell into Germany's possession. In the Ukraine region in Russia, German and Rumanian forces are jointly making an inva

sion.

-In June, it was announced later, the Turkish steamer, Refah, was torpedoed off the Turkish coast with a Turkish naval mission aboard; of the 201 persons aboard 28 survived.

1941-JULY

July 1-A communique from Chancellor Hitler's headquarters, in the field, said: "Between the Carpathians and the Pinsk swamps units of the German Army, fighting in co-operation with Slovakian troops, succeeded in carrying forward pursuit of the enemy on both sides of Lwow." -The U. S. air base on Tuckers Island, Bermuda, was put in commission.

-The Russians bombed Constanta from the air. -The Germans reported capture of Riga, capital of Latvia.

-China severed relations with Italy and Germany. July 2-Soviet Premier Joseph V. Stalin, in a radio broadcast, told all Russia that German armies directed by the "monster" Hitler, had occupied Lithuania, most of Latvia, the Western parts of White Russia and the Ukraine.

-A German communique said that in the encirclement of the Bialystok "trap" a large part of the

Russian troops in that area was destroyed; 100,000 prisoners were taken, with 400 armored cars, 300 pieces of artillery and much other booty, including four armored trains. The "trap" is a triangle formed roughly by Minsk, Bialystok and Vilna.

July 3-What the Germans called the 10-day battle of Bialystok ended with an official Berlin announcement that the Russian forces were in retreat along the entire line, two of the Russian armies were trapped between Bialystok__and Minsk, which has yielded 100,000 prisoners. Snow is falling in the Lwow sector. Rumanian troops joined in the German attack later and the combined forces have advanced from Northern Moldavia and have crossed the Pruth River. -The Finnish High Command in its first communique of the war announced that German and Finnish troops had occupied the Aaland Islands. Russian planes raided Helsinki and the Hangoe airdome, 90 miles to the west.

-In Syria the French garrison at Tadmur sur-
rendered to the British.

-Russians continued their withdrawal to the Stalin
Line of blockhouses, 20 miles deep. They said
they had killed, wounded or captured 700,000
Germans in the Minsk area. The Germans said
20,000 Russians had surrendered.
-Pietro Gazzera, Supreme Commander of the re-
maining Italian forces under arms in Ethiopia,
surrendered with all the forces operating in
Galla Sidamo Province.

July 5-German front units in Russia, advancing
at an average, they said, of 25 miles a day, were
in contact with the main Stalin Line on the
Dnieper River in the region of Orsha, 300 miles
southwest of Moscow.

July 6-A lull in fighting marked British conversations with Lebanese and Syrian leaders looking toward armistice negotiations with the government of France.

"progressing relentlessly." without mentioning any place names.

-Fighting continued in Syria.

-British planes raided Naples and Syracuse, Aachen, Havre, Lille and Cherbourg. German planes bombed Hull, Folkestone, Great Yarmouth and Middlesborough. They sank, it was said, five merchant ships in a convoy at the mouth of the Bristol Channel.

July 11-Secretary Knox told the Senate Naval Affairs Committee that there had been no shooting of any kind by United States ships, but that on one occasion an American destroyer had dropped a depth bomb when its detecting instruments indicated the nearness of a submarine as the destroyer was picking up survivors from a sunken British vessel in semi-darkness.

-The Russian armies were put under command of Marshals K. E. Voroshilov, S. K. Timoshenko and Semyon Budenny.

July 12-The German High Command reported its forces had broken the Stalin Line at "all decisive points" in their drives toward Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev. The German Army pushed through in the central area to a point 125 miles beyond Minsk, about 50 miles from Smolensk, a communications center. Hungarian troops and motor units were pursuing Red Army defenders east of Zbruez the river, which once was the border between Galicia and the Russian Ukraine. Axis planes raided Leningrad; also the Suez Canal.

-Pending an armistice fighting in Syria was suspended. The armistice was signed July 14, at Acre. Under its terms Syria and the Lebanon will be occupied by the Allies. France, on July 15, gave up her 21 years of rule and turned the mandate over to British and Free French armies of occupation.

