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Hawaii

Capital, Honolulu

by racial origin, Portuguese, 30,708; Puerto Rican, 7,736; Spanish, 1,219, total, 107,381. Japanese number 155,042, Filipino, 52,430; Chinese, 28,601; Korean, 6,738; all others, 941. Complete total, 414,991.

The Hawaiian Islands were discovered by Capt. Cook (1778) and there he met his death on his second visit (1779). King Kamehameha brought the islands under one rule (1791). Hawaii became a constitutional monarchy in (1840). A revolution drove Queen Lilluokalani from the throne (1893). An attempt to secure annexation to the United States failing, a republic was proclaimed (July 4, 1894). On the outbreak of the SpanishAmerican War a treaty of annexation was negotiated, ratified by the Hawaiian Senate, and consum

The Hawaiian Islands, an Organized Territory of the United States-- the crossroads of the Pacific are 20 in number, of which nine are inhabited, lying in the North Pacific Ocean in longitude 154° 40'--160° 30′ west, latitude 22° 16'-18° 55′ north, and more than 2,000 miles from the nearest mainland. The group extends for 390 miles from northwest, to southeast, comprising 6,407 square miles of which 4.030 square miles are in Hawaii. The islands are mountainous and volcanic in origin, filled with extinct craters, Haleakala on Maul being the largest in the world. On the Island of Hawail is Mauna Kea (altitude 13,784 ft.), quiescent, and Mauna Loa (altitude 13.686 ft.), active. Sixteen miles east of the latter is the largest active volcano in the world, Kilauea (alti-mated by a joint resolution of Congress (July 7, tude 4,090 ft.) with its "pit of eternal fire"; a wonderful feature of the Hawaiian National Park. There are more than 1,000,000 acres in the forest reserves, and the total area of public lands exceeds 1,500,000 acres. The soil is fertile and all tropical and sub-tropical fruits and vegetables are grown.

The two chief crops are cane sugar (averaging about one million tons a year), and pineapples, most of which are canned as fruit or juice, and in those forms exports approximate 500 million cans yearly. Sugar retained its position as the leading industry, the total value of shipments (1939) being $55,217,960, of which total $53,973,169 represented the raw, and $1,244,791 the refined product. The $51,069,686 valuation of the pineapple crop (1939) to the mainland consisted of fresh pineapples, $230,188; canned, $34,098,779; Juice, $16,723,754; alcohol, $16,965.

Merchandise purchases from the mainland are chiefly meat and dairy products, grains, fodders, beverages, rubber and manufactures, tobacco, textiles, wood manufactures, paper, petroleum, coal, quarry products, and iron, steel, copper and glass manufactures, which were valued (1939) at $101,817,230; shipments to the mainland, $113,206,898, an increase of $16,650,219 in the year.

The islands are becoming increasingly popular as a tourist center. During the calendar year (1939) a total of 65,431 arrived, of which number 24,390 were tourists who spent two days or more in the Territory. The Pan American Clippers furnish over-night service between Hawaii and the Pacific Coast of the United States.

There are 66,485 privately owned motor vehicles registered in the Territory of which 45,400 are in the City and County of Honolulu and 8,390 in the County of Hawaii. Regular air service for the transportation of passengers, mail and express among the islands of the Hawaiian group is maintained. Total mileage flown during the fiscal year (1939) was 476,797; passengers carried, 24,146.

The native population of Hawaii at the time of discovery has been estimated at about 200,000. With civilization it has dwindled and the race seems destined to disappear through intermarriage and other stocks rather than by death.

The population (1940) is 423,330, an increase of 54,994 or 14.9% over 1930.

Population growth by Districts was: Island (county)

1938 Pop.

1939 Pop.

City of Honolulu

153,073

154,476

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1898). Hawaii was created a Territory, an intergrai part of the United States, and its government provided for by the organic act of April 30, 1900.

The chief executive officer of the Territory of Hawali is the Governor (Joseph B. Poindexter (D.), appointed Jan. 30, 1934; reappointed Mar. 13, 1938), who is appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate for a four-yearterm, and who must be a resident of the islands for three years to be eligible for appointment, which applies as well to all other Territorial positions for which nominations are made by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Territorial Secretary who serves as Acting Governor during the absence or illness of the Governor is appointed in this manner, but the heads of the Territorial departments are appointed by the Governor, with the approval of the Territorial Senate.

