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Finisterre, Western Spain; 472.

-Oct. 19. Steamer Cambraia lost off Inishtrahull; 170.

-Oct. 20. Steamer Varuna, New York for Galveston, sunk off Florida coast; 72.

1871-Jan. 14. Steamer T. L. McGill, burned on Mississippi River; 58.

were foundered; 150.

-July 22. Spanish steamer Gigon and British
steamer Lexham in collision off Cape Finisterre;
both sunk; 150.

-Sept. 22. British gunboat Wasp wrecked off
Donegal; 52.

1885-Feb. 15. British steamship Humber left port,
never heard from; 56.

-Jan. 27. Steamer Kensington collides with bark
Templar off Cape Hatteras, both wrecked: 150.
-Jan. 28. Steamer H. R. Arthur explodes; 87.
-July 30. Staten Island ferryboat Westfield's-Nov.
bollers exploded in New York harbor; 100; 200
injured.

-Dec. 23. Steamer America, Buenos Aires
Montevideo, burned; 60.

to

1872-April 11. Steamer Oceanus explodes; 40. -Aug. 30. Steamer Metis sunk in collision on Long Island Sound; 50.

-Nov. 7. The brig, Mary Celeste, left N. Y. harbor, under Capt. Benj. S. Briggs, laden with alcohol, bound for Genoa, 5 weeks later, found abandoned in the Atlantic, with all sails set, 300 miles west of Gibraltar. Crew never heard from. 1873-Jan. 22. British steamer Northfleet sunk in collision off Dungeness; 300.

19.

1887-Jan. 20. Steamer Kapunda in collision with
bark Ada Melmore off coast of Brazil; 300.
Steamer W. A. Scholten sunk by
collision in the English Channel; 134.
1888-Aug. 14. Steamship Geiser sunk by collision
with the Thingvalla; 105.

-Sept. 12. Italian steamship and steamship La
France collide near Canary Islands; 89.
1889-March 16. United States warships Trenton,
Vandalla and Nipsic and German ships Adler and
Eber wrecked at Apia, Samoan Islands; 147.
-Dec. 31. British steamship Erin of National
Line, left port, never heard from; 72.
1890-Jan. 2. Steamer Persia wrecked on Island
of Corsica; 130.
-Feb. 17. British steamer Duburg wrecked in
China Sea; 400.
March 1. British steamship Quetta wrecked off
Cape York; 124.
Steamboat Sea Wing, overturned in
storm on Lake Papin, Minn.-Wis.; 97.
lost-Sept. 19. Turkish frigate Ertogrul foundered
off coast of Jap.; 540.
-Oct. 29. Steamship Viscaya, New York for
Havana, sunk in collision off Barnegat, N. J.: 70.
-Nov. 10. British cruiser Serpent wrecked in
storm off coast of Spain; 167.

-April 1. White Star steamer Atlantic wrecked
off Nova Scotia; 547.

-Aug. 8. Steamboat Wawasset, burned in Potomac
River: 75.

-Sept. 27. Steamship Ismailia, Anchor liner,
at sea; 52.
-Nov. 23.

French Line steamer Ville du Havre,
New York to Havre, in collision with ship Loch
Earn and sunk in sixteen minutes; 230.
1874-Dec. 6. Emigrant ship Cospatrick burned at
sea; 470.

1875-May 7. Hamburg mail steamer Schiller,
wrecked in fog on Scilly Islands; 200.
-Nov. 4. American steamer Pacific sunk by
collision off Cape Flattery; 236.
-Nov. 9. Steamer City of Waco, burned off
Galveston; 53.

-Dec. 6. Steamer Deutschland, Bremen to New
York, wrecked at mouth of the Thames; 157.
1877-July 15. British steamer Eten wrecked off
Valparaiso; 100.

-Nov. 24. United States sloop-of-war Huron
wrecked off North Carolina coast; 100.

-Nov. Steamer Atacama wrecked off Caldera,
Chile; 104.

1878-Jan. 31. Steamer Metropolis wrecked off
North Carolina; 100.

-March 24. British training ship Eurydice foundered near the Isle of Wight; 300.

-Sept. 3. British steamer Princess Alice sunk in collision in the Thames; 700.

-Sept. 28. German steamship Hermann Ludwig,
vanished at sea; 50.

-Dec. 18. French steamer Byzantin sunk in
collision in the Dardanelles; 10.
Thirteen
1879-Feb. 12-16.

American Fishing schooners foundered off George's Bank, Newfoundland; 144.

-March 19. British steamship Bernicia, left port,
never heard from; 45.

1880-Jan. 31. British training ship Atlanta left
Bermuda with 290 men; never heard from.
--Aug. 29. Steamer City of Vera Cruz foundered
off Florida coast; 68.