Vichy-Russia and Britain signed, at Moscow, a mutual assistance treaty.

-German forces held the city of Minsk, but there and elsewhere there was, resistance, the communiques said. Their prisoners, Berlin stated. had been increased to 300,000 by 52,000 surrenders in the Minsk area. The city of Smolensk was bombed by German planes.

July 7-President Roosevelt informed Congress that the United States had occupied Iceland by agreement with the Danish government. He had acted. he explained, because of "1, the threat against Greenland and the northern portion of the North American Continent, including the islands which lle off it; 2, The threat against all shipping in the North Atlantic; 3. The threat against the steady flow of munitions to Britain, which is a matter of broad policy clearly approved by the Congress."

-The President added that he had guaranteed to the Iceland Premier, Hermann Jonasson, that the sovereignty of the Island would be respected and defended, and that the United States would withdraw on the close of the war in Europe. Congress also was informed that the President had put "substantial" armed forces on Trinidad. near the Panama Canal, and on British Guiana. -The Canadian Prime Minister, W. L. MacKenzie

July 13-The Russian communique reported "major violent fighting" in Pasko, Vitebsk and Novograd areas. The German communique said Vitebsk was taken on July 11. Axis troops were at the gates of Kiev and "German-Rumanian armies advancing from Moldavia have thrown the enemy back along a wide front to and across the Dniester River. Operating from Galicia, German, Slovak and Hungarian troops are pursuing the enemy."

-German planes, Berlin said, sank two freighters (12,000 tons) in the Suez Canal roadstead. -British planes flew through thunder storms and attacked Bremen.

-The Italian Government put all American business in Italy under the control of Italian officials. July 14-Russians announced they had sunk, July 12, in the Baltic, 13 German troopships, two destroyers, a barge load of tanks and had set fire to 13 other troopships. The Finnish High Command reported Finnish troops had smashed through Russian fortifications on the Karelian Isthmus north of Leningrad and had "driven well into Soviet territory." Berlin said that "breakthrough operations on the Eastern front continue on schedule."

King announced that all Canadian troops had July 15-"In the second phase of the invasion of

been moved from Iceland and that Canadians had built roads and established bases making ready for the occupation by U. S. forces. -In Russia, German-Rumanian troops captured Cernauti, capital of Sovietized Bukovina, and reached upper stretches of the Dniester River. July 9 In the Bessarabian area, Russian forces prevented the German and Rumanian troops from advancing beyond the Pruth River and also. Moscow said, hindered their plans to reach the Dniester River. The German drive toward Leningrad from the south has not moved beyond Ostrov.

-Motorized Hungarian troops have advanced 100
miles in Galicia.

-In the north, on the Murmansk coast, united
Finnish-German forces are advancing from Pet-
samo; on the east front they took five towns.
-including Pepola; further south they got Salla,
and drove the Russians back from Enso. Hel-
sinki is bombed daily by Russian planes. Moscow
sald the Germans still were being stalled in the
drives toward Leningrad, Moscow and the
Ukraine. Berlin reported Axis forces had cap-
tured Wiljandi and Paernu, on the route toward
Tallinn, Estonia, and that the drive toward
Leningrad was progressing after the taking of
Ostrov.
-France (Vichy) asked Britain for an armistice in
Syria.

July 10-A German High Command communique
said the Reich troops on the Russian fronts were

Russia, now seven days old, German armies have penetrated, in some places part and in some places all, of the Stalin Line of defenses which are 20 to 30 miles wide. They are nearing Kiev on the south. The have crossed the Dnieper River at several points in the center and they have pushed beyond Pskov on the road to Leningrad in the north." "Fierce battles are continuing in the Pskov-Porkhov, Vitebsk and NovogradVolynsk sectors," a Russian communique said. The Germans, Berlin said, has crossed the Luga river, which along most of its course is 60 to 80 miles southwest of Leningrad.

-Soviet Government services are packing up and leaving Moscow.

