1812 at that time included Holland, Belgium, First steamboat, the Virginia, ascended the Hainburg, Bremen, the Rhineland. Italian Mississippi River as far as Fort Snelling (April 21-May 10; 729 miles). Washington in the American Revolution. many Poles with the Little Corporal, under returned to this country and visited each Marshal Poniatowski. The Rheinbunders of the 24 states: went back in 1825 to were led by Marshal Wrede. France. 1813 fight between the U. S. warship. Chesapeake, 1825 Trade unions allowed in England. and the British warship, Shannon, in Massa- Erie Canal opened, first boat left Buffalo chusetts Bay, 30 miles from Boston, June Oct. 26, and reached N. Y. City, Nov. 4. 1. After an engagement of 15 minutes the 1827 Slavery, abolished in N. Y. State, by the Chesapeake surrendered though her com Legislature, July 4. mander, James Lawrence, had cried "don't The steamship Curacoa, first European-built give up the ship' as he was carried below oceanic vessel to use steam power alone, in deck, fatally wounded. He lost 146 men April, crossed the Atlantic, from Antwerp killed and wounded. to Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. The Royal Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10; Buf William, launched in Montreal, April 29, falo, N. Y., burned by Indians, Dec. 29. 1831. left there Aug. 18, 1833, and crossed to The Shawnee Indian chief, Tecumseh, was Europe in 25 days, using no power but commissioned a Brigadier General in the steam. British Army at the outbreak of the war of 1828 First passenger railroad in United States (the 1812. He was killed on Oct. 15, 1813. in Baltimore and Ohio) was begun July 4; the battle with the Americans under Gen. first 14 miles opened to (horse-drawn, railWilliam Henry Harrison (" Tippecanoe'') car) traffic on May 24, 1830. on the Thames River in Ontario, Canada. 1830 Revolution in France. Charles X abdicated, Russia, Prussia and Austria united against Aug. 2, and was succeeded by the Duke or Napoleon; he was beaten at Leipzig. Oct. Orleans as Louis Philippe I. There were 16-19; Wellington drove the French from revolutions, too, in Germany (Brunswick Spain. and Saxony), and Belgium. Holland be1814 Alles entered Paris, March 31; Napoleon came an independent country. abdicated, April 11; Louis XVIII, restored Mormon church organized by Joseph Smith, to throne, May 3; Congress of Vienna in Fayette, Seneca County, N. Y., April 6. opened, Nov. 3. He and his brother, Hyrum, were killed by British burned the White House, Washington, a mob in Carthage, ill., June 27, 1844. Aug. 24; Battle of Lake Champlain, (Platts First railway abroad opened, between Liver. burg) Macdonough's and Macomb's victory, pool and Manchester, England, Sept. 15. Sept. 11; treaty of peace between United 1831 First train drawn in U s. by steam locomoStates and Britain signed in Ghent, Bel tive, Albany to Schenectady, N. Y., Aug. 9 gium, Dec. 24. 1832 The South Carolina Legislature (it had de. 1815 Gen. Jackson defeated the British at New nounced in 1827 the U. S. protective talt1 Orleans, Jan. 8. This was the news that law as an invasion of state rights) called was received of the signing of the peace 9 state convention, which in Nov. 183., treaty, which was ratified by Congress on passed an ordinance of nullification of tne Feb. 17. 1815. tariff, voiding it in that state, and declarNapoleon returned from Elba to France ing that if the federal government alMarch 1: the "Hundred Days," March 20, tempted to enforce the law the state would June 22: Napoleon defeated at Waterloo, consider itsell no longer a member of the June 18; sent to St. Helena, landed Oct. 16 Union. Congress in Feb. 1833, passed a and died there May 5, 1821. compromise tariffact; whereupon South Holy Alliance, so-called, formed by Russia, Carolina in State Convention repealed the Austria and Prussia, signed at Paris, Sept. nullification ordinance. 26; promulgated, at Frankfort, on Feb. 2. 183 The British Parliament, Aug. 28, outlawed 1816, and acceded to in 1818 by the rulers slavery in the Empire as of Aug. 1, 1834, of England and France. One of the results About 700,000 were liberated at a cost of was the Monroe Doctrine. £20,000,000. Slavery had been unlawful in 1817 Rush-Bagot treaty signed, April 28-29. limit the British Isles since June 22, 1772, by a ing naval armaments of the United States decision of the Court of Kings Bench. and Canada on the Great Lakes. 