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54

U. S.-Descriptive; Oregon, Pennsylvania

st plateau greater in area than that of the ew England States combined.

It has very important navigation facilities e Columbia River flowing into the Pacific with width at the mouth of about 14 miles, the river arrying tonnage along the whole of the 400 miles f its seaward course from the Idaho line; and the Snake, running along the northern half of the eastern boundary, already conveying much traffic and being susceptible of greater development. The Bonneville Dam, a gigantic power and mavigation project, is situated on the Columbia River at Bonneville, 42 miles east of Portland. It has created a deep lake 50 miles inland to The Dalles on which ocean-going vessels may navigate. Into Oregon pour the products of "The Inland and Empire," a region comprising 250,000 square miles Öregon, Eastern Washington in Eastern Northern Idaho, the Columbia being the waterway outlet, and the railways following the water grades from the Empire through the Columbia River Gorge to Portland, the "Rose City," which is actually on the Williamette River, ten miles from the Columbia, but economically on the Columbia.

The part of Oregon west from the Cascade Mountain range, which has peak elevations up to 12,000 ft., is slashed north and south by the Coast Range, a very aged ridge now eroded to lower levels. The whole of the western one-third of the State has abundant rainfall, the average precipitation at Portland being about that of Chicago or New York.

Oregon has almost one-half of the more than one trillion ft. of timber standing in the three Coast States, Oregon, Washington, and California. Some of the trees are more than 300 ft. high. the southwest are found forests of the redwoods. with at least 20 other varieties of timber abundance, some of it excellent for furniture manufacture, which is a considerable industry. The cut of timber is the second in the United States, Washington only exceeding. The lumber cut averages more than 3 billion board feet annually and is shipped to all foreign markets.

The State produces walnuts, and, in the Willamette Valley, filberts. Long-fiber flax is grown in the Salem district, which is also the fruit, berry,

and canning region. The State leads in the produc-
tion of hops. Other crops are winter wheat, oats,
dant.
hay and potatoes. The annual wool-clip is abun-

The salmon fisheries, centering in Astoria, at the
mouth of the Columbia, are among the world's
Although undeveloped, all the basic minerals are
Gold, silver and copper are
greatest.
mined, with also stores of lead, oil, quicksilver,
found in Oregon.
chromic iron ore, platinum, and all the clays. The
There are several colleges, the State University
gold output exceeds $2,000,000 a year.
in Eugene, the Agricultural College in Corvallis,
Reed Institute in Portland, and others.

The Columbia Highway, unexcelled for scenic
Hood (11.253 ft.) the highest point in the State.
beauty, running up the river from Portland; Mt.
ist interest.
Other lofty mountains, and Crater Lake, 6,000 ft.
up in the Cascade Mountains, are points of tour-

Crater Lake, in Crater Lake National Park, re-
poses in what was once a gigantic volcano. Of an
unusual sapphire blue, it is six miles in diameter
and 2,000 feet deep.

Carrying sea letters granted by George Washington, Captain Robert Gray in his ship, the Columbia (May 11, 1792), sailed into the river which is named after his vessel. He gave the ment for claiming the vast region drained by the United States by right of discovery sound arguriver-the Oregon country.

Through President Thomas Jefferson's efforts Lewis and Clark were commissioned to explore the country (1803). They reached the mouth of the Columbia (Nov. 11, 1805); built Fort Clatsop, a site near where Astoria stands today. The ruins of a cairn where they reduced salt from sea water may be visited in Seaside.

John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur company (April, 1811) established a fort, the beginning of Astoria. which fell into British hands during the War of 1812.

A provisional government was formed at Champoeg (May 2. 1843).

The territorial government of the Oregon country was proclaimed (March 3, 1849).

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Pennsylvania

Capital, Harrisburg-Keystone State-State Flower, Mountain Laurel-Motto: Virtue, Liberty and
Independence-Area, 45,333 sq. mi.; rank, 32nd-Population, 9,900, 180; rank, 2nd.

Pennsylvania, of the Middle Atlantic group, is bounded on the north by Lake Erie and New York, on the east by New York and New Jersey, on the south by Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia, and on the west by West Virginia and Ohio. It is one of the Thirteen Original States.

It is of varied topography, like most Atlantic States, having leveler lands to the east, and rising to higher altitudes to the westward. The Appalachian range traverses the central part from northeast to southwest, a higher mountain region being in the extreme west, and another lower plain running down to the shores of Lake Erie. It has rivers important in navigation-the Susquehanna, the Delaware and the Allegheny and the Monongahela, which unite at Pittsburgh to form the Ohio. The Commonwealth's mountains and lakes are well adapted to winter sports.