-German and Italian consular officials departed from New York and other United States posts, and United States diplomatic attaches left Rome, Berlin and other Axis posts, pursuant to the mutual-reprisal evacuation deadline date. The Germans and Italians were bound for Lisbon. July 16-A German communique, dated from Chancellor Hitler's headquarters on the Russian front, said: "In the east operations are proceeding favorably. In several places desperate Soviet counter-attacks have been repulsed with bloody losses for the enemy. In the fight against Great Britain the air force damaged two big merchantmen east of Newcastle. Fighting planes bombed the port facilities at Margate." Moscow reported that Germany's armored troops had reached the Smolensk area, 90 miles east of Vitebsk and 230 miles from Moscow.

-Moscow's 4,200,000 residents were rationed as to
foodstuffs and manufactured goods.
-The second cabinet of Prince Konoye in Japan
resigned, after a year's tenure.
-Gen. Sir Henry Maitland Wilson arrived in
Beirut, Syria, and Australian units of the British
forces completed the occupation of the north cape
and the mountain hinterland. With Wilson was
Gen. Georges Catroux, commander of the Free
French troops.
July 17-In Russia the political commissars who
were shelved in August, 1940, after the war with
Finland, were restored and renamed war com-
missars.

-Rationing of shoes, foods and manufactured pro-
ducts was extended to Leningrad.
-The Germans announced capture of Smolensk,
230 miles west of Moscow. They also reported
occupation of Polotsk and Kishinev (Chisinau)
adding that a "tremendous struggle" was still
in progress, with 9,000,000 soldiers involved, with
"great successes in the making."
-President Roosevelt, by proclamation, banned
United States trading with 1,800 firms and per-
sons in Latin America deemed to have been acting
for the benefit of Germany or Italy.
-Harry L. Hopkins, who had flown unannounced
to England, attended a meeting of the British
War Cabinet.

July 18-The German communique said that Reich
forces had been in possession of Smolensk since
July 16 despite Russian counter attacks and had
pushed on toward Moscow.

-The Finns announced they had captured the
town of Vaertsilae, 28 miles north of Lake Lado-
ga.
-President Roosevelt stated that the Navy had
orders to keep the sea lanes open between the
United States and Iceland, as well as other out-
lying American garrisons, against attack or
threat of attack.

July 19 Berlin announced that Reich troops,
which had captured Smolensk, had fought their
way to within less than 200 miles of Moscow
and were still advancing. Berlin said also that
in some sectors German forces had left the
Stalin Line more than 60 miles behind them.
-Premier Stalin took over the post of Defense
Commissar in Russia.

-Germany and Switzerland signed a mutual com-
mercial agreement.

-The Bolivian Government proclaimed a nation-
wide state of seige, began arresting pro-German
propagandists, and declared the German Min-
ister, Ernst Wendler, an undesirable.
July 20-Berlin advices said the Russian central
army, retreating from Smolensk toward Moscow
along the main invasion route followed by Napo-
leon 129 years ago, was being snared in a series
of pockets. In Moscow, the Red Army command
said the German drives had been stalled in
violent battles, and that a Russian counter-
assault had recaptured an important city "with
the initial S" in a rout of Nazi forces. In Bes-
sarabia the Germans advanced from Chisinau
toward Odessa, on the Black Sea.
July 21-All shipping agencies have been notified
of an order by Panama Canal authorities re-
stricting or prohibiting transit of merchant ship-
ping for the time being" to permit urgent
repairs. The immediate effect was to block
passage of a number of waiting Japanese ships.
-U. S. troops reached British Guiana to garrison
the two American defense bases-a patrol plane
and squadron base with aerodrome on the
of the River Demerara, 25 miles up; a seaplane
base near Suddie on the west bank of the mouth
of the River Essequibo, 1,500 air miles east of
the Panama Canal.

the British dollar exchange without selling their securities and investments at forced sale. Proceeds of the loan will be used to pay for war materials contracted for in this country before the lease-lend act and will be made available at the approximate rate of $100,000,000 a month. Collateral is provided mainly by British-owned American securities and capital stock of Britishowned U. S. insurance companies valued at over $500,000,000.