1835 Fire in New York City, Dec. 16-17, began in a 1819 First American steamboat crossed the At store at Pearl and Merchant (Hanover) lantic. This was the Savannah, which was Sts., spread up to Garden St. (Exchange built at N. Y. City by Francis Ficket and Pl.), ravaging 17 blocks (52 acres), deengined by Stephen Vail. She was launched stroying 674 buildings, including the Stock Aug. 22,1818, left Mch. 28, 1819, for Savan Exchange, Merchants Exchange, Post Ofnah; arrived there April 12; left May 22 fice, and the South Dutch Church; loss, for Liverpool; arrived there June 20. The $20,000,000. steamer went thence to Stockholm and St. Texas, which for a time had been joined with Petersburgh; left last named Oct. 10; ar Coahuila as a Mexican State, proclaimed rived at Savannah, Nov. 30. Her captain its independence, Nov. 13; Garrison of was Moses Rogers of Georgetown, N. C. Texans at the Alamo plaza, San Antonio The Savannah, divested of the engine sank besieged 11 days, then butchered and the off the Long Island, N. Y., coast. The en bodies burned by Mexican troops, Mch. 6, gine was for a time in a London museum. 1836 (among the victims were Davy The Savannah used steam, but only as Crockett); constitution adopted for the auxiliary power. The log of her 1819 Al Republic of Texas, Mch. 17, 1836; battle of lantic voyage is owned by the U. S. Nation San Jacinto, April 2i. 1836, in which 800 al Museum, in Washington. under Gen Sam Houston defeated 3.000 1820 Congress, on Mch. 3. passed Henry Clay's Mexicans under Gen Santa Anna, who Missouri Compromise bill, by which slavery signed two treaties recognizing the indeWas allowed in that State, but not else pendence of Texas with borders reaching where west of the Mississippi River north to the Rio Grande River. of 36' 30' Latitude (the southern boundary Business panic, hard times in U. S., also in of Missouri). In 1854 Congress repealed the 1857; 1873-7; 1893-4; 1907-8; 1921: 1929. Missouri Compromise bill, and authorized 1837 First metal vessels built in the United States the people of Kansas and Nebraska to were the Chatham and the Lamar, condecide for themselves for or against slavery. structed in Savannah, Ga., in 1837 and 1838 The Kansas-Nebraska bill. backed by of iron imported from England. The first Stephen A. Douglas, opened the Territories vessel built in the U. S. of iron made in to slavery by setting up the principle of this country was the Valley Forge, "squatter sovereignty." (See 1857.) launched in Pittsburgh, in 1839. 1822 Revolution in Portugal; separation of Brazil 1838 Fire destroyed 1,158 buildings in Charleston, which proclaimed independence on Sept. 7; S. C., April 27. Dom Pedro was crowned emperor on Dec. The Great Western, 236 ft. long. 450 horse1; he abdicated in 1831; succeeded by his power, 1340 gross tons, left Bristol, Eng. son; a republic proclaimed in 1888, em land, on April 8, and arrived in N. Y. City peror banished in 1889 and died in Paris on April 23. The Sirius, 178 ft. long. 703 in 1891. tons, left Liverpool on Mch. 28. and 1823 Monroe Doctrine declared. Dec. 2. under Queenstown on April 4, and reached NY, which no European power. it was &n City on April 22. She had used steam only. nounced, could seize territory or set up a The British Queen arrived in New Y government on the American continent. on July 28, 1839; the President got thi on Aug. 17, 1840. 1857 years, cost over 100.000 lives, and was suc1839 Belgium and the Kingdom of the Netherlands ceeded by famines, in one of which, in 1866, were separated by treaties signed by those in Bengal, 1,500,000 person perished. two countries and by Great Britain, France, The Dred Scott decision of the U. S. Supreme Austria, Prussia, and Russia (at London, Court, (5 to 2), Mch. 6, denied the legality April 19). To the treaties was annexed a of the socalled Missouri Compromise, and document declaring, Belgium an independ denied that a negro (in this case the slave, ent and "perpetually neutral" state. Dred Scott) was a citizen. Roger B. Taney, 1840 Penny postage begun in England Jan. 10; on of Maryland, was the Chief Justice. May 6, that year, the first postage stamp Mountain Meadow Massacre, 120 emigrants Was issued. In the United States, the ad killed by Indians led by Mormons in Utah, hesive stamp came into use in 1847. Sept. 16. 1841 Upper and Lower Canada united, Feb. 10. 1858 East India Company dissolved, Aug. 2: gov1812 Dorr's Rebellion in Rhode Island, due to an ernment of India transfered to the British election contest for the governorship. Crown Thomas W. Dorr was inaugurated by the 1859 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, Va.. suffragists, and Samuel W. King, by the Oct. 16; his band killed 5, Brown was landholders. Dorr's adherents tried to seize hanged at Charlestown, W. Va., Dec. 2. the arsenal at Providence. King declared His purpose was to incite a slave revolt in martial law. Dorr was convicted of treason Virginia and sentenced in 1844 to life imprisonment. -First petroleum well opened, Titusville, Pa., but was released in 1847. by Edward L. Drake, Aug. 27. Croton Aqueduct opened, June 22. 