The Legislature of Hawaii consists of the Senate of 15 members, elected for four-year terms; and the House of Representatives, of 30 members, elected for two-year terms. The Delegate tc Congress is elected every two years, and has floor privileges in the house, but no vote.

The islands expressed their desire for statehood at the elections (1940) with 39,413 voting in favor and 19,911 against.

Honolulu, on the Island of Oahu, is the capital and chief commercial city and port of the islands. It has a fine natural harbor. It has never been hotter than 88 degrees or colder than 56 degrees in the records of the U. S. Weather Bureau.

The Federal Government maintains a large army post on the island with quarters for a division of 30,000 men at Schofield Barracks and the subsidiary forts. The Navy Department has a large base at Pearl Harbor with drydock and two others under construction. The Hawaiian Detachment, consisting of 30 of the principal vessels of the U. S. Scouting Fleet, was based for the first time in Pearl Harbor (1939) possibly permanently, the Navy Department having designated Honolulu as their home port. The military reservation at Kapolei was made a permanent military post (Nov. 23. 1934) and designated Fort Barrette. There are also an aviation field and radio station.

The Hawaii National Park, in the Territory of Hawaii, was created by act of Congress (Aug. 1, 1916) and placed under the control of the National Park Service of the Department of the Interior. It consists of two separate tracts of land lying on different islands. The Kilauea-Mauna Loa section is on the island of Hawaii and the Haleakala section is on the island of Maui.

An act of Congress (June, 1938) authorized the Kalapana and Footprint additions, which increased the area of the park by 55,070 acres, of which 17,405 acres was already Government land. The Footprint addition (5,370 acres) was included in this Government land. To date none of the privately owned land in the Kalapana addition has been acquired.

The University of Hawaii is in Honolulu. The majority of native Hawaiians are Christians.

DEPENDENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES

Wake and Midway Islands

The United States flag was hoisted over Wake Island (July 4, 1898) by Gen. F. V. Greene, commanding Second Detachment Philippine expedition. With its two sister islands. Wilkes and Peale, it is in the direct route from Hawaii to Hong Kong. about 2,000 miles from the first and 3.000 miles from the second; and 1,290 miles from Guam. The Aroup is 411⁄2 miles long and 111⁄2 miles wide and e total land area is about 2,600 acres.

The Midway Islands, owned by the United States. are a group in the North Pacific, 1,200 miles northwest of the Hawaiian Islands. A relay cable station of the Commercial Cable Company is established there. The area of the group is 28 square miles, and population (Census, 1930) was 25, increased to 118 (1936); both are included in the totals for Hawaii.

Wake and the Midway Islands are under the

jurisdiction of the Navy Department. They assumed new importance (1935) as landing stages for trans-Pacific airplanes. An electric light and a radio plant were set up on Peale Island, but fresh water is unobtainable, as all the islands are barren coral shoals.

Kure Island on the westerly edge of the Hawaiian group. of value as an air base, was placed under

control of the Navy by Presidential order (Feb. 21, 1936).

Howland, Jarvis and Baker Islands, south of the Hawaiian group, also of value as air bases and owned by the United States, were settled and equipped as aerological stations (1936) by young Hawaiians acting under the Federal Division of Territories and Insular Possessions.

Commonwealth of the Philippines.

Capital, Manila (Luzon)—Area, 114,400 square miles-Population (1940 Census) 16,356,000 The Philippines, the largest island group in the Malay Archipelago, were discovered by Magellan (1521) and conquered by Spain (1565); they were ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris (Dec. 10, 1898) following the Spanish-American War. Admiral Dewey had destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay (May 1, 1898), and Major Gen. Wesley Merritt captured the City of Manila (August 13).

The land area of the islands lies between 21° 10' and 4° 40′ north latitude and between 116° 40′ and 126° 34' east longitude. There are 7,083 islands extending 1,150 statute miles from north to south and 682 miles from east to west. Of this number 462 have an area of one square mile or over: 2,441 are named and 4,642 unnamed. The archipelago has an area of 73,214,200 acres of which 45,946,420, or 63%, are suitable for cultivation. In 1938 only 10,399,340 acres or 41.1% were under cultivation. The average size of the Filipino farm is three

acres.