The Commonwealth has built its industries largely on the basic elements. It produces nearly half the steel of the country, shipping it to all parts of the world. Pittsburgh is the center of the greatest metal production ever attained in one locality. Its supplies of iron ore come mostly from Minnesota, and its operations have made more millionaires than any other single industrial center in the country. The perfected tonnage from Pittsburgh is the heaviest, excepting at New York and Chicago. Electrical goods and equipment are made in Pittsburgh in large quantity.

The bituminous coal annual output averages approximately 350,000,000 tons; anthracite averages 45,000,000 to 50,000,000 tons; and the Commonwealth produces high-grade petroleum, iron ore, pig iron, steel for rails and structural purposes, lime, slate, and other metals and minerals.

Scranton is the greatest hard coal center of the country, and makes much steel.

Pennsylvania leads in the production of buckwheat. Other important crops are winter wheat, rye, oats, corn, potatoes, tobacco, apples, peaches, pears and grapes.

In educational facilities the Commonwealth rank high. The principal higher educational institutions are the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia (founded in 1740); Washington and Jefferson in Washington (founded 1780); Pennsylvania State College; University of Pittsburgh;

Philadelphia;
University.
Temple
Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh;
Bucknell University, Lewisburg: Dickinson Col-
Lafayette College. Easton; Lehigh University,
Bethlehem;
lege, Carlisle: Franklin and Marshall College,
College, Pittsburgh; Grove City College, Grove
Lancaster: Allegheny College, Meadville; Duquesne
There are also three col-
City: Haverford College, Haverford: Swarthmore
College, Swarthmore.
leges for women, in Bryn Mawr, Pittsburgh and
Chambersburg.

Pennsylvania was named in honor of Admiral William Penn, the founder of the province. Wilfrom Charles II of Great Britain for land in liam Penn, a Quaker, received a charter (1681) America that was given the name of "Pensilvania" vania" was used for many years by William Penn (Penn's Woods) by the King. The name "Pensiland his sons, Thomas and Richard, to designate the province. The grant was made in settlement of a debt of 16,000 pounds which King Charles and the British Government owed Admiral Penn. The charter was granted (March 4, 1681).

The founder of the province convened a General Assembly in Chester (Dec. 4, 1682) when three laws were enacted during a session of four days. The province and territories (Pennsylvania and Delaware) were divided into three counties each, Philadelphia, Chester and Bucks for the former, and New Castle, Kent and Sussex for the latter. The first General Assembly was convened by proclamation issued by the proprietor who set forth that the assemblage was to include all residents of the province.

Penn granted three charters: one (1682), the second one (1683) and the third (1701. Pennsylvania was governed under the latter charter until period of the Revolution. the Constitution of 1776 was framed during the

Penn's invitation to Continental Europeans to come to his province brought to Pennsylvania a Welsh, Dutch, French, Swedish and German. mixture of English, Scotch-Irish, Scotch, Irish,

The terms "Commonwealth" as applied to the province and "General Assembly" as the official name for the law-making body of Pennsylvania, were originated by Penn and remain in the Constitution in force.

The United States was born on Pennsylvania

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soil. In Philadelphia was adopted the Articles of Confederation; the Declaration of Independence was written and signed there; the Treaty of Peace that ended the Revolutionary War was ratified in that place, and there also later the Constitution of the United States formulated.

The Commonwealth is rich in historic landmarks, including Valley Forge and the Battlefield of Gettysburg, now national shrines. At Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1938) elaborate exercises commemorated the 75th anniversary of the battle. An "eternal" light peace memorial (to burn only at night) was dedicated by President Roosevelt.

The site of Benjamin Franklin's original printing shop in Philadelphia was marked (May 4, 1938) with a bronze tablet, cemented into the sidewalk in front of a building at 135 Market street, Philadelphia. In the time of Franklin it was 51 High street.

Pennsylvania is drained by three important river systems: the Delaware in the east, the Susquehanna in the middle, and the Ohio in the west: and three minor systems; the Potomac in the

middle south, Lake Erie in the northwest, and the
Genesee in the middle north section. Natural lakes
and ponds are relatively small and are found in
the glacial areas in the northern part of the
Commonwealth, more especially in the northeast
County, with an area of 928 acres.
portion. The largest is Conneaut Lake in Crawford
artificial body of water is the Pymatuning Lake in
The largest
Crawford County, covering 17,200 acres, built to
regulate the flow of the Shenango and Beaver
Rivers.