1860 Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) visited 1813 First telegraph line in U. S., Washington to the U. S. Baltimore. First Pouy-express between Sacramento. 1845 U. S. Naval Academy in Annapolis opened, Calif., and St. Joseph, Mo., 1,980 miles Oct. 10. apart, started from each place at 5 p.m., 1846 War was declared by the United States April 3; there were 80 riders, and 420 against Mexico on May 13, and by Mexico horses, and they were changed every_10 against the United States on May 23. miles. There were 190 relay stations. The Peace was ratified by the U. S. Senate in service ended in October, 1861, when the Feb., 1848, and by the Mexican Senate on telegraph line was completed. May 24, 1848. By the 1848 pact the Rio South Carolina seceded from the Union, Dec. Grande was fixed as the boundary: Irish 20. A state convention as far back as 1852 potato famine. had declared the right of the state to 1848 Louis Philippe dethroned in France; second secede. Republic set up, Feb. 26. In Austria, Fer- -1861 Emancipation of the Russian serfs. by Czar dinand I abdicated, Dec. 2, in favor of his Alexander II; he was assassinated, Mch. 13. nephew, Franz Josef; in Hungary, freedom 1881. Slavery had been unlawful in Russia was declared under Kossuth; revolts in since 1642, in the hereditary states of the Ireland, Lombardy, Venice, Denmark, and German Emperor, since 1781; in Denmark Schleswig-Holstein. since 1766; in Prussia, since 1702. Gold discovered in California, Jan. 24. Southern Confederacy formed, Feb. 4; elected 1849 Astor Place riots in N. Y. City against Mac Jefferson Davis President. Feb. 9: inauguready, English actor, 34 killed, May 10. The rated, Feb. 18, in Montgomery, Ala. (and outbreak was in retaliation for the treat again in Richmond, Va., Feb. 22, 1862). ment of Edwin Forrest, American actor, in Fort Sumter fired on, April 12, after disLondon, in 1845. cretionary power wired to Gen, Beauregard The Roman National Assembly, Feb. 8. di on April 11, from Montgomery: the fort vested the Pope of all temporal power and surrendered on April 14; Lincoln called proclaimed a republic; French troops cap for volunteers, April 15; Queen Victoria's tured the city, and restored the keys to proclamation of neutrality, May 13; Battle him, July 4; his temporal power was re of Bull Run, July 21; McClellan given comestablished, July 15. It was in this year mand of Union Army, Nov. 1; Mason and that Pope Pius IX proposed that the doc Slidell affair, Nov. 8. trine of the immaculate conception of the 1862 Grant captured Forts Henry and Donelson, Blessed Virgin Mary be adopted as ar Feb. 6 and 16; the Confederate ironclad. article of Catholic belief. In 1854 (Dec. 8; Virginia (rebuilt from the 40-gun steam it was announced in a Papal Bull as so frigate, Merrimac) destroyed. Mch. 8. at adopted. Hampton Roads, the Union frigates Cum1850 Jenny Lind's first concert in U. S., at Castle berland and Congress; on Mch. 9 the Garden, N. Y., Sept. 11; Lola Montez Virginia fought the Union ironclad, Mondanced there in 1852. at the centenary 01 itor, built by John Ericsson; Farragut the stage in N. Y. City. captured New Orleans, April 25; McClelFugitive slave law and Henry Clay's other lan's Peninsula Campaign, March-August: "compromise' resolutions passed by Con Battle of Antietam, Sept. 17; Fredericksgress, last one in Sept. burg, Dec. 13. 1851 Gold discovered in Australia, Feb. 12. Preliminary proclamation, Sept. 22, by Presi. Fire destroyed 2,500 buildings in San Fran dent Lincoln announcing that on Jan. 1. cisco, May 3-5; also 500 buildings there 1863, slaves would be declared free in terriJune 22 tory then in rebellion. Slavery in the DisN. Y. Central Railroad, N. Y. City to Albany, of Columbia was abolished by Congress opened Oct. 8 on April 16. First International Exhibition, London (Crys International Exposition in London, opened tal Palace). May 1 1853 World's Fair opened in Crystal Palace, N. Y. 1863 Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, Jan. City, July 14. The building was destroyed 1. In this proclamation he declared iree by fire Oct. 5, 1858. There was that year a forever the slaves in Ark., Tex., La., (cerWorld's Fair in Dublin. tain parishes excepted); Miss., Ala., Pla.. Know Nothing secret political movement be Ga., S. Car., N. Car., and Va. (W. Va. and gun, at NY City, opposed to Roman other portions excepted). About 3,120,000 Catholics: broke up in 1860. slaves were thus freed: 830,000 slaves in Commodore Matthew C. Perry, U. S. N., met the excepted parts were not freed under the Lord of Toda on Kurihama Beach, the proclamation. July 14, and gave him President Fillmore's Lincoln's address at Gettysburg, Nov. 19: letter to the Emperor, which resulted, on it was impromptu, from notes; later he Mch. 8, 1854, in a treaty of peace and amity wrote out