The largest are Luzon, 40,814 sq. m.; Mindanao, 36,906; Panay, 4,448; Palawan, 4,500; Mindoro, 3,794; Bohol, 1,554; Masbabe, 1,255: Cebu. 1,695. The chief cities, with their populations. are Manila (623,362); Cebu (142,912);

Zamboanga

(131,729); Davao (95,444); Iloilo (88,203); Bacolod (57,703) and Baguio (24,122). The islands have a foreign population (1940 census) of 166,977, includ117,461 Chinese, 29,262 Japanese and 8,739 Americans, exclusive of the military personnel and their families.

Other groups in the Archipelago are the Sulu, or Jolo Islands in the South, the Babuganes and Batanes in the North, the Catanduanes in the East, and Culion in the West.

The archipelago has a coast line of 11,444 statute miles. There are 21 fine harbors and eight landlocked straits. Manila Bay, with an area of 770 sq. m., and a circumference of 120 miles, is the finest harbor in the Far East. It is

a

roadstead

in all parts of which vessels can anchor, but a breakwater has been constructed for shelter in bad weather. Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, Zamboanga, Jolo and Davao and Legaspi are the ports of entry.

Princess Hadji Piandao, niece and adopted daughter of the late Jamalul Kiram II, Sultan of Sulu, transferred (April, 1940) legal ownership of hundreds of islands in the Sulu Archipelago to the Commonwealth of the Philippines. Estimates of the number of islands in the Archipelago vary between, 250 and 700, scattered for 220 miles from Mindanao southwestward to Borneo. The islands are populated chiefly by Moslem natives.

The extensive mountain system of the Philippines belongs to the succession of volcanic ranges of the Pacific system of the world's surface. There are 20 more or less active volcanoes. Mount Apo, 9,610 ft., in Mindanao, and Mayan Volcano, 7,943 ft., in Albay, are the most famous. Between the mountains, stored with minerals, and the sea le great fertile. well-watered plains. The principal islands have important river systems.

The average temperature during the four winter months is about 78° F.; in the three hot months, April to June, about 84; in the other months, about 80. The nights are seldom unpleasantly hot.

Eight distinct languages and 87 dialects_are spoken. About 4,000,000 read or understand English. About two-thirds of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics and about 4,000,000 belong to the Independent Catholic Church, organized by a Filipino priest, Fr. Gregorio Agilpay, in the 1899 insurrection. There are about 500,000 Moslems and 500,000 Pagans.

The Philippines will be cut adrift from the United States (1945) according to the TydingsMcDuffie Independence Act passed by Congress and signed by President Roosevelt (March 24, 1934) and passed by the Philippine Legislature (May 1). The Tydings-McDuffie Act provides for the recognition of Philippine independence after a 10year transitional commonwealth government with a Filipino Chief Executive. The United States pledges itself to abandon military bases in the Philippines. The question of naval bases was held open. Immigration from the Islands is limited to a maximum annual quota of 50.

Reciprocal free trade relations between the

United States and the Philippines have existed since the Act of Congress of Aug. 5, 1909. The Tydings-McDuffie Act continued these relations during the ten-year transitional period except that these annual quotas were set up on imports into the United States of Philippine products: Raw sugar, 800,000 long tons; refined sugar, 50,000 tons; coconut oil, 200,000 tons; of cordage, rope and twine of abaca, 3,000,000 lbs. Imports in excess of these quotas are subject to the same duty paid on like commodities from other countries.

All other Philippines exports, except those under quota, will have to pay export taxes, starting with 5% in 1941 and gradually raised every year by 5% until 1943.

The new Constitution, drafted by a Constitutional Convention, provides for a single legislative chamber, the National Assembly, of 120 members chosen every three years, with extensive powers over the judiciary, regulation of capital and labor. utility franchises, supervision of power development and exploitation of natural resources. The term of the President and Vice President is for six years, and the President cannot succeed himself. A Supreme Court, comprising a Chief Justice and six Justices appointed by the President, cannot declare a law or a treaty unconstitutional except by a two-thirds vote. Freedom of the press and religion and right of assembly are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.