The first water works system operated in PennLebanon County (1732). The first water works sylvania was built to supply Schaefferstown, in and the third system to be built was a steam pumping plant was built in Bethlehem (1754). pumping plant in Philadelphia (1801).

The Pennsylvania Turnpike, a 160-mile long automobile highway from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh was completed (July, 1940) at a cost of $70,000,000. Legislation was passed (1941) to extend the Turndelphia was authorized (1940). pike to the Ohio state line. An extension to Phila

Rhode Island

Capital, Providence-Little Rhody, also Plantation State-State Flower, Violet-Motto: Hope-Area, 1,214 sq. mi.; rank, 48th-Population, 713,346; rank, 36th.

Rhode Island, smallest of States, of the Original Thirteen, and in New England, is bounded on the north and east by Massachusetts, on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and on the west by Connecticut. With 674.2 persons per square mile, it is the most densely populated State. It exceeds all others in per capita industrial output; it is 91.6 per cent urban.

The textile mills account for nearly half the value of the products, and the state has important jewelry factories. The first cotton spinning works of this country were established in Pawtucket in the 18th century. Providence, Woonsocket, and Pawtucket are the chief centers of industry.

The State enjoys extensive educational facilities, with Brown University, Rhode Island State College; Rhode Island College of Education and Providence College among the important institutions. Newport, on Narragansett Bay, has been for decades a famous watering place. The Astors, Vanderbilts, Goelets and other New York families have mansions there. Eastons Beach is the center of Newport's summer activities, though an exclusive colony is found at Baileys Beach on the Ocean Drive.

The Naval War College is in Newport, The America Cup Races are sailed off Newport, and many other regattas are held there.

Many of the early settlers in Rhode Island embraced the sea as a means of livelihood and from old Newport and other towns have come tales of exciting adventures in whaling and the slave trade, in privateering and in general warfare. More than 80 commissions or letters of marque to capture vessels and merchandise of the enemies of the King of England were issued by Rhode Island in King George's War (1739-1748) and more than 60 in the French and Indian war (1756-1763). The average size of these privateers was 115 tons, some were 390 tons and some as little as 33. The government paid a bounty of £5 ($25) for each man on a captured vessel. Common seamen on Rhode Island privateers made as much as $5,000 a trip. Captured vessels were taken to the nearest British Admirality Court, and if judged legally seized were condemned and sold with their cargoes and the proceeds apportioned among the owners, officers and crew. Outstanding financial successes in the Rhode Island privateering business were the San Francisco, valued at £68,000; the Vigilant, £28,625;

South

the William, valued at £61,930; and many famous others.

Captain Charles Hall of the Virgin Queen, one of the smallest of the privateers, captured and sacked a Spanish town in Cuba which yielded the sailors at least a hundred dollars apiece, while Captain Simeon Potter with his sloop Prince Charles made an extraordinary attack upon French settlement to the windward of Surinam, laying waste and destroying the whole county for a hundred miles up the Wyopoke River, capturing the fort and sacking the town.

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The first settlement in Rhode Island was made by Roger Williams (1636). Banished for his politto England he fled in the winter to the shores of ical and religious opinions, to escape deportation Narragansett Bay, where he founded Providence. The second settlement was made at Portsmouth by William Coddington and his associates (1638), the third at Newport by Coddington and seceders from (1640) under a single government. Portsmouth (1639); these two islands uniting The fourth settlement was made in Warwick by Samuel Gorton (1642).

These four settlements united under a patent granted (1643-44) to form the Colony of Providence Plantations. When (1651) Coddington obtained a commission appointing him governor for life of the islands of Rhode Island and Conanicut, the ing governed by Governor Coddington, while the infant colony was disrupted, the two islands bemainland, Providence and Warwick, continued as the Colony of Providence Plantations, but with the revocation of Coddington's commission (1654) the colony was reunited.

(May 4, 1776, four months before the American The General Assembly of Rhode Island adopted Declaration of Independence) a resolution renouncing allegiance to the British King and government. The vote was almost unanimous.