the address, from his notes, and that gave American ships (whaling, the made several copies, or versions. It appears China trade, etc.) access to Japanese ports, elsewhere in the Almanac. (See, Lincoln, and opened commercial relations between Index) the United States and Japan. Hooker defeated at Chancellorsville, May 2-4; 1855 International Fair in Paris. Lee defeated at Gettysburg, July 1-3; Grant First Atlantic cable was laid between Cape captures Vicksburg, July 4: Battles of Breton, N. S., and Newfoundland. The Chickamauga, Sept. 19-20; Lookout Mouncable was completed to Ireland in 1857 and tain, Nov. 24Missionary Ridge, Nov. 25 the first messages were sent between N. Y. Draft riots in N. Y. City, July 13-16; 1,000 City and Europe on Aug 5, 1858. killed, including Negroes, who were hung by Sebastopol falls; Crimean War (England and mobs; property damage, $2,000,000. It was France against Russia) ends, Sept. 8. asserted that the Republican officials in 1857 The great mutiny in India; broke out May 10, charge of the drait had stuffed the lists It spread all over the country, lasted several with names of Democrats. 1864 Grant made Commander-in-Chief, March 12: | 1870 Lateran palaces and the Villa of Castel Battles of the Wilderness, May 5-6: of Spot Gandolfo and a yearly allowance of 3,225,sylvania, May 8-21; Cedar Creek, Oct. 19; 000 lire, or then about $645,000, for their Sherman's March to Atlanta, May-July; he upkeep. The money was not claimed. captured Savannah, Dec, 21; U.S.S. Kear- 1871 The German Empire re-established, Jan. 18; sarge sank the raider Alabama, June 19. Paris captured, Jan. 28; treaty of Frank1865 The 1st Artillery fired last shot of Civil War, fort ended Franco-Prussian War, May 10. and Confederate Gen. Lee surrendered at The great fire in Chicago, Oct. 8-11; 18,000 Appomattox, April 9. bldgs. destroyed; est loss, $196,000,000 Lincoln shot by J. Wilkes Booth, in Washing The flames started in Mrs. O'Leary's barn, ton, April 14; died, April 15; Booth was at 137 de Koven St., either from sponshot to death in the pursuit, on April 26, taneous combustion of hay, or from a kick in or at the door of a barn, which, it is of a cow, upsetting a lantern. said, had been set on fire by one of the Pestigo fire, in Wisconsin, after 3 months pursuers, near Port Royal, Va. Those drought, one of the greatest forest conflahanged for complicity were Mrs. Mary E. grations in U. S. history. Six counties were Surratt, David E. Herold, George A. At burned over, over 1,000 lives were lost. zerodt and Lewis Payne (Powell), on July thousands crippled, 3.000 beggared. 7; Michael O'Laughlin, Samuel Arnold, 1872 Col. Jas. Fisk Jr., 'King of Wall Street," shot and Dr. Samuel A. Mudd were sentenced at N. Y. by Edw. S. Stokes, Jan. 6; he died to life imprisonment; Edward Spangler, to two days later; Stokes got 4 years in prison. 6 years in prison. Arnold, Mudd and Spang- Jesse Pomeroy, at 13, began his crime career ler were pardoned in 1869. John H. Sur by tying and torturing children in Boston ratt, son of Mrs. Mary E., fled to Europe suburbs; in 1874 he mutilated and killed a but was brought back, and tried in 1867. boy of 4 and a girl of 9; in 1876 he was The jury disagreed. He was reindicted, but sentenced to be hanged; sentence commuted never tried. Stories or rumors crop out to life in prison, at Bridgewater, Mass., from year to year that Booth escaped from where he died, Sept. 29, 1932.. destroyed. who, according to the rumors 1873 Panic in N. Y. began with bank failures on were hiding with Booth. The government Sept. 20; Stock Exchange closed on that order was to get Booth alive, if possible. day and reopened on Sept. 30. 1874 Charley Ross, 4. kidnapped from home in was Germantown, Pa., then a suburb of Philaburied under the floor of the prison, in delphia, July 1. A Superior Court jury in Washington; several years later the body Phoenix, Ariz., decided, May 8. 1939, that was dug up and given to relatives who Gustav Blair, a carpenter of that place, is, interred it in a cemetery in Baltimore. in reality, Charley (Charles Brewster) Ross, Slavery abolished in the U. S. by adoption, and is entitled to use the name. He testified by over three-fourths of the states, of the that the Ross family had refused to rec13th amendment to the Constitution, pro ognize him. claimed as in effect, Dec 18. "Boss" W. M. Tweed at N. Y., convicted of 1866 Fenians invaded Canada, near Buffalo, N. Y., fraud, Nov. 19, and sentenced 12 years in May 31; they were repulsed, and reentered prison; in June, 1875, the court released the United States, June 2: about 1.000 him from Blackwells Island prison on a Fenians from the U. S. attacked St. Armand, Quebec Province, and were routed. technicality; he was committed to Ludlow St. Jail in a civil suit; escaped, Dec. 4, June 9. Ku Klux Klan movement begun in 1875, and went to Cuba, then to Spain, the brought back to N. Y. City in Nov., 1876: South against negro voters, "carpet bag he died in Ludlow St. Jail, April 12, 1878. sers'' from the north; nominally disbanded in 1869, but night-raids continued The Tichborne claimant, indicted as Thomas for several years. The movement was re Castro, otherwise Arthur Orton, convicted in London of perjury in swearing he was vived in 1920, and spread to the north, east and west, at first against negro voters, Sir Roger Tichborne, was sentenced. Feb. later mainly against Roman Catholics in 28, to 14 years in prison; released in 1884. politics. 