The constitutional convention declared "all lands in the public domain, all waters, minerals, coal and petroleum, all forces of potential energy and other natural resources of the Philippines belong to the State and their disposition, exploitation, development and utilization are limited to citizens of the Philippines or corporations and associations of which 60% of the capital is owned by such citizens" subject to present leases and concessions. Franchises shall not be granted for longer than 50 years and shall be subject to amendment, alteration or repeal by the National Assembly.

Women on whom the suffrage on equal terms with men was granted by the Legislature (Nov. 9. 1934, effective Jan. 1, 1935), while they voted in large numbers for the adoption of the Constitution. were disfranchised by it until 300,000 of them vote for women suffrage in a specially called plebiscite. English and Spanish are the official languages.

President Roosevelt approved the Constitution (March 23, 1935) and it was adopted by the voters. Under it, President Quezon and Vice-President Sergio Osmena were elected (Sept. 30, 1935) and they were inaugurated (Nov. 15). The United States High Commissioner is Francis B. Sayre.

Three amendments to the Constitution were submitted (1940) to the people of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The amendments with the vote follow:

1. Are you in favor of the establishment of a bicameral legislature to be known as Congress of the Philippines with a Senate whose members will be elected at large and a House of Representatives whose members will be elected by districts with a salary of $3,600 a year for each member of the Senate and each member of the House? YES, 1,043,712; NO, 274, 184.

2. Are you in favor of the establishment of an electoral commission, composed of a president and two members, which will take charge exclusively of the enforcement and application of laws regarding the holding of elections? YES, 1,072,039; NO, 240,641.

3. Are you in favor of shortening the term of office of the President and the Vice-President from six years to four years with only one re-election? YES, 1,017,606; NO. 287,923.

President Roosevelt later signed the three amendments.

The National Assembly granted to President Quezon (1940) emergency powers to cope with situations arising out of the war in Europe. Power was voted to Quezon to control farming, industries, wages, profits, hours of work, distribution of labor. transportation, including shipping, public service. rents, prices of prime necessaries and to prohibit lockouts and strikes. The Assembly (1941) increased the emergency powers for one year.

President Quezon appointed (March 21, 1941) a

Civilian Emergency Administration to co-ordinate work connected with the civilian defense of the Philippines with Teofilo Sison, Secretary of National Defense, as chairman. The Civilian Emergency Planning Board recommended the action after surveys conducted by committees of supply, transportation, medicine, communications, welfare, and personnel and labor. The C. E. P. B. suggested that Commonwealth authorities develop effective plans to increase prodution of essential foodstuffs and the supply of all imported essentials, such as fuel. Recommendations were made for the control of transportation to save gas, oil and mechanical parts and suggestions were made for the establishment of medical supplies of all kinds, the control of telegraph, telephone and radio, and the establishment and co-ordination of civilian aid organizations.

trained for 5 months. The Philippine army (1939) had 120,000 reservists. It is planned to have a citizen army of 400,000.

The military forces of the Philippines (land and sea) were placed under United States command for the duration of the emergency (July 26, 1941) by order of President Roosevelt. Gen. McArthur was named by the War Department in Washington to command the forces.

Among the special Government institutions are the Normal School, the School of Arts and Trades, the Nautical School, and the Central Luzon Agricultural School. There are provincial trade schools. Higher learning is provided by the State supported University of the Philippines, Manila, and the Dominican University of Santo Tomas (founded 1611), the oldest university under the American flag.

The chief agricultural products are unhusked rice ("palay"), Manila hemp ("abaca"), copra, sugar cane, corn, tobacco and maguey. The principal fruit is the banana, but there are also mangoes, papaya, lanzones, pilinut, chico, mandarins and oranges.

Forests provide cabinet and construction timber in large quantities; also gums and resins, vegetable oils, rattan and bamboo. tan and dye barks and dye woods. Rubber is being cultivated as well as the Chinchona tree for quinine.