-Oct. 16. American steamer Alpena foundered on
Lake Michigan; 60.

capsized in

-Nov. 24. French steamer Uncle Joseph sunk by
collision off Spezzia; 250.
Steamer
1881-May 24.
Victoria,
Thames River, Canada; 200.
-June. U. S. Naval vessel, Jeanette, crushed in
Arctic ice and sank 500 miles off Siberian coast.
Commander G. W. De Long and 21 others were
drowned, frozen or starved; 11 survived, includ-
ing Lieut. G. W. Melville. The vessel had been
in the ice pack since Sept. 1879. She had sailed
from San Francisco in July, 1879, for the North
Pole, having been bought and outfitted by James
Gordon Bennett.

-Aug 30. Steamer Teuton wrecked off the Cape
of Good Hope; 200.

1882-July 4. Steamer Sciota wrecked in collision
on Ohio River; 57.

-Sept. 14. Northwest transit service steamer
Asia, foundered between Ontario and Sault Ste.
Marie; 98.

1883-May 3. Grapples burned near Bute Inlet,
Vancouver Island; 70.

-July 3. Steamer Daphne capsized in the Clyde;

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-July 13.

-Dec. 27. British steamer Shanghai burned in
China Sea; 100.

1891-March 17. Steamer Utopia, Anchor Line,
sunk by collision off Gibraltar; 574.

-April 16. British ship St. Catharis wrecked off
Carolina Island; 90.

-April 22. Chilean warship Blanco Encalada
blown up in Caldera Bay; 200.

-Sept. 10. Italian steamship Taormina sunk in
collision in Mediterranean; 50.

-Nov. 2. Steamship Enterprise sank in Bay of
Bengal: 77.

-Dec. 18. Steamer Abyssinia, Guion Line, burned
at sea.

1892 Jan. 13. Steamer Namchow wrecked in
China Sea; 414.

-May 22. Brazilian warship sank near mouth of
La Plata River; 120.
-Oct. 28. Steamer

Roumania, Anchor Line.

wrecked off Portuguese coast; 113. 1893-Feb. 8.

Steamer Trinacria, Anchor Line,

wrecked off coast of Spain; 115.

-Feb. 11. White Star steamer Noronic, Liverpool
to N. Y. on maiden voyage; vanished.
-May 29. British steamship Germania foundered
in Bay of Bengal; 64.

-June 22. British battleship Victoria sunk by
collision with her sister ship Camperdown off
Tripoli, Syria; 350.

1894-Feb. 2. United States covette Kearsarge
wrecked on Roncador Reef.

-June 25. Steamship Norge, wrecked on Rockall
Reef, North Atlantic; 600.

-Nov. 1. Steamer Wairarapa wrecked off coast of
New Zealand; 134.

1895-Jan. 30. German steamer Elbe sunk in
collison with British steamer Crathie in Nor
Sea; 335.
March 11.

Regenta

Spanish cruiser Reina foundered in the Atlantic at entrance to the Mediterranean; 400.

-May 28. French steamer Dom Pedro wrecked
on coast of Galicia; 100.

1896 June 17. Steamer Drummond Castle wrecked
off Brest, France; 250.
1898-Feb. 15.

United States battleship Maine
blown up in Havana harbor; 260.
-July 4. French Line steamer La Bourgogne, in
collison with British sailing ship Cromartyshire;
560.

-Oct. 14. Steamer Mohegan, Atlantic Transport
Line, wrecked off the Lizard; 170.
-Nov. 26-27. Steamer Portland, from Boston, lost
off Cape Cod; 157 passengers, also the crew.
1900-June 30. Fire at Hoboken destroyed or
damaged several steamships including the Main,
the Bremen and the Saale, and damaged North
German Lloyd and Hamburg American docks;
145 lives lost; property damage over $10,000,000.
1901-Feb. 22. Pacific mail steamer Rio de Jan-
eiro wrecked in San Francisco harbor; 128.
-April 1. Turkish transport Asian wrecked in
Red Sea; 180.

-Aug. 14. Steamer Islander, with $3,000,000 In
gold, struck an iceberg in Steven's Passage,
Alaska, and sank in a few minutes in 365 feet of

water; dead and missing, 70.

-Dec. 2. British sloop of war Condor vanished off
Esquimalt, B. C.; 104.

1902-July 21. Steamer Primus sunk in collision
with steamer Hansa, on the Elbe; 112.
1903-June 7. French steamer Libau sunk in
collison near Marseilles; 150.

1904-June 15. Steamship General Slocum took
fire going through Hell Gate, East River: 1,021.
-June 20. Russian submarine Dolphin sunk: 23.
-June 28. Steamer Norge, wrecked off Scottish
coast; 646.

1905 May 28. Russian battle cruiser, Admiral
Nachimov, sunk in fight with Japan's fleet in
Bay of Tsushima; loss of life unknown. The ves-
sel carried $53,000,000 in gold.
-July 6. French submarine Farfadet sunk; 14.
-July 21. Boiler explosion on U. S. gun boat, Ben-
nington, San Diego, Calif., 65.

-Sept. 13. Japanese warship Mikasa sunk by
explosion; 599.