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia; opened Second Atlantic cablelald; completed, July on May 19; closed on Nov. 10. 27, 1867. First (1857-8) had been outlasted. Battle of Little Big Horn in Montana, in Fire destroyed 2,500 buildings in Quebec, Sioux Indian war; massacre of Gen. Geo. Canada, Oct. 13. A. Custer and 276 soldiers of the 7th 1867 Alaska purchased from Russia, March 30. Cavalry, by redskins under Sitting Bull, June 25. The Dominion of Canada established, July 1. 1867-68 Abolition of the Shogunate and restoration of Wild Bill Hickok_killed a man named McCall, at the Pony Express stable, Rock Creek, the Mikado in Japan; feudalism abolished in 1871; Constitution promulgated in 1889 Kan., in June; McCall's brother, Jack, 1868 President Andrew Johnson impeached, tried walked up behind Hickok, on Aug. 5, at and acquitted, March-May. Deadwood, S. D., and shot him dead. A -Earthquake in Peru and Ecuador25.000 vigilance committee acquitted McCall, but killed, Aug. 13-15. the U. $. Court at Yankton, S. D., found him guilty of murder and he was hanged. 1869 Financial "Black Friday" in New York, Sept. 24; caused by gold corner. Brooklyn Theatre fire, Dec. 5; 289 lives lost. Golden spike driven at Ogden, Utah, May 10, A passenger train fell from a bridge into the marking the junction of Central Pacific and ravine, Ashtabula, Ohio; 84 killed, 60 inUnion Pacific and the completion of the jured, Dec. 29. first transcontinental railway. 1877 Russia declared war on Turkey, April 24; Suez Canal opened, Nov. 17. peace treaty signed in Mch., 1878. Fire swept over 600 acres of City of St. John, 1870 Franco-Prussian War begun, July 19; ended N. B., June 20; 100 lives lost. at Sedan, on the River Meuse, Sept. 1, Eleven Molly Maguires were hanged in when Napoleon 111 (Louis Napoleon Bona Pennsylvania (3 at Mauch Chunk, June 21; parte) surrendered to King William of 5 at Pottsville June 21; 3 at Bloomsburg, Prussia, France proclaimed a Republic, Aug. 9) for murders in coal region. The Sept. 4. order terrorized the region (1870-1880). Doctrine of papal infallibility adopted by the Strike on B. and o., Penn., and other railEcumenical Council in Rome, July 18, by ways, troops; riots; many killed; began vote of 547 to 2. There were 764 prelates July 1. at the council. The only American objector 1878 Congress in Berlin June 13-July 13, deals was Bishop Fitzgerald, of Little Rock, Ark. with the Turkish question, Bulgaria, MonThe troops of Victor Emmanuel II. under tenegro, Serbia and Roumania made inGen. Cadorna, took possession of Rome, on dependent, Sept. 20, in the name of the Kingdom of International Exposition in Paris. Italy; Rome and the rest of the Papal State 1881 Alexander II, Czar of Russia, assassinated in then were annexed by a plebiscite, taken St. Petersburg. March 13. by Nihilists. on Oct. 2. On May 13, 1871, the Italian President Garfield shot at Washington, July Parliament, which had meanwhile trans 2; died in Elberon, N. J., Sept. 19. ferred the national capital from Turin to Ring Theater, Vienna, burned, Dec. 8; 850 Rome, passed the Law of Guarantees, al perished lowing to the Pope and his successors for- 1882 Panama Canal begun by the French, Jan. 20 ever the possession of the Vatican, the the U. S. bought, in 1904 for $10,000,000 1882 the uncompleted water-way from the de 23, by Alexander Berkman, anarchist, who, Lesseps successors, and the canal was fin after a term in prison, married Emma ished and opened to traffic on Aug. 15, 1914. Goldman. Prof. Robert Koch announced, in Berlin, dis- 1893 America's first gasoline buggy had its pulling covery of the tuberculosis germ; Mch. 24. test by Charles E. Duryea, April 19, in 1883 Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria and Springfield, Mass. World's Fair (Columbian Italy. (Renewed in 1887, 1891 and 1896.) Exposition) in Chicago, opened May 1; serBrooklyn Bridge opened, May 24; panic on it, eral of the buildings were destroyed by May 30; twelve trampled to death. fire on Jan. 8, 1894. Benito Mussolini born, July 29, in Predappio, Tornadoes kill 3,000 in Charleston, Savannah. near Forli, Italy. and on coast of Louisiana, Aug. 28, Oct. 2. Earthquakes and eruptions of the volcano, 1894 Chinese-Japanese War began, July 25: Battle Krakatoa, on the Island of Java, followed of Yalu, Sept. 17; treaty of Shimonosekl. by most of the 45 other volcanoes; 36,000 April 17, 1895. gave Japan Liaotung Peninlives lost Aug. 25-28. sula, Formosa and the Pescadores. 