High Commissioner Sayre said that he and President Quezon were in complete accord on the plan. At President Quezon's request President Roosevelt detailed Gen. Douglas MacArthur, retiring Chief of Staff of the United States Army, as military adviser to the Government. He made public (June 19, 1936) an army defense plan "to give pause to the most ruthless and powerful": calling for a fleet of 50 to 100 small, fast torpedo boats for coast defense, a 250-plane air force, a regular army of about 930 officers and 6.500 men with a reserve corps raised under universal military service and trained in schools and out at the rate of 40,000 a year. The total registration of 20-year-old Filipinos then exceeded 148,000. The cost he placed at $8,000,000 a year. The National Assembly (Aug. 8, 1936) appropriated $1,400,000 to build training centers. The Philippine Constabulary, 659 officers, 7,504 enlisted men (1937) divided into 127 companies and occupying 186 strategic stations, is the nucleus of the new army. Approximately 40,000 20-year-old Filipinos are selected by lot for military service each year and, The Canal

The Canal Zone is a strip of land extending five miles on either side of the axis of the Panama Canal but not including the cities of Panama or Colon, which remain in the Republic of Panama, but are under U. S. jurisdiction in the matter of sanitation and quarantine. The port at the Caribbean entrance, formerly a part of Colon, is Cristobal; and that the Pacific entrance Balboa. while to the east of Panama is the residential town of Ancon, with hotel and hospital.

The strip of land was granted to the United States by Panama by treaty (Feb. 26, 1904) the compensation being $10,000,000, with annual payments of $250,000 in addition. No private individuals are allowed to acquire land.

The Canal Zone, including land and water, but excluding the water within the 3-mile limits from the Atlantic and Pacific ends, has an area of 549 square miles. Gatun Lake, with the water at its normal level of 85 feet above sea level, has an

Baguio, in the hills, 100 miles north of Manila, is the center of the gold mining district. Silver, lead, zinc, copper, iron, coal, petroleum, chromite, asbestos and manganese are mined. as well as clay, marble, salt, etc. The islands are rich in mineral resources. It is estimated that there are 75 square miles of coal fields containing lignite and bituminous.

The Government showed a deficit of 10,000,000 pesos (nominal value 50 cents) in the 1940 fiscal year. The 1941-1942 budget calls for expenditures of 11,675,000 pesos and receipts of 112,982,000. Zone

area of 163.4 square miles. The water area of the zone is 190.94 square miles. The zone has a population (1940 census) of 51,827, an increase of 31.3% in ten years.

The Canal Zone is a Government reservation administered by the organization known as The Panama Canal. This is an independent organization in the Government service whose head is the Governor, directly under the President. As a matter of executive arrangement, the Secretary of War represents the President in the administration of Canal Affairs. The Zone is fortified and occupied by a garrison in addition to the civilian employees of the Canal and railroad. The Governor is Brig. Gen. Glen E. Edgerton.

The Army maintains air ports at France Field on the Atlantic side and Albrook Field on Balboa Heights on the Pacific side.

American occupation of the Canal Zone began (May 4, 1904) and the Canal was opened to traine (Aug. 15, 1914).

Puerto Rico
Capital, San Juan

Puerto Rico is the fourth largest of the Greater Antilles, with the Atlantic Ocean on the north and the Caribbean Sea on the south. Santo Domingo is about 45 miles to the west, and St. Thomas 40 miles to the east with an area, including adjacent islands, of 3,435 square miles. The island of Culebra, and Vieques, to the east, form part of the territory. It is 95 miles long (from east to west) and 35 miles wide, with a coast line of about 345 miles. The best harbors are at San Juan and Ponce. Through the middle of the island, from east to west, runs a range of mountains with an altitude of 1,500 to 3,750 ft., cultivable to the summits. The soil is extremely fertile and largely under cultivation. The lower lands to the north are well watered, but irrigation is needed in the south; an extensive system has been constructed by the Government. Sugar, pineapples, oranges, grapefruit, tobacco and coffee are the chief exports. Cotton, linen and silk manufactures and embroideries are exported to the United States. Distilling of alcohol and the canning of fruits and vegetables are important industries.

Puerto Rico purchased from the United States in the 1939-1940 fiscal year $100,517,184 worth of goods. The chief export was sugar with a value of $57,328,790 for the same period.

The Puerto Rican Land Authority law (1941) limits land holdings by corporations to no more than 500 acres. Large holdings are to be taken over by the Government and redistributed in small parcels under the supervision of the Authority. The law is aimed to break up large sugar estates on the Island and to mitigate poverty. The law also

places sugar mills under the authority of the Public Service Commission.