July 23-The official communique from Hitler's
field headquarters said: "In the Ukraine, Ger-
man, Rumanian, Hungarian and Slovak troops
continued the pursuit untiringly. On other parts
of the eastern front enveloping and annihilation
of small and big Soviet groups continue. In the
course of attempts to break the ring and help in-
close troops the enemy everywhere suffered extra-
ordinarily sanguinary losses."

-The Russian communique said stubborn battles
were waged against the enemy in the directions
of Polotsk-Nevel, Smolensk and Zhitomir, and on
the Bessarabian sector of the front.
-The Finns are pursuing retreating Russian forces
through the woods in Viena Province. The road.
they report, is hardly more than a lumber trail;
it is thickly mined. In some places there is an
explosive buried in nearly every square yard for
stretches of as much as four miles. These mines,
unearthed by Finnish engineers, are piled at the
roadsides, while stakes mark those not yet dug
out

July 24-The British Government ordered registra-
tion of 3,000,000 more men and women for the
armed forces or for war work.

-In the Channel and nearby coast raids, the British planes are encountering heavier enemy air resistance, and it has come to light that the German battleship, Scharnhorst, has left Brest and is at La Pallice.

-The German communique said that the operations of their armed forces and of their allies "are taking their planned course on the entire east front in spite of difficult roads and strong local resistance." The Russian war bulletin said that stubborn fighting continued in the Porkhov, Polotsk-Nevel, Smolensk and Zhitomir directions. There were no major activities on other sectors of the front."

-At Lisbon, German consular officials and their families from the United States were formally exchanged for Americans similarly ordered out of Germany and German-occupied territory; 248 Americans were exchanged for 200 Germans. July 25-The French Foreign Ministry announced a joint arrangement with Japan by which accord will fix the details of Franco-Japanese cooperation in Indo-China. President Roosevelt announced he had issued an executive order freezing Japanese assets in the United States and added that at the request of Generalissimo Chian Kai-shek, and to help the Chinese Government, he had extended the freezing control to Chinese assets in the United States. Britain and Canada followed suit.

July 26-Japan ordered freezing of all United States and British funds. The Tokio Stock Exchange and the Yokohama Silk Exchange closed; United States defense agencies froze all stocks of raw silk, limited its processing, sought suspension of trading in silk futures on commodity exchanges and announced a ceiling on silk prices. Britain denounced its commercial treaties with Japan and those of Japan with Burma and India. bank-President Roosevelt placed the Philippine army and navy under United States Military and Naval command. Gen. Douglas A. MacArthur, former Chief of Staff, who has trained the Philippines' forces for six years, was recalled to active service to take command of the American Army in the islands and the entire Filipino militia. July 27-A German spearhead" pushing its way through Russian defense lines, was reported to be within 43 miles of Leningrad. Heavy fighting continued in the Prevel, Smolensk and Zhitomir areas. The Finnish communique said that all the territory that was ceded to Russia 16 months ago had been recaptured. -London experienced its first heavy German air attack since May 10 when Rudolf Hess parachuted to earth in Scotland.

-A Russian communique said heavy fighting was
in progress in the areas around Polotsk, Nevel,
Smolensk and Novograd Volynsk. Stalin added
four new Vice-Commissars of Defense to his staff.
His son, Jacob, was reported by Berlin to have
been captured, July 16, near Liozno, Russia.
July 22-The Germans developed a new drive
toward Leningrad, northeast of that city, along
the Pskov-Porkhov line. Combined German-Fin-
nish forces assaulted Russian positions in the
neighborhood of Petrozavodsk, on Lake Onega,
which is 140 miles inside Russia from the Finnish
frontier. Scores were killed in Moscow by a Ger-
man air raid, which Berlin said was in reprisal
for "Bolshevist" plane attacks on Bucharest and
Helsinki. There now are daily air attacks on the
Suez Canal or its approaches.
-Japan imposed radio and cable censorship.
-The United States Reconstruction Finance Corp.
authorized a loan of $425,000,000 to Great Britain,
with the approval of President Roosevelt.
thority was granted by Congress for providing