1884 At Cincinnati, O., after several slayers had Lexow State Senate inguiry as to police corbeen convicted of manslaughter instead of ruption in N. Y. City; committee, headed murder, mobs stormed and burned the by Clarence Lexow. began examination of court house; in several days of rioting, be witnesses on May 21; last session, Dec. 29; ginning on Mch. 28, over 5 were killed, 138 report to Legislature on Jan. 18, 1895. wounded John Y. McKane, Gravesend (Brooklyn) poPanic in N. Y.; failure of Marine Bank and litical "boss," sentenced to 6 years in prison Grant and Ward, May 5-7. for election frauds, Feb. 20. Tornadoes ranging from Illinois south to the Jacob S. Coxey led 20,000 unemployed from Gulf of Mexico, and including Virginia, the mid-west into Washington, April 29. killed 800, and destroyed 10,000 buildings. Strike of mine workers throughout U. S.. Feb. 9. followed by that of Pullman Čar manufac1885 Gen. Charles G. ("Chinese'') Gordon, British tory workers and then by order from Eugene governor of the Soudan, was slain, Jan. 26, V. Debs for general strike of American Ry. by a Mohammedan soldier, who stuck the union men; trouble centered in Chicago head on & spear, at Omdurman. Several where, after Federal Court had enjoined thousand whites were massacred by the strikers, President Cleveland sent Federal Mahdi's troops. Gordon was revenged on troops, July 2. Many died in conflict, vast Sept. 2, 1898, when the British, under Gen. property loss. U. S. troops withdrawn, July Kitchener, defeated the Mahdi's army and 19; Gov. Altgeld recalled State militia. ended his rule. Aug. 7, a day after union called strike off. Rebellion in northwest Canada begun under Capt. Dreyfus, France, degraded, Dec. 23, leadership of Louis David Riel, March 24, restored to rank, July 12, 1906. he surrendered, May 15, and, after trial and 1895 Cuban Revolution began, Feb. 20; 'Gen. conviction, he was hanged on Nov. 16. Antonio Maceo, leader of the insurrection. First electric street railway in U. s., In Balti was killed in action on Dec. 7, 1896. more, opened by Frank J. Sprague, Sept. 1 X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Konrad Roent1886 Haymarket Anarchist riots, Chicago, 7 police gen, a German physicist, who was awarded killed, 60 wounded, May 4. A Jury con a Nobel prize in 1901. victed anarchists August Spies, Adolf Fis The Queen of Korea was assassinated in the cher, George Engel, and Albert R. Parsons, royal palace in Seoul, Oct. 8. She was first and they were hanged on Nov. 11, 1887. cut down, her clothing was then soaked in Louis Lingg killed himself in jail. Samuel oil, and the body was burned. The JapaFielden and Michael Schwab got life im nese minister was recalled to Tokyo and prisonment. was tried and acquitted. Charleston, s. C., earthquake, Aug. 31; 41 1896 President Cleveland appointed Venezuela killed; $5.000.000 property loss. Boundary Commission, Jan, 1; treaty Statue of Liberty on Bedloe's Island, N. Y. signed, Feb. 2, 1897. Harbor, unveiled on Oct. 28 in presence of Battle at Adowa, Etheopia, began on night of 1,000,000 people. Feb. 29. The Ethiopians under King 1887 Triple Alliance (treaty) of Germany. Austria Menelik, took the Italians by surprise. The and Italy, Mch. 13, against France and Italians lost 4.600 white and nearly 3.000 Russia. netive troops killed and wounded and more Flood in Hoang-Ho River, China: 900.000 than 2,500 soldiers were captured. persons perished. “Greater New York' bill signed, May 11; the - Opera Comique, Paris, burned, May 25: 200 City of Five Boroughs came into corporate lives lost; theater, Exeter, England fire, existence on Jan. 1, 1898. Sept. 4; 200 died. 1897 The Turkish-Greek War. 1888 Great blizzard in N, Y. City and in eastern Salon on August Andree, Swedish explorer, part of U. S., March 11-14. Roscoe Cork and two companions, left Dane's Ísland, ling was a victim of exposure in N. Y.. Spitzbergen, in a balloon, in July 11. for the dying April 18. North Pole, and were not heard of unui! 1889 Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and Baroness Aug. 6, 1930, when their remains were found Marie Vetsera were found, slain, in his on White Island. Their balloon had hunting lodge in Castle Mierling. Jan. 29 grounded after dritting 117 miles, Johnstown. Pa., flood. May 31; 2,209 lives Charity Bazaar fire. Paris; 150 lives lost. lost. 1898 U. S, Battleship Maine blown up in harbor of Adolf Hitler born, April 20, in Braunau. in Havana, Cuba, Feb. 15; 260 lost: followed Austria by war between Spain and the United World's Fair, in Paris, May 6-Nov. 6. Eiffel States. Diplomatic relations broken, April Tower opened (985 ft. high). 