Puerto Rico was discovered and named by Columbus (1493). Ponce de Leon conquered it for Spain (1509-1511). It was seized by Major Gen. Miles in the Spanish-American War and ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris (Dec. 10, 1898). It is administered under the Organic Act of Puerto Rico, (March 2, 1917 and amended March 4, 1927), which also granted American citizenship to Puerto Ricans, and granted manhood suffrage. The Governor is appointed by the President. The Legislature-a Senate of 19 members and a House of Representatives of 39-is elected for four years by direct vote. There are seven executive departments: Justice, Finance, Interior, Education, Agriculture and Commerce, Labor, and Health. The President appoints, upon confirmation by the Senate, the Attorney General, Commissioner of Education and the Auditor. The Governor, subject to confirmation by the Insular Senate, appoints the four remaining department heads. Five Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President. The seven heads of departments form the Executive Council. The island elects a Resident Commissioner at Washington with a voice but no vote in the House of Representatives, for a term of four years. The governor is Rexford Guy Tugwell.

The Island makes its own tax laws and derives further revenue by converting customs levies, income tax receipts and internal revenue collections into the Insular Treasury.

Although Spanish is the popular language the Insular Government fosters intensive instruction in

English in the public schools, credited with being the most efficient and up-to-date school system in Latin America.

The American influence reaches into every phase of Puerto Rican life and the island is the sixth largest offshore consumer of American produced merchandise, returning in profits to manufacturers and agriculture vastly more money than is absorbed in normal times by federal grants.

The leading problem confronting Puerto Rico is an economic one arising out of steady population increase in an overcrowded island. To meet the over-population menace the Insular Legislature (1937) passed a birth control bill.

A mild climate, cool in summer and warm in winter, gives Puerto Rico with its old world atmosphere a playground drawing power that is being fully exploited. The average range of temperature is from 90 to 50 with an average of 76. The United

States Weather Bureau reported that in 2192 days of the six year period ending in 1940 Puerto Rico had only 17 days without sunshine.

Mineral production in Puerto Rico is insignificant, consisting of quarry products and high grade manganese ore. Recently a Bureau of Mines was started by the Insular Government, and prospection and development to date have proved deposits of manganese, copper, gold, and glass sand, which will become productive as soon as capital is available.

The population (1940) is 1,869,255.

Education is free and compulsory (since 1899). There are 2,295 schools on the island with an enrollment of 281,359 pupils. There are 44 accredited private schools. The University of Puerto Rico is in Rio Piedras, seven miles from San Juan. The Roman Catholic religion is dominant. English and Spanish are spoken.

Virgin Islands of the U. S.

Capital, Charlotte Amalie, The Virgin Islands of the United States, formerly the Danish West Indies, were bought for $25,000,000 by the United States from Denmark, in a treaty (proclaimed Jan. 25, 1917). The group consists of three islands, St. Thomas, St. Croix and St. John, with about 50 smaller ones, mostly uninhabited. The area of the three main islands is 133 square miles. The population (1940) is 24,889.

St. Thomas Island has the principal harbor of the group and it is here that the town of Charlotte Amalie is situated. It is about 40 miles east of Fajardo, the nearest port on the Island of Puerto Rico, and 70 miles from San Juan, the principal city and port of Puerto Rico. St. Thomas lies south, 20° east and 1,442 miles distant from New York City. St. Croix is 40 miles south of St. Thomas. The language is English.

Congress (1927), conferred citizenship on the natives, and under the organic act (June 22, 1936) there is universal suffrage for all who can read and write English.

The Islands comprise two municipalities, that of St. Thomas and St. John, with a legislative council called the Municipal Council, of seven members, and that of St. Croix, with a membership of nine. The two councils form a Colonial Legislature, which must meet yearly. Elections are biennial.

American

Capital, Pago Pago, American Samoa, composed of the islands of Tutuila, Aunuu, Ofu, Olosega and Tau, and the uninhabited coral atoll of Rose Island, became a possession of the United States by virtue of the tripartite treaty with Great Britain and Germany (Nov. 1899), accepted by the United States (Feb. 13, 1900). It is under control of the Navy Department as a naval station. Construction of a naval air base was started (1940). The islands have an area of 76 square miles and a population (1940) of 12,908.