Au

July 28-The Berlin communique said: "The battle of Smolensk is drawing to a successful conclusion. All Bolshevist attempts to prevent annihilation of encircled Soviet units were nipped in the bud. In the Ukraine allied troops continued in pursuit of the enemy in spite of bad roads. On the Finnish front German and Finnish troops, in the face of tough enemy resistance, are gaining further ground." The Russian communique said: "Our troops continued to fight in the direction of

Smolensk and Zhitomir. The enemy offensive in these directions is breaking against the firmness and stubbornness of our troops. In some places our troops have passed to energetic counter-attacks and inflicted heavy losses on the enemy." -The Netherlands East Indies froze Japanese trade and assets. Japan reciprocated. Finland broke off relations with Britain.

"Our

-Japan has begun occupation of air bases in Indo-
China, by agreement with Vichy.
-In the United States Senate, Mr. Wheeler, Dem..
of Montana, answered the recent public charge
by Secretary of War Stimson that the circulation
of anti-war postcards to soldiers comes "very
near the line of subversive activity against the
U. S., if not treason." The Senator said the
of
circularizing was from a commercial list
names, there was no intention to concentrate on
soldiers. Mr. Stimson on July 29 apologized.
July 29 The Russian communique said:
troops engaged the enemy in the directions of
Novorzhev, Nevel, Smolensk and Zhitomir. There
was particularly heavy fighting in the Smolensk
direction, where our units detrenched the enemy
from their positions with a succession of counter-
attacks. The enemy suffered heavy losses." The
German communique said: "Rumanian troops
have reached the region of the Dniester estuary.
Bessarabia thus is completely liberated from
the enemy. Operations in the Ukraine continued
steadily. The enemy's power groups, which were
overrun in the course of our break-through of the
Stalin Line in the direction of Smolensk, now
have been virtually wiped out. The last encircle-
ment-east of Smolensk is facing destruction."
July 30-The Russian war communique said: "Our
troops continued fighting the enemy in the No-
vorzhev-Nevel directions and especially stubborn-
ly in the Smolensk and Zhitomir directions.
other directions and sectors of the front, no
important engagements took place." The Ger-
man communique said: "Renewed attempts by
the opponent to liberate his forces encircled east
of Smolensk by means of relief attacks have been
repulsed. The enemy has suffered severe losses.
On other parts of the eastern front operations
continued according to plan."

In

-British planes bombed the Finnish Arctic port of
Petsamo.

-Harry L. Hopkins flew from London to Moscow.
and received from Premier Josef Stalin a per-
sonal note for President Roosevelt.
-Russia signed a pact (in London) with the
Polish Government-in-exile, restoring to Poland
the areas taken by Russia in 1939.
-The United States officially recognized the Provi-
sional Government of Czecho-Slovakia in Great
Britain under the Presidency of Dr. Eduard
Benes.

July 31-The Russian communique said:

"Our

troops continued fighting in the directions of
Porkhov, Novorzhev, Smolensk and Zhitomir. No
major operations took place in other sectors of
the front. Especially stubborn fighting developed
in the Smolensk direction, where our troops by
with
counter-attacks threw back the enemy
heavy losses. We captured prisoners and booty."
The German communique said: "During opera-
tions in pursuit of defeated Russian armies in the
Ukraine, German forces made a deep thrust into
Encirclement of
the enemy retreat movement.
the enemy east of Smolensk was further tight-
ened. Units fighting in Estonia threw the op-
ponent back to the north."

-Italy's expeditionary corps has reached the east-
ern front to fight with the Germans against Rus-
sía.

-Vice-President Wallace was made head of the new Economic Defense Board.

1941-AUGUST

Aug. 1-Moscow noted that "fighting continued in
and
the directions of Novorzhev, Smolensk
Zhitomir" and there was no major engagement
elsewhere. The Berlin communique said "battles
on the East Front continue to develop in our
German news agency
favor." The official
(D.N.B.) announced 35,000 Russian prisoners and
205 cannon had been taken in the Smolensk
sector.