St. Lawrence River; 44; also on this day a great storm destroyed, on Lake Superior, the steamer Henry B. Smith, 26; on Lake Huron, the steamers John A. McGean, 23; Charles S. Price, 28; Isaac M. Scott, 26; Hydrus, 24; and Argus, 24, with many small craft.

1914-March 31. Sealing steamer Southern Cross wrecked south of Belle Isle Strait; 173.

May 29. Canadian Pacific steamship Empress of Ireland sunk in collision with Danish collier Storstad in St. Lawrence; 1,024.

-Sept. 18. Steam schooner Francis H. Leggett wrecked near mouth of Columbia River, Oregon; 80.

-Sept. 14. Australian submarine El failed to return from dive; 37.

-Oct. 30. British hospital ship Robrilla wrecked on coast near Whitby, England; 54.

1915 March 24. U. S. submarine F4 failed to return after submerged run off Honolulu; 22. -April 3. Dutch steamer Prins Mauritz lost off Cape Hatteras; 59.

1906-Jan. 21. Brazilian battleship Aquidaban
sunk near Rio de Janeiro by explosion of powder-May
magazine; 212.

--Jan. 22. American steamer Valencia lost off
Vancouver Island; 129.

-Aug. 4. Italian emigrant ship Sirio wrecked off
Cape Palos; 350.

-Oct. 21. Russian steamer Variag on leaving
Vladivostok accidentally struck by a torpedo
and sunk; 140.

1907-Feb. 12. Steamer Larchmont sunk in Long
Island Sound; 131.

-Feb. 21. British steamer Berlin stranded off the
Hook of Holland; 100.
-Feb. 24.

137. -March 12.

killed 117.

Austrian steamer Imperatrix wrecked:

Explosion on French battleship Jena

-July 20. American steamers Columbia and San
Petro collided on the California coast; 100.
-Nov. 26. Turkish steamer Kaptan, foundered
in North Sea; 110.

1908-March 23. Japanese steamer Matsu Maru
sunk in collision near Hakodate; 300.

-April 30. Japanese training cruiser Matsu Shima
sunk by explosion off the Pescadores; 200.
-July 28. Steamer Ying King foundered off
Hongkong; 300.

--Nov. 6. Steamer Taish sunk in storm; 150.
-Nov. 27. Steamer San Pablo sunk off the
pines; 100.

7. Cunard Line steamship Lusitania,
bound from New York to England, sunk in 18
minutes by German submarine boat, shortly after
2 P. M., when going 18 knots an hour, 10 miles
off the Old Head of Kinsale, southeast tip of
Ireland; 1,198 (including 124 Americans).
July 24. Steamer Eastland overturned in Chi-
cago River; 812.

-Aug. 13-14. Steamship Marowijne, in Gulf of
Mexico; 97.

-Aug. 16. Dredge San Jacinto wrecked off Gal-
veston, Tex.; 50.

-Aug. 16. Dredge Sam Houston wrecked off
Galveston, Tex.; 56.

-Aug. 19. White Star liner, Arabic, sunk by
German submarine off Ireland; 44.

-Nov. 7. Italian liner, Ancona, sunk in Mediter-
ranean by Austrian submarine; 206.
1916-Jan. 22. Steamship Pollentia foundered in
mid-Atlantic.

-Feb. 3. Steamer Daijin Maru sunk in Pacific:
160.

-Feb. 26. French auxiliary cruiser Province sunk in Mediterranean. Of nearly 4,000 on board but 870 were saved.

-June 5. British cruiser Hampshire sunk by German mine in Orkneys; Earl Kitchener and several hundred others lost.

Philip--Aug. 29. United States cruiser Memphis wrecked at Santa Domingo; 33.

1909-June 12. Russian submarine Lambala rammed; 20.

-July 4. British submarine CII sunk; 13.

-Aug. 1. British steamer Waratah, from Sydney
via Port Natal for London, left Port Natal July
26; never heard from: 300.

-Nov. 14. Steamer Scyne sunk in collison with
steamer Onda off Singapore; 100.
1910-Feb. 9. French Line steamer

--Aug. 29. Chinese steamer Hsin Yu sunk off
coast of China; 1,000.

-Aug. 29. Japanese steamer
wrecked on coast of Japan; 105.

Wakatsu Maru

-Oct. 20. Steamer Marida lost on Lake Erie: 20.
Nov. 3. London and N. W. Railway steamship
Connemara and British steamship Retriever
collided and sank in Irish Sea; 92.

General-Nov. 21. British hospital ship, Britannic, sunk
in the Aegean Sea by a torpedo; 50.

Chanzy wrecked off Minorca; 200. -May 26. French submarine Pluvoise sunk: 25. 1911-Feb. 2. Steamship Abenton wrecked: 70. -April 2. Steamship Koombuna wrecked; 150. -Sept. 5. Steamship Tuscapel wrecked; 80. -Sept. 25. French battleship Liberte sunk by explosion at Toulon; 285.