1776) is "The State of Rhode Island and ProviThe official name of the State (since July 20, dence Plantations."

working for a time in the cotton spinning mill of It was in Pawtucket that Samuel Slater, after Moses Brown, designed new machines and began the first real cotton manufacturing plant in the United States (1790). Old Slater Mill, restored to its original appearance, is a point of tourist interoldest Baptist Church in America (founded 1775). In Providence, on North Main Street, is the Carolina

est.

industry.
The cotton mills are a great and growing textile

Capital, Columbia-Palmetto State State Flower, Yellow Jessamine-Motto: Dum Spiro, Spero (While I Breathe I Hope)-Area, 31,055 sq. mi.; rank, 39th-Population, 1,899,804; rank, 26th. South Carolina, in the South Atlantic group, of the Original Thirteen States, is bounded on the north by North Carolina, on the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, on the southwest by Georgia. Its topography is, like that of North Carolina, mountainous, 3,548 ft. the maximum, in the western part, a plateau in the central strip, and low-lying and sandy toward the 200-mile sea front.

The climate westward is comparatively cool, in the central part medium, and nearer the coast subtropical and humid.

Tobacco, cotton, and rice are the chief crops. Corn, oats, sweet potatoes, peanuts, peaches are also grown.

The forests supply lumber to the East and South, principally yellow pine. Turpentine is an abundant product.

ite, clay products, gold, silver, manganese, iron The principal minerals are phosphate rock, granore, lime, and monazite.

The University of South Carolina in Columbia is the leading higher educational institution, Clemson (1898) the first textile school in the United States, Agricultural College being next. Clemson opened which has achieved much in training technical mill workers and foremen.

Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon of Hispaniola secured (Dec. 1520) a license from Spain and sent out caravel under Francisco Gordillo to explore the continent of America north of the St. Johns River, Florida. Several months later Gordillo fell

a

366

U. S.-Descriptive; South Carolina, South Dakota

n with another caravel under Pedro de Quexos,
and together they sailed up the coast to the mouth
of the Cape Fear River, where they landed (June
30, 1521) and claimed the country in the name of
They also carried off many
Ayllon and Spain.
Indians into captivity to sell as slaves. Soon after
this Ayllon went to Spain and (June, 1523) pro-
cured authority for colonizing the country. He
sent out two caravels (1525) under Pedro de
On St. Helens
Quexos for further exploration.
Day he discovered the eastern point of an island
protruding abruptly seaward and gave it the name
of Punta de Santa Elena, a name which has sur-
vived in English form to this day in the adjacent
St. Helena Sound and St. Helenas Parish.
point itself is known today as Hilton Head on the
lower coast of South Carolina. The following year
He
Ayllon headed an expedition to make a settlement
on the coast of what is now South Carolina.
planted his colony (Oct. 1526) about the bay
now known as Winyah. But after a fearful winter
the survivors of the colony returned to Cuba. The
Spaniards made several later attempts to settle in
South Carolina, but all miscarried.

The

A French Colony under Jean Ribaut built (1562) a little fort and left a garrison of a captain and 28 men on what is now Parris Island, Port Royal Harbor, but before he could return to them with supplies they had built a small ship and attempted to return to France. The Spaniards built (1566) a considerable fort and planted a strong garrison on the same little island. Ten years later this garrison was driven out by Indians, but Spain sent a stronger garrison back the next year and built a stronger fort and for ten years more a presidio flourished on the little island. Sir Francis Drake on the front and hostile Indians in the rear caused Spain (1587) to abandon this colony in what is now South Carolina. England did not take immediate charge of its partial conquest, but Charles I. granted (1629) to his attorney-general, Sir Robert Heath, all of the territory now embraced by the States of North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, but Sir Robert was unsuccessful in securing a colony for his new possession and eventually he was recorded as having abandoned it and (1563) Charles II. granted it to eight of his followers among the nobility of En

gland. They planted a permanent settlement near
opment was rapid for the time.
the present city of Charleston (1670) and devel-

Later another settlement was effected near the
mouth of the Cape Fear River in what is now
North Carolina. These two separate settlements
control of the Lords Proprietors. The people of
developed into two separate provinces under the
the province of South Carolina held (1719) a
convention and repudiated the government of the
Lords Proprietors and petitioned the crown of
England to take over control of the government.
England promptly responded and established royal
ment bought (1729) the fee of the Lords Proprietors
government in South Carolina. The British Parlia-
in both provinces and established a royal govern-
ment for North Carolina by taking the land to
the west of the Savannah River and east of the
Mississippi.