-Germany restored to Poland all of the land that
had been under Russian rule by the 1939 treaty.
-British destroyers raided the roadsted of Alghero
and the harbor at Porto Conte in Sardinia.
Aug. 2-"Fighting continued in the direction of
Navel, Smolensk and Zhitomir. No major en-
gagements took place," the Russian communique
said. The German communique said: "In the
Ukraine, German speed units thrust deeply into
the enemy's retreat movement. Another great

destructive battle is under way in the region 250 milometers (155 miles) south of Kiev. Soviet divisions trapped east of Smolensk are being further hemmed in."

Aug. 3-President Roosevelt left New London. Conn., on the warship Potomac, on an officiallydescribed private cruise at sea. At about the same time Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American Observer Harry L. Hopkins, an emissary of Mr. Roosevelt, vanished from London. Movements of the President's squadron, or any accounts of their whereabouts, were kept from publication until Aug. 14, when an official statement in Washington said Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Churchill and their aides had "met at sea" and had agreed on a joint declaration of their mutual aims toward a "better future for the world." The statement set forth eight steps to that end.

-The Russian communique said "our troops continued fighting the enemy in the Smolensk. Korosten and Byelaya Tserkov directions, and on the Estonian sector of the front." The German communique said: "In the destruction of the enemy west of Lake Peipus, about 10,000 prisoners were taken and also many tanks, cannon and other war materials." A pincer movement against Kiev was developed.

-Merchant convoys in the Atlantic and in the Baltic and Mediterranean suffered losses in daily plane and submarine attacks and there were the usual air raids on British, German and Channel ports and cities, including Berlin and Moscow. -The Eastern United States seaboard passed under a daily 7 P.M. to 7 A.M. ban on sales of gasoline to motorists.

Aug. 4-The Russian communique said: "Our troops continued to fight the enemy in the Smolensk, Korosten and Byelaya Tserkov directions and on the Estonian sector of the front." The German communique said: "In encircling operations in the Ukraine, German speed troops and Hungarian units cut off vital railroad connections of the enemy. The bulk of Soviet armed forces trapped east of Smolensk has now been destroyed. The remainder is facing dissolution." The U. S. Department of State formally notified Russia that the latter would receive "all economic assistance practicable."

-The Finns reported that "an encircled enemy (Russian) unit north of Lake Ladoga, of which 200 men were found dead, was destroyed." -Rome said an Italian torpedo boat rammed and sank the British submarine Cachalot and picked up 91 survivors.

-Japanese shipping to the U. S. has been suspended.

-The Russians reported they shot down 53 German
airplanes and lost 21 of their own in one day.
Aug. 5-The German communique said: "In the
Ukraine, breakout attempts of the enemy forces
encircled in a limited area were repulsed. Units
of the opponent were annihilated. In a widening
break through the region 62 miles southwest of
Smolensk a new enemy power party was partly
annihilated and partly encircled in a surprise
thrust. In Estonia the town of Tapa was taken."
The Russian bulletin said: "Our troops continued
fighting against the enemy in the directions of
Smolensk, Koresten. Byelaya Tserkov and on
the Estonian sector of the front."
-British air forces are busy in offense and defense
operations in the Suez area, and in East Africa,
the Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic.
-Large numbers of British reinforcements, in-
cluding Indian troops, air, land and naval per-
sonnel, have arrived at Singapore.

Aug. 6-Adolf Hitler's headquarters announced
that the army group of Field Marshal Gen. von
Bock had "victoriously concluded" the almost
month-long "great Battle of Smolensk," and, in
the Russian campaign to date had taken 895,000
prisoners, 13.145 tanks, 10,388 pieces of artillery,
9,082 airplanes (destroyed or captured). After a
detailed review of the anti-Bolshevik campaign
the Chancellor announced the "beginning of new
operations." The official German news agency in
Berlin estimated the Russian dead at 3,000,000.
The High Command said the Germans had
broken through the Stalin line at three "de-
cisive" points-south of the Pinsk marshes in
the direction of Kiev; in the direction of
Smolensk on the Moscow front, and south of
Lake Peipus toward Leningrad.
-The Russian communique said: "Our troops
fought stubbornly against the enemy in Kaeki-
salmi, Smolensk and Byelaya Tserkov directions
and in the Estonian sector of the front."
Aug. 7-At Moscow the Soviet Information Bureau
announced that the actual results of the war
with Russia were: Casualties-German, 1,500,000;
Russian, 600,000. Tanks destroyed-German,