-Nov. 23. Steamship Roumania sunk in Adriatic: 60.

1912-Jan. 11. Russ, Russian steamer, foundered in Black Sea; 172.

1917-Jan. 25. British cruiser, Laurentic, sunk off
Ireland, by mine; 350.

-Feb. 8. American merchant ship, California,
sunk off Ireland by German submarine; 41.
April 15. British troopship, Arcadian, sunk in
Mediterranean by German submarine; 279.
July 9. The British warship Vanguard blown
up at her dock in a British port; 800.
July 27. Japanese freighter Koto Hira Maru
wrecked on island near Alaska; loss, $1,000,000.
17. U. S. transport, Antilles, torpedoed at
sea; 70.
-Dec. 6 U. S. destroyer, Jacob Jones, sunk off
Scilly Isles by German submarine; 64.
-Dec. 17. U. S. submarine F1 rammed and sunk
by F3 in maneuvers off San Diego, Cal.; 19.
-Dec. 30. British transport Aragon sunk in
Mediterranean by torpedo; 610.

-March 5. Spanish steamship Principe de Asturias-Oct.
struck rock off Sebastian Point and sunk: 500.
March 21. Passenger steamship Cachepol sunk
off coast of Peru; British officers, 25 passengers;
crew of 45 Chilian sailors: 80.

-March 28. British steamship Koombana lost in
typhoon off Australian coast: 130.

-April 8. Nile excursion steamer, sunk in collision near Cairo, Egypt; 200.

-April 14-15. White Star steamship Titanic sunk after collison with iceberg in North Atlantic; 1,517.

-April 30. Steamer Texas blown up by mine at
entrance to Gulf of Smyrna; 64.

-June 8. French submarine Vendemairo sunk; 24.
-Sept. 23. Russian steamer Obnevka sunk in
Dvina River; 115.

-Sept. 28. Japanese steamer Kickermaru sunk off
coast of Japan; 1,000.

1913 March 1. British steamer Calvadas lost in blizzard in Sea of Marmora; 200.

-March 5. German torpedo-boat destroyer S-178 sunk in collison with cruiser Yorck, near Heligoland: 66.

1918 Jan. 21. British troopship, Louvain, sunk in
Mediterranean by torpedo; 224.

-Feb. 1. French steamer, La Dive, sunk in
Mediterranean by torpedo; 110.

-Feb. 5. Tuscania, British ship with U. S. troops
sunk off Ireland by torpedo; 213 soldiers.

-Feb. 24. Red Cross liner Florizel wrecked near
Cape Race, N. F.; 92.

-April 25. Chinese steamship Kiang-Kwan sunk
in collision off Hankow; 500.

-May 1. American steamship City of Athens
sunk in collision off Delaware coast; 66.
-May 10. British troopship Santa Anna torpe-
doed in Mediterranean; 638.

-May 23. Moldavia, British ship with U. S.
troops, sunk in Atlantic by torpedo; 53.

-March 7. British steamer Alum Chive destroyed-May 26. Leasowe Castle, British troopship, sunk by dynamite explosion, Baltimore; 50.

in Mediterranean by German submarine: 101. -Oct. 9. Steamship Volturno wrecked by fire-May 31. U. S troop transport, President Linand explosion in midocean; 135.

-Nov. 9. Steam collier Bridgeport wrecked in

coln torpedoed by U-boat; 26.

-June. The U. S S. Cyclops, 19,300 tons dis

656

She
placement, left the Barbados, West Indies, on
March 4, 1918, and never heard of since.
had on board 309.

-June 27. British hospital ship, Llandovery
Castle sunk by submarine off England; 234.
-July 6. River steamer Columbia sunk in Illinois
River at Wesley City: 87.

-July 12. Japanese battleship Kawachi blown up
in Tokayama Bay; 500.

-July 14. French troop ship Djamnah sunk by torpedo in Mediterranean; 442.

-July 19. U. S. Cruiser, San Diego, sunk by mine, off Fire Island, N. Y.; 50.

-Aug. 3. British hospital ship, Warilda, torpedoed off England; 123.

-Sept, 12. British transport, Galway Castle, pedoed in Atlantic; 189.

town, Mass., in collision with Coast Guard de-
stroyer Paulding; 40.

1928-July 7. Chilean transport, Angames, wrecked
in storm in Bay of Arauco; 291.

-Aug. 6. Italian submarine F14 sunk in Adriatic
Sea in collision with destroyer; 31.
-Oct. 3. French submarine, Ondine, in collision
with Greek steamer, off Portugal; 43.
-Nov. 12. British steamer Vestris, N. Y., for
So. America, sunk in gale off Virginia; 110.
-Danish cadet auxiliary sailing ship, Kobenhavn
left Montevideo, Uruguay, in Dec. 1928, bound
for Australia; never heard from; 60.