Pago Pago, a valuable harbor in the South Pacific, was ceded (1872) by the native King to the United States for a naval and coaling station. American Samoa is 4,160 miles from San Francisco, 2,263 miles from Hawaii, 1,580 miles from Auckland, 2,354 miles from Sydney and 4,200 miles

formerly St. Thomas

The Governor has limited veto powers. The Islands are under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior.

The governor is Charles Harwood.

Raw sugar output averages more than 5,000 tons a year, or about an amount equal to the quota of raw sugar from the Virgin Islands that may be admitted to the United States under the JonesCostigan Act.

The Island of St. John is famous for its bay oil, extracted from the leaves of the bay tree, and St. Thomas for the finished product of bay rum. Education is compulsory. Illiteracy, though high, is being reduced. Only 2% of the population cannot speak English.

After the repeal of Prohibition in the United States production of rum was resumed on a large scale. The government established a rum distillery backed by 5,000 acres of sugar cane and two sugar mills.

Tax collections on the commerce have reduced the annual appropriations from Congress to assist the local Legislature in paying for schools, hospitals, fire, police and public works.

Bi-weekly passenger and freight service is maintained from New York City to St. Thomas, St. Croix and the lower islands. There is also semiweekly air mail service.

Samoa

Island of Tutuila

from Manila. The natives read and write and are Christians of different denominations. They are a high type of the Polynesian race and are on the increase because the laws prohibit foreigners from buying their land.

All of the land on the islands is privately owned. Under the American Commandant-Governor there is a native Governor in each of the three political divisions. The native Governors appoint the County Chiefs, who appoint the Village Chiefs.

There are public schools with more than 2,000 pupils, and several private schools.

The chief product is copra, of which about 1,100 tons are exported annually, Taro, breadfruit, yams. coconuts, pineapples, oranges and bananas are also produced commercially. The Government handles the crop for the natives. Other fruits are grown but not exported. About 70% of the land is forest. Guam

Capital, Agana

The Island of Guam, the largest of the Marianas, was ceded to the United States by Spain by Article Two of the Treaty of Paris (Dec. 10, 1898). It lies between latitudes 13° 13' and 13° 39' north and longitudes 144° 37' and 144° 58′ east. It is 30 miles long and four to eight and one-half miles wide with an area of 206 square miles and a population (1940) of 22,290. Distance from Manila, 1,506 miles from San Francisco, 5.053 miles. The inhabitants call themselves Chamorros, but the present

generation is a mixed race, with the Malay strain predominating. Guam is under the Navy Department, as a naval station. There also is a powerful Government radio station. The port of entry is Apra. Other

Exports include copra and cocoanut oil. bananas, pineapples, citrus fruits, limes, mangoes, corn, rice, sweet potatoes, coffee, products are papayas, breadfruit, cocoa, yams, tobacco, cassava. kapok, alligator pears, sugar cane, and timber. The 4,300 head of cattle include 1,432 water buffaloes.

Canton and Enderbury Islands

The United States and Great Britain agreed (April 6, 1939) on a system of joint control and administration of Canton and Enderbury Islands of the Phoenix group in the Central Pacific, about half way between Hawaii and Australia. The formula applies for fifty years and thereafter indefinitely unless modified or terminated. Each government is represented by an administrative official and the islands are "available for communications and for use as airports for inter

national aviation, but only civil aviation companies, incorporated in the United States of America or in any part of the British Commonwealth of Nations for the purpose of scheduled air services." The United States is permitted to build and operate an airport on Canton that will be open to use by British aircraft and civil aviation companies on equal terms. The agreement was arranged after it was discovered that the islands had great potential value as air communication bases.

States' Entry Into Union, Capitals, Governors' Salaries, Terms

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(a) As the State of Ohio; (b) as the State of Tennessee; (c) as the State of Louisiana; (d) the organic act for Missouri Territory of June 4, 1812, became effective the first Monday in December (7th), 1812.

Certain western tracts of land, acquired at various times and in various ways by the United States, as indicated in the table, were governed by Congress and the National Executive as colonies or territories. During the period 1787-1912 Congress

created out of these lands some 28 organized territories which, after an average existence of nearly 20 years in the territorial form, have entered the Union as States.

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