destroyed

6,000: Russian, 5,000. Airplanes German, 6,000; Russian, 4,000. Guns destroyedGerman, 8,000; Russian, 7,000. -The Russian communique said: "Our troops fought the enemy in the Kaekisalmi, Kholm, Smolensk and Byelaya Tserkov directions. -The German communique reiterated that Hitler's forces captured Smolensk on July 16 by a motorized infantry division in "hand-to-hand fighting and was held against continuous, furious enemy attacks."

Aug. 8 Commons was officially informed that British Imperial forces left behind 25,680 prisoners and dead in the evacuations of Greece and Crete. This included Australian and New Zealand forces and those from the United Kingdom. Of the total British strength in Greece at the German attack-57,757 officers and men44,865 were evacuated. When the Germans attacked Crete the British strength there was 27,550 and of these 14,580 were taken safely away. -Commons was told, also, that the White Star ocean liner, Georgic, had been "damaged by enemy action."

-The German communique said: "In the Ukraine an enemy power group encircled southeast of Uman was annihilated. More than 30,000 prisoners, among them high troop leaders. German troops fighting in Estonia captured Vesenberg (Rakwere) and penetrated to the coast of the Gulf of Finland." The Russian bulletin said: "Our troops fought the enemy in the Kaekisalmi, Smolensk, Korosten and Byelaya Tserkov directions and on the Estonian sector of the front." Aug. 9-In the Ukraine, German forces driving south from Lipovets and Uman made "considerable progress." Close to the south of the Pinsk Marshes, German troops, after days of fighting in a forest and swamp region took the railway junction of Korosten. The Russians said their forces engaged in fierce fighting with the enemy in the Kaekisalmi, Smolensk, Korosten and Byelaya Tserkov directions.

-The U. S. Office of Production Management put steel under 100 per cent priority control. Aug. 10-The German official news agency announced a direct hit on the Kremlin in an air raid on Moscow.

-A Russian plane bombed and destroyed the dome of the Cathedral in Parvoo, Finland. -A plane with 22 persons aboard crashed as it was leaving an English west coast airport bound for the United States. All were killed, including Arthur B. Purvis, Chairman of the British Supply Council in North America. Eleven of the dead were U. S. pilots engaged in the ferrying of American bombing planes to Britain. -The British Admiralty announced that the 1,375ton destroyer Defender, which carried a normal complement of 145 officers and men, had been sunk but that all aboard had been saved. -The Russian communique said their soldiers still were "fighting stubbornly" in the directions of Soltsy, Kohlm, Smolensk, Byelaya Tserkov and Uman. Berlin said that "operations in the east are proceeding according to plan." Aug. 11-The Soviet communique said: "Our troops continued fighting the enemy in the Soltay. Smolensk, Byelaya Tserkov and Uman directions. Our air force continued to inflict blows on enemy panzer troops and infantry, attacked his aircraft on airdromes and bombed a large railway bridge at Cernavoda on the Danube and ships at Constanta. The bridge was destroyed." Berlin stated officially that the Germans had driven a wedge into the Ukraine, pointed toward the Black Sea along the Bug River from a point directly south of Kiev. Masses of Russian troops were said to have been trapped and wiped out there. These forces are mostly "panzers" supported by Hungarian cavalry and motorized units, while a second line of troops has followed up and completed the destruction. Military quarters in Ankara, Turkey, said the Germans were putting 70 divisions, or more than 1,000,000 men, into this push. -President Roosevelt issued an Executive Order directing the Federal Reserve Board to use a World War statute and its criminal penalties to curb installment credit used for the purchase of "consumers' durable goods," which totals $10,000,000,000 a year.