Pannonia), in Mediterranean; 40.
1929-Jan. 2. Steamship Malakoff (formerly the
crashed on Rocky Cape Erino; 103.
tor--April 22. Japanese steamer, Toyo Kuni Maru,

-Sept. 26. U. S. ship Tampa, torpedoed off Eng-July 9. British submarine, H-47, in collision land; 118.

-Sept. 30. U. S. ship, Ticonderoga, torpedoed in
Atlantic; 213..

-Oct. 6. Otranto, British ship with U. S. troops,
sunk in collison off Scotland; 431.

with sister submarine L-12; 21.

collision with tanker, off Santa Cruz, Calif.; 70. Aug. 30. Coasting steamer, San Juan, sunk in -Oct. 7. Norwegian steamer, Haakon VII, hit rock in storm and sank near Floroe; 44.

-Oct. 10. Irish mail steamer, Leinster, torpedoed-Dec. 21. Chinese steamer, Lee Cheong, sank on in St. George's Channel; 480.

-Oct. 25. Canadian steamship Princess Sophia
sunk on coast of Alaska; 398.

1919-Jan. 1. British steam yacht Iolaire (Eagle),
off Stornoway, Scotland; 30 of 300 saved.
-Jan. 11. Steamer Yuma sunk en route Pedro
d'Macoris to New York; 79.

way from Swabue for Hong Kong: 300. 1930-April 2. Ferry-boat capsized near Tobata; 110. -June 10. Oil tanker Pinthis sunk in Massachusetts Bay in collision with coast steamer, Fairfax: 50.

storm in Black Sea; 50. 1931-Jan. 20. Russian steamer, Javaria, sunk in

-Jan. 17. French steamer Chaouia lost in Straits-Feb. 9. French steamer, Porthos, sunk in snow of Messina; 460.

-Sept. 9-10.

storm off Kobe, Japan; 50.

Spanish steamer, Valbanera, lost-March 11. Chinese steamer exploded in Yangtse
River; 300.

between Havana, Cuba, and Key West, Fla.: 500.
-Nov. 9. American steamship Polar Land van--April 1. Collision of French immigrant steamer,
ished off Nova Scotia; 51.

1920-Jan. 12. French steamship sunk in Bay of Biscay; 500.

1921-Spanish steamer Santa Isabel storm-wrecked near Villagarcia; 214.

-Jan. 20. British submarine K5 failed to return
to port; 55.

-March 18. Steamer Hongkong hit rock near
Swatow, China; 1,000.

1922-Jan. 4. Greek torpedo boat blew up at
Piraeus; 55.

-May 20. British steamer Egypt, in collision off
France; 98.

Aug. 26. French battleship France, 23,000 tons,
hit rock and sank off Quiberon Bay; 3.
-Aug. 26. Japanese cruiser Niitaka sank in storm
off Kamchatka; 300.
-Aug. 29.

Chilian steamer Itata sank in storm

off Coquimbo; 301. 1923-March 10. Greek transport Alexander sank off Piraeus; 150. -April 23.

Portuguese mail steamer Mossamedes went aground at Cape Frio, Africa; 220. The Mallory liner Swiftstar left Gulf --July 13. end of Panama Canal, never heard of; 33. -Aug. 21. Japanese submarine 70 sunk: 88. -Sept. 3. Fleet of seven U. S. destroyers, including the Delphy, S. P. Lee, Chauncey, Fuller, Woodbury, Nicholas, and Young, went on rocks in fog off Honda Point, Cal.; 22. 1924

Jan. 10.

British submarine L-24 sunk off
Portland, England, in collision with British bat-
tleship, Resolute; 48.
-March 11.

Ward Line steamship Santiago
sunk by storm off Cape Hatteras; 25.
-March 19.

on

Florida, and British aircraft carrier, Glorious, off Malaga, Spain; 40.

-June 9. British submarine, Poseidon, sunk in
collision with steamer, Yuta, off China; 20.
-June 14. French excursion steamer, upset in gale
off St. Nazaire; 450.

-Oct. 24. Russian submarine sunk in Gulf of
Finland: 50.

H42 sunk off

1932-Jan. 26. British submarine, M-2, sunk off
Portland Bill, England; 60.
British submarine
-Feb. 25.
Gibraltar; 26.
-May 16. French passenger motorship. Georges
Philippar, burned and sunk in Arabian Sea; 41.
-July 7. New French submarine, Promethee, off
Cherbourg; 62.

-Sept. 9. Steamboat Observation, carrying work-
men to Riker's Island, blown to bits by explosion
of boiler, in the East River, N. Y. City: 72.
-Dec. 5. Japanese destroyer, Sawarabi, turned up-
side down by gale off Formosa; 105.
1933-Jan. 4.

New 41,000-ton French steamer,
L'Atlantique, burned in English Channel; 17.
-April 4, U. S. Navy dirigible balloon, Akron,
crashed on the Atlantic in a thunder storm, 20
miles southeast of Barnegat Inlet Light, N. J.;
73. There were but 3 survivors.
tse River, burned and sank; 216.
1934-Jan. 21. Chinese steamer, Weitung, on Yang-
-Mch. 12. Japanese torpedo, boat Tomozuru upset
west of Nagasaki; 103.