21: Cuban bluckade declared, April 22: war 1890 First electrocution for crime in N. Y. State. declared by Spain, April 24, by the United The victim was William Kemmler, whir States, April 25: Dewey destroyed the murdered Matilda Zieigler on Mch. 29. 1889. Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. May 1: Battles Put to death in chair in Auburn Prison. oi San Juan and El Caney, July 1-3: Battle of Aug. 6. Santiago de Cuba. Adm. Cervera's -Ellis Island opened as Immigration Depot, and Spanish fleet destroyed, July 3; Peace proCastle Garden ceased as such, Dec. 31. tocol signed between the United States and 1891 Park Place disaster, N. Y., 64 killed, Aug. 22 Spain, Aug. 12; Peace treaty signed by by the collapse of upper floor; most victims American and Spanish delegates at Paris, were in a restaurant. Dec. 10, the U. S. acquiring the Philippines Henry L. Norcross, of Somerville, Mass and Puerto Rico. threw a bomb, with poor aim, at Russell Empress Elizabeth of Austria-Hungary, wife Sage, in financier's office, N. Y. City: he of Franz Josef, assassinated, Sept. 10, by blew himself to pieces, Dec. 4. an anarchist, at Geneva, Switzerland. 1892 Fire destroyed 28 lives in Hotel Royal, N. Y., Radium discovered by Pierre Curie, Mme Feb. 6; and 600 at St. John's, N. F., July 8. Curie and G. Bemont. Conflict between 300 Pinkerton guards and 1899 Treaty with Spain ratified by U. S. Senate. strikers at steel mills, Homestead, near Feb. 6. Pittsburgh, Pa.; 7 guards and 11 strikers Universal Peace Conference in The Hague and spectators shot to death, many wound called by Czar, May 18. ed, July 6. The strike had been set for July The South African War began. Oct. 11; Gen. 3, but the mills shut down on July 1; the Cronje surrendered, Feb. 27; Ladysmith re. National Guard arrived on July 12 and the lieved, Feb. 28; Pretoria surrendered, June town and mills were put under martial law. 5, 1900; war ended, May 31, 1902. H. C. Frick wounded at Pittsburgh, July Martha Place, first woman electrocuted in 1899 361 killed. Philippine-American War began, Feb. 4. On Chelsea (Mass.) destroyed by fire; loss over June 12, 1898, Filipinos had declared their $6,000,000; Mar. 20. independence of Spain, and on Sept. 15. 1908 Earthquakes in Sicily, and Calabria killed 1898, a revolutionary assembly in Manila 76,483. Messina partly destroyed, Dec. 28. had ratified" the independence, as rep Financial panic in the United States. resentatives of the Katipunan League In a fire and panic at the Lake View School built up by Andres Bonifacio, Emilio at Collinwood, Ohio, near Cleveland, on Aguinaldo, Antonia Luna and Marcelo del March 4, 174 children and two teachers lost Pilar. Aguinaldo was captured on Mch. 23, their lives. Rhodes Theater fire, Jan. 4, 1901, and civil government was established Boyertown, Pa., 169 died. by the United States on May 3, 1901. W. H. 1909 Louis Bleriot flew across the English Channel, Taft became the first civil governor, on July from Calais to Dover (31 miles in 37 min. 4, 1901, the first Filipino Legislature met utes) July 25. on Oct. 16, 1907. Hudson-Fulton celebration, New York, Sept.Windsor Hotel Fire (N. Y.). March 17: 45 Oct. -Nov. lost. Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, Seattle, 1900 Paris Exposition opened, April 15. Wash. Humbert, King of Italy, assassinated, July 1910 Earthquake killed 1,500 at Cartago, Costa 29, at Monza, by Angelo Bresci. Rica. Boxer insurrection in China, June; Peking Los Angeles, Calif., "Times" dynamited, Oct. captured by foreign allies, Aug. 14. There 1, 21 killed. were 18,000 marines and sailors-- American 1911 U.S. Supreme Court ordered Standard Oil (2,000). Japanese, Russian, British and combine dissolved, May 15; same decree as French to American Tobacco Co., May 29. Hoboken docks and ships fire, June 30: 145 The Italian-Turkish War began, Sept. 29. lives lost; $10,000,000 property destroyed. Triangle waist factory fire, N. Y., 145 killed, Galveston hurricane and tidal wave, Sept. 8: March 25. 6.000 lives lost. Flood in Yangtze River, China; 100,000 1901 Northern Pacific Railway stock"corner" and drowned. panic, May 9. Leonardo da Vinci's painting. "Mona Lisa" Pan-American Exposition, (Buffalo, N. Y.), ("La Giaconda''), stolen from the Louvre May 1-Nov. 2. Gallery, Paris, Aug. 22; recovered in FlorPresident William McKinley shot in Buffalo, ence, Italy, Dec. 12, 1913, and restored to N. Y., Sept. 6. (died Sept. 14) by Leon the Louvre. Ccolgosz, an anarchist, who was later put C. P. Rogers ieft N. Y., Sept. 17. in an aeroto death. plane and made the first transcontinental Marconi signalled letter "S" across Atlantic flight, landing at Pasadena, Calif., Nov. 4; from England to Poldhu, Newfoundland. actual flying time, 84 hours, 2 minutes. Dec. 12. First radio message sent in Dec., 1902. 