Aug. 12-Marshal Petain, in a radio broadcast from Vichy, announced appointment of Vice Premier Jean Darlan as Minister of National Defense in direct control of all land, sea and air defenses. "Authority," the Marshal said, "no longer emanates from below. The only authority is that which I entrust or delegate. As for collaboration -offered in the month of October, 1940, by the Chancellor of the Reich under conditions that made me appreciate their deference-it was a long-term labor and has not yet been able to

bear all its fruits. As regards Italy, our relations likewise are controlled by an armistice convention. Here again our desires are to escape from these provisional relations to create more stable ties without which the European order cannot be constructed.

"I would also recall to the great American Republic the reasons why it has no cause to fear a decline of French ideals. Certainly our parliamentary democracy is dead, but it never had more than a few traits in common with the democracy of the United States. As for the instinct of liberty, it still lives within us, proud and strong."

The Marshal suspended political parties and Freemasons' public functions; he suppressed the pay of members of the Parliament as of Sept. 30. -German armored forces are within an estimated 40 miles of the Russian port of Nikolaev, on the Black Sea.

-Russian planes raid Berlin nightly, alternating with British attacks on Germany mostly by daylight-sometimes vice versa. Together they cover large areas of the Reich.

-Russian planes destroyed, Moscow said, the railway bridge over the Danube, near Cernavoda, Rumania, one of the largest in Europe.

Aug. 13-The Hitler headquarters communique, in referring to the "trap" by which Odessa is being put in an encirclement attempt, said: "In the Southern Ukraine infantry divisions and motorized troops of the German Army and its allies are pursuing the enemy, retreating toward Black Sea harbors. Great losses have been inflicted upon Soviet rear guards, which have been forced to make a stand during the hot pursuit. Italian planes are active in Africa, and in the Mediterranean where they are aided by warships. In the Ukraine the Italian forces have progressed through the mud and the dust about 62 miles beyond Soroca, on the old Bessarabian frontier, and they are taking part in the drive on Odessa. -Russian bombers attacked the Borgae district, Rauma and Kotka, while Finnish planes raided Russian columns, barracks and trains on the Murmansk railroad.

Aug. 14-A bulletin from Hitler's field headquarters said: "German, Rumanian, Hungarian and Italian detachments are irresistibly advancing south between the Dniester and the Dnieper. Odessa has been encircled by Rumanian troops. Nikolaev has been surrounded from the west and east by German-Hungarian detachments. In the course of the advance along the lower Dnieper, German speed troops occupied the mining region of .Krivog Rog." Russian forces in the Ukraine evacuated Kirovograd and -The U. S. Senate, 37 to 19, passed the joint resolution of Congress which extends the original year of service of selectees, National Guards and Reservists by 18 months to make a total of two and one-half years. Regulars who have enlisted for three years can be retained for four and one-half years. The House had passed the resolution, 203 to 202, Aug. 12. The President signed the resolution Aug. 18.

Pervomaisk.

Aug. 15-The German communique said that Odessa had been encircled by Rumanian troops and Nikolaev by German-Hungarian units. Eastward of the Bug River, German units in pursuit of the defeated enemy took the ore region of Krivoy Rog. The Moscow bulletin said: "Our troops were engaged with the enemy in the directions of Kaekisalmi, Saraya Russa, Smolensk and the Estonian part of the front." A later bulletin said that fighting had extended along the whole front.

A 10 per cent cut in the deliveries of gasoline to filling stations, garages and other retailers in 17 Eastern States was ordered by the Government. -A joint United States and British invitation was sent to Stalin to confer on a "more long term policy, since there is still a long and hard path to be traversed before there can be won that complete victory without which our efforts and sacrifices would be wasted. We are at the moment cooperating to provide you with the very mavimum of supplies that you most urgently need. Already many shiploads have left our shores and more will leave in the immediate future. We realize fully how vitally important to the defeat of Hitlerism is the brave and steadfast resistance of the Soviet Union and we feel, therefore, that we must not in any circumstances fail to act quickly and immediately in this matter on planning the program for the future allocation of our joint resources."

Aug. 16 In the Ukraine, German and Rumanian forces drove southward along the Dniester River toward Odessa. Other Axis forces went south along the Bug River toward Uman and the Russian naval base of Nikolaev. A third column

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