-Sept. 8. American steamship Morro Castle, Ha-
vana for New York with 318 passengers and crew
of 231, took fire off Asbury Park, N. J.: 134.
1935-Jan. 24. Ward Line steamer Mohawk, in
collision off New Jersey coast with Norwegian
freighter, Talisman; 45.

-July 3. Japanese cruise steamer, Midori Maru,
sunk in collision in the Inland Sea; 104.
Sea, in collision with another warship; 55.
July 25. Russian submarine, B-3, sunk in Baltic
1936-Jan. 12. Freight steamer Iowa sunk in gale
at mouth of Columbia River, Oreg.; 34.
-Nov. 8. German motorship, Isis, sunk in storm
off Land's End, England; 39.

Japanese submarine 43 sunk in Collision off Sasebo, with battleship Tatsuta; 49. -June 12. Explosion on U. S. S. Mississippi, at gun practice off San Pedro, Calif.; 48. 1925-March 12. Japanese steamer Uwajima Maru lost in gale off Takashima; 103. Excursion steamboat Mackinac, -Aug. 18. Narragansett Bay, boiler explosion; 47. U. S. submarine S-51 sunk in col-Sept. 25. lision with City of Rome, off Block Isl., R. I.; 37. -Nov. 11. British submarine, M-1, sunk in col--Dec. 12. Spanish submarine sunk off Malaga lision in English Channel: 69. 1926-April grounded in storm off Horomushiro, Japan; 230. Buryvestnik 28. Passenger steamboat -Aug. smashed into a river pier near Cronstadt, Russia, and sank; 300. -Oct. 16. Troopship blown up in Yangtse River, at Klukiang, China; 1,200.

27. Passenger

by a torpedo; 47.

steamer Chichibu-Dec. 26. Italian steamship. Cesare Battiste, blew
up in harbor of Massaua, Eritrea; 36 killed.
1939-Feb. 2. Japanese submarine 163 sunk in
Bungo Channel; 81.

-Oct. 20. British navy sloop, Valerian, sunk in
storm south of Bermuda; 84.

-Dec. 20. Oil tug, Linseed King, overturned in
Hudson River at New York City; 45.
1927-Aug. 25. Japanese destroyer Warabi sunk
and destroyer Ashi crushed in collisions with
cruisers Jiutsu, and Naka, off Bungo Straits; 129.
-Oct. 25. Italian steamship, Principessa Mafalda
blew up and sank, off Porto Seguro, Brazil; 314.
Dec. 17. U. S. submarine, S-4, sunk off Province-

-May 23. U. S. submarine Squalus, sunk in practice dive off Portsmouth, N. H.; 26: 33 rescued. Open air intake valve blamed. This boat was raised and recommissioned in 1940.

-June 1, British submarine Thetis sunk in test dive in Irish sea off Great Ormes Head, Wales; 99, 4 rescued.

-June 15, French submarine, Phenix, sunk in practice dive, Carn-Ranh Bay, off Indo-China; 63. -Sept. 3. British merchant ship. Athenia, sunk in the Atlantic, on the way to Montreal, 200 miles west of the Hebrides: 93 of the 1,104 passengers lost.

Visibility at Sea

Source: United States Coast Guard

The table following gives the approximate geographic range of visibility for an object which may be seen by an observer whose eye is at sea level; in practice, therefore, it is necessary to add to these a distance of visibility corresponding to the height of the observer's eye above sea level.

DISTANCES OF VISIBILITY FOR OBJECTS OF VARIOUS ELEVATIONS ABOVE SEA LEVEL

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The table following gives the approximate geographic range of visibility for an object which may be seen by an observer whose eye is at lake level; in practice, therefore, it is necessary to add to these a distance of visibility corresponding to the height of the observer's eye above lake level. DISTANCES OF VISIBILITY FOR OBJECTS OF VARIOUS ELEVATIONS ABOVE LAKE LEVEL

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Boston light, 100,000.

The Fire Island, N. Y., Light is 167 ft. high; visible 19 nautical miles. The Shinnecock light has 140,000 candlepower; Electricity is the illuminant now used in most of the larger lighthouses, electric incandescent lamps placed inside the larger sizes of lenses producing beams of as much as 9,000,000 candlepower where such brilliance is required. The flashing characteristics which distinguish many of the lighthouses are produced by revolving the entire lens by electric motors. Lenses which are aggregates of highly polished glass prisms are assembled in a variety of types to produce whatever characteristic will best differentiate a particular light from its neighbors.

The larger light stations are also fitted with fog signals, various types of sounding devices such as diaphones, trumpets, oscillators, sirens, and horns.