1912 China becomes a Republic, Feb. 12; Yuan Shi 1902 St. Pierre, Martinique, destroyed by eruption Kai elected President, Feb. 15. of Mt. Pelee, May 8: about 30,000_lives lost. War in Balkans, against Turkey. by MonPark Ave. Hotel fire, N. Y. City, Feb. 2; 21 tenegro, Bulgaria, Servia and Greece, Oct. lives lost. 8-Dec. 3. Pennsylvania coal strike of 145,000 anthracite Equitable Life building burned, Jan. 9, N. Y. miners. May 12. Settled by President City; 6 perished. Steamship Titanic wrecked on maiden trip, Fire destroyed 456 buildings in Paterson, N. from Southampton for New York, by iceJ., Feb.; and 115 people at a church, Birm berg off Newfoundland coast, April 14-15; ingham, Ala., Sept. 20. 1.517 lost of whom 103 were women and Cuban Republic inaugurated, American occu 53 were children. Passengers and crew pation, under Gen. Leonard Wood. ended had totaled 2,207. The ship was 88212 ft. May 20; rights and franehises of France in long, and cost $7,500,000. Panama Canal bought by U.S., June 28. Rev. Clarence V. T. Richeson, Baptist minis- First International Arbitration Court opened ter, Boston, electrocuted in Mass. State in The Hague, Holland, in October. Prison, May 21, for murder of Miss Avis 1903 Kishineff (Russia) massacre of Jews, April Linnel, 18, of Hyannis. She was about to 19-20; 47 slain, several hundred wounded. become a mother. Her death was due to 700 houses destroyed. 600 stores looted. poison. King Alexander of Serbia, and Queen Draga, Herman Rosenthal, gambler, assassinated at assassinated by army officers, in Belgrade, N. Y. City, July 16. Police Lieut. Charles June 11. Becker, "Gyp the Blood" Horowitz, "Leity Panama Revolution, Nov. 3; republic recog Louie'' Rosenberg, "Whitey Lewis" Seidennized by U. S., Nov. 13. shner, and “Dago Frank" Cirofici were conFirst successful mechanical aeroplane flight victed of the murder and executed at Sing by the Wright Brothers, Dec. 17, from Kill Sing-Becker on July 30, 1915; the others Devil Hill, on the North Carolina seacoast, on April 13, 1914. 4 miles south of Kitty Hawk. 1913 Ohio and Indiana floods, March 25-27; 732 Fire killed 602 in Iroquois Theatre, Chicago, lives lost. In Brazos, Tex., floods, 500 died. Dec. 30. Most of the victims were trampled Peace Palace at the Hague dedicated. to death, President F. I. Madero of Mexico, and Vice 1904 The great fire in Baltimore, Feb. 7; 2,500 President Sudrez, assassinated. Feb. 23. buildings destroyed. King George of Greece assassinated March 18. The Russo-Japanese War began, Feb. 6. Port Arthur surrendered to Japanese on Jan. 2, Mine explosion, Oct. 14, Cardiff, Wales; 400 1905. Peace treaty signed in Portsmouth. killed. N. H., Sept. 5, 1905. 1914 World War began in Europe. Archduke St. Louis Exposition (Louisiana Purchase) Francis of Austria and wife assassinated in opened, May 1. Sarajevo, Bosnia. June 28 (St. Vitus Day) The United States occupied Panama Canal by Gavrillo Princip, a Serb student: Austria declared war on Serbia, July 28; Germany Zone. Subway opened, New York, Oct. 27. invaded France at Cirey, Russian troops invaded Germany, Aug 2; Germans en1995 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, Port tered Liege, Aug 7; British Expeditionary land, Oregon. Force landed in France, Aug. 16; Germans The Duma, first Russian national parliament, occupied Brussels, Aug. 20; Japan declared was organized. war on Germany, Aug. 23: Austria declared 1906 San Francisco earthquake and conflagration; war on Japan, Aug. 25; Louvain bombarded 500 lives were lost; property loss, $350, and damaged, Aug 25; Germans under von 000,000; April 18-19. On April 17, earth Hindenburg, Ludendorf, Hoffman and quakes in Formosa had killed many thou Francois defeated Russians under Samsands; and on Aug. 16, quakes tore down the sonov, at Tannenberg, in East Prussia, City of Valparaiso, Chile, 1,500 lives lost, Aug. 26-31. Samsonov killed himself. One $100,000,000 property damage. of the Russian armies, under Rennen1907 Earthquake killed 1,400. Kingston, Jamaica, kampf, fled. Battle of the Marne, Sept. 6Jan. 14. In that month the Italian Vol. 10, Germans occupied Antwerp, Oct. 9: De canoes, Etna and Vesuvius, were destruc Wet's rebellion in South Africa, Oct. 28: tively active, also the Volcano of Mauna Japanese capture Tsingtau. Nov 7: First Loa, Hawaii. Battle of Ypres, Nov. 9: German cruiser Jamestown (Va.). Exposition opened. April Emden destroyed at Cocos Island, Nov. 10. 26. United States marines landed at Vera Cruz, Fire in coal mine Dec. 6, Monongah, W. Va.; Mex. April 21. |