A typical fog-signal installation consists of gaso-
line or oil engine driven air compressors, dis-
charging compressed air into a large storage tank.
From the air tank or receiver, the air is allowed
to flow to the sounding device under the accurate
control of a signal timer, which coordinates fog
signal, the light in the tower, and the radio beacon
signals. The fog signals at some stations are
operated by electricity.

houses and all United States lightships are fitted
Many of the more important United States light-
Certain ones also have radio
with radiobeacons.
telegraph or radio telephone communication facili-
ties.

Fast Ocean Passages by Ships

BY SAILING VESSELS

Columbus, in 1492, sailed from Spain (Palos) to the Gulf of Mexico in 70 days, Aug. 3 to Oct. 12. The best day's run was 200 miles. His flagship was the Santa Maria. The other vessels were the Pinta and the Nina. From Palos they Went to the Canary Islands, and it was not until Sept. 6 that they left the Island of Gomera. They were not out into the open sea until Sept. 9. His second voyage, in 1493, from Cadiz, Spain, to Dominica, in the West Indies (Sept. 25-Nov. 3) was made in 40 days, but the land-to-land passage was only 21 days; his third, to Trinidad (May 30July 31) in 1497, in 62 days; his fourth and last, to Honduras, in 1502 (May-July) in about 62 days, but the land-to-land time (May 26-June 15) was but 20 days.

The American-built, British-owned ship. James Baines, sailed 21 nautical miles (knots) an hour. for several hours-a record. She sailed from Boston Light to Rock Light, Liverpool, in 12 days, 6 hours.

The Flying Cloud twice made the voyage from New York to San Francisco, around Cape Horn, in 89 days. The "medium" clipper, Andrew Jackson, did it in 89 days.

The British tea-clipper, Thermopylae, sailed in 1854 from Liverpool, England, to Melbourne, Australia, in 63 days, 18 hours, 15 minutes.

The Northern Light, "medium" clipper, sailed from San Francisco to Boston in 76 days, 6 hours. The run north from Cape Horn was made in 38 days.

The clipper Red Jacket, built at Rockland, Me., sailed from N. Y. to Liverpool in 13 days, 1 hour,

BY STEAMSHIPS AND The first steamship to cross the Atlantic was the Rising Sun, in 1818; built in Britain by Lord Cochrane. She voyaged to South America.

The first American ship to use steam in crossing an ocean was the Savannah, 350 tons, built at New York City, which left Savannah, Ga., on May 24, 1819, and reached Liverpool in 26 days, during 18 of which she used her side-paddles. She was a sailing vessel with steam auxiliary.

The Great Western, on her maiden voyage from Bristol, England, to New York, covered the distance in April, 1838, in 15 days. Her best record was 10 days. 10 hours, 15 minutes. The Britannia, first Cunard liner, in July, 1840, came from Liverpool to New York in 14 days, 8 hours.

In May, 1851, the Pacific reduced the Atlantic record to 9 days, 19 hours, 25 minutes.

The Persia, in 1856, did it in 9 days, 1 hour. 45 minutes; the Scotia, in 1866, in 8 days, 2 hours, 48 minutes; the City of Brussels, in 1869, in 7 days, 22 hours, 3 minutes; the Baltic, in 1873, in 7 days, 20 hours, 9 minutes; the City of Berlin, in 1875, in 7 days, 15 hours, 8 minutes: the Arizona, in 1880, in 7 days, 7 hours, 23 minutes; the Alaska, in 1882, in 6 days, 18 hours, 37 minutes; the Etruria, in 1888, in 6 days, 1 hour, 55 minutes; the Majestic, in 1891, in 5 days, 18 hours, 8 minutes; the Lucania, in 1894, in 5 days. 7 hours, 23 minutes; the Lusitania, in 1908, in 4 days 15 hours; the Lusitania, in 1909, in 4 days 11 hours 42 minutes; the Mauretania, in 1910. in 4 days, 10 hours, 41 minutes, at the rate of 26.06 knots an hour.

The foregoing records, since and including 1856, are between New York and Queenstown, averaging 2,780 nautical miles.

The Deutschland, in Sept., 1900, went from Sandy Hook, New York, to Plymouth, England, in 5 days, 7 hours, 38 minutes. The Leviathan, Oct. 4-10, went from New York to Cherbourg in 5 days, 6 hours, 21 minutes, at an average speed of 24.67 knots.

In Aug.. 1933, the Italian Steamship, Rex. crossed the Atlantic, from Gibraltar to Ambrose Light, New York Harbor, 3,181 miles, in 4 days, 13 hours, 58 minutes.

The Europa of the North German Lloyd Line, on her maiden voyage, went, in 1930 (Mch. 20Breakwater, 25), from Cherbourg France. to Ambrose Channel Lightship, New York Harbor (3.157 nautical miles), in 4 days, 17 hours, 6 minutes. In July, 1933, she covered that route (3.149 miles) in 4 days, 16 hours, 48 minutes (average 27.92). In June, 1933, Ambrose to Cherbourg, 3,196 miles, in 4 days, 19 hours, 57 minutes (average 27.56).

The Bremen, of the North German Lloyd Line. on her maiden voyage, went in 1929 (July 18-22)

25 minutes. The packet ship, Yorkshire, in Nov
1846, sailed from Liverpool to New York in 16
days.
The Surprise was one of the first clippers built
outside New York. She was designed by Samuel
Pook, then only 23, and built at East Boston by
Samuel Hall. She was only 1,006 tons register,
but solidly built and fairly sharp in the bows.
Her bowsprit was 30 inches diameter and extended
35 feet from the stem, nearly a fifth of her own
length. Beneath that bowsprit was a gilded
eagle. She carried about 1,800 tons of cargo, and
her complement at first consisted of four mates.
two boatswains, carpenter, sailmaker, steward.
two cooks, thirty able bodied seamen, six ordinary
seamen, and four boys. In one round voyage, from
New York to San Francisco and from Hong Kong
to London with tea, the Surprise earned a net
profit of $50,000 over and above her expenses and
her own cost to build!

The ship Starr King once sailed from 50 degrees south to the Golden Gate in 36 days, a record. She was 8 days more getting into San Francisco, owing to fog. The Golden Fleece took only 122 days from the Equator to within 200 miles of San Francisco. Those 200 miles took her another week.

The Atlantic, in the race for the German Emperor's Cup, in 1905, sailed from Sandy Hook to the Lizard, England, in 12 days, 4 hours, 1 minute and 19 seconds; 3,013 nautical miles, average speed 10.31 knots. The best day's run was 341 nautical miles. In 1928 she crossed from England in 23 days. The Yankee came from Bishop Rock to Boston Light in 1936, in 22 days, 6 hours, 7 minutes.

OTHER POWER VESSELS

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from the Breakwater at Cherbourg to the Ambrose Channel Lightship, (approximately 3,164 nautical miles) in 4 days, 17 hours, 42 minutes, at an average speed of 27.83 knots, or nautical miles, an hour. She returned to Plymouth, 3,082 miles, in 4 days. 14 hours, 30 minutes (average 27.91). In July. 1933, Ambrose to Cherbourg, 3,199 miles, in 4 days, 16 hours, 15 minutes (average 28.51). In Nov., 1934, Cherbourg to Ambrose, 3,092 miles, in 4 days, 14 hours, 27 minutes (average 28.00).

The Queen Mary, Cunard White Star liner on her maiden voyage, May-June, 1936, went from Cherbourg to Ambrose, 3.158 miles, in 4 days, 12 hours, 24 minutes (average 29.13). She returned, Ambrose to Cherbourg, 3,198 miles, in 4 days, 15 hours, 15 minutes (average 28.74).

On Aug. 8, 1938, the Queen Mary arrived in New York port, having come from Bishop's Rock, off Southampton, to Ambrose, 2,907 miles in 3 days. 21 hours, 48 minutes (average 30.99). Bishop's Rock is 126 miles nearer to Ambrose than is Cherbourg.

On the return trip, the Queen Mary traveled from Ambrose to Bishop Rock, 2,938 miles, in 3 days, 20 hours, 42 minutes (average 31.69).

The French liner, Normandie, on her maiden trip to New York, May 29-June 3, 1935, went the 2,971 miles in 4 days, 3 hours, 13 minutes, 38 seconds (average 29.94). Returning to Europe she covered the 3,015 miles in 4 days, 3 hours, 25 minutes (average 30.31).

In July-Aug. 1937 the Normandie went 2.906 miles, westbound, Bishop's Rock to Ambrose, in 3 days, 23 hours, 2 minutes (average 30.58).

In Aug., 1937 the Normandie covered the east bound course, 2,936 miles, in 3 days, 22 hours, 7 minutes (average 31.20).

The light cruiser Omaha, of the U. S. Navy, In 1923 (May 8-11), steamed from Diamond Head. Oahu, Hawaii, to the San Francisco Light Vessel, a distance of 2,091 miles, in 3 days 3 hours 40 minutes 40 seconds. The average speed was 27.76 miles an

hour.

The U. S. S. Memphis, which brought Capt. (now Col.) Charles A. Lindbergh back to the United States after his airplane flight from New York (Mineola) to Paris (Le Bourget), left Cherbourg, France, at 4:35 p.m. (Zone-1) June 4, 1927. and arrived abeam of Cape Henry Light (Delsware Capes) at 4:00 p.m. (Zone plus 5) June 10, 1927; a distance of 3,320 nautical miles at an average speed of 22.21 knots for the run. Captain H E. Lackey, U. S. N., was in command of the ship. The U. S. warship, Lexington, left her anchorage at San Pedro, Calif., at 1.01 p.m., on June 9. 1928, and arrived at Diamond Head Light, Honolulu at 11.08 a.m., on June 12-2,226 nautical miles in 72 hours, 36 minutes; an average speed of 30.66 nautical miles an hour.

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