The people of South Carolina in convention
Boston and the colony of Massachusetts Bay, de-
(1774) expressed their sympathy for the people of
nounced the conduct of the British Parliament and
joined in the movement for the union of 13 Ameri-
cans colonies or provinces to assert their rights as
British subjects. As those rights were not rapidly
up an independent government headed by a presi-
forthcoming, South Carolina (March 26, 1776) set
clary and a General Assembly.
dent, vice-president, a set of State officers, a judi-

South Carolina played an active part in achieving the independence of the United States. Its representatives in the Continental Congress, particularly Charles Pinckney, were vigorous in their efforts to bring about the convention of 1787, which framed the Constitution of the United States. Pinckney was one of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention, one of the leaders in debate on the proposed Constitution and the proposer of more than 30 of the provisions adopted into the South Carolina was the eighth State Constitution.

to join the Union.

Seventy-two years later the people of South Carolina, in convention assembled, rescinded the ordinance which they had adopted (May 1783) and dissolved the bond which existed between this State and the other States of the Union (Dec. 20, 1860). That act led to the Civil War.

South Dakota

Capital, Pierre-Coyote State-State Flower, The Pasque-Motto: Under God the People RuleArea, 77,047 sq. mi.; rank, 14th-Population, 642,961; rank, 38th.

South Dakota is bounded on the north by North Dakota, on the east by Minnesota and Iowa, on the south by Nebraska, and on the west by Wyoming and Montana. Its climate is that of the temperate zone northern latitudes, cold in winter and pleasant in summer. The state is divided into two parts by the Missouri River. There are several minor drainage basins, feeding the larger rivers, with a succession of fertile valleys, highly productive. The standing forests include principally yellow pine and spruce.

The Black Hills are in the southwest. Harney Peak (7,240 feet) is the highest point east of the Rockies. The rest of the area is mostly rolling prairie, falling to lower levels in the northeast. Near the Black Hills in the southwest are the Bad Lands. Big Stone Lake (967 feet above sea level) is the lowest point. South Dakota was admitted to Statehood (1889) after 28 years as a part of the Dakota Territory.

Harney and Black Hills National Forests cover 1,134,167 acres, nearly surrounding Custer State Parly.

The chief crops are wheat, corn, oats, rye,
barley, flaxseed and the hardier fruits.

Manufacturing is confined chiefly to the making
of butter and cheese, flour and grist milling.
The State has large cattle and sheep ranches and
sends about 600,000 hogs to market yearly.

Gold and silver are mined in quantities, in the
Black Hills, and at Lead is one of the largest gold
producing mines in the United States. Lead, cop-
per, clays, building stones of various sorts and
lignite are also found.

South Dakota has a large area in Indian reservations-the Rosebud, Cheyenne River, Pine Ridge, Crow Creek and the Lower Brule. The Indians engage in agriculture and livestock husbandry.

Mount Rushmore, in the Black Hills, has an altitude of 6,200 feet and a granite face (700 feet in height) which is the site of a national memorial to be sculptured from solid rock featuring

Theodore Roosevelt.
the heads of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and

There are seven institutions for higher educa-
tion in the state, including the University of
School of Mines in Rapid City and several normal
schools and a teachers' college.
South Dakota in Vermillon, as well as a State

The Black Hills Region of South Dakota, in which Wind Cave National Park is situated, has a fascinating story of earth-making to tell. The Bad Lands area tells through fossil remains a tale of prehistoric alligators, rhinoceroses, three-toed horses, and other long-extinct animals and of a lofty "needle" formation, which erosion has sculptured from masses of granite high up the forest-clad slopes of the Black Hills.

Wind Cave lies in the great Pahasapa limestone formation, which also contains several other large The facts about the dissubterranean caverns. covery of the cave are little known, but it is generally believed that it was discovered (1881) by Tom Bingham, a Black Hills pioneer, while hunting deer. He was attracted by a strange whistling and after searching about in the undergrowth he discovered that it was caused by wind escaping through a small hole in some rocks. This hole, not more than 10 inches in diameter, is the only natural opening to the cave so far discovered. It is situated a few steps behind the present cave entrance.

The present cavern opening was made by digging down about six feet to a long, winding fissure, or tunnel, leading into corridors and galleries decorated with a variety of crystal formations. These formations differ radically from those found in most caverns because stalactites and stalagmites are practically nonexistent in this cave. Here the formations are of the unusual boxwork and frostwork type. The boxwork is composed of delicately Tiny white crystals, sometimes superimposed on a colored crystals arranged in honeycomb pattern. pink background, hang in clusters from ceilings and ledges to form a frostwork decoration of rare beauty. The cavern is approximately ten miles in extent.

Tennessee

Capital, Nashville-Volunteer State-State Flower, Iris-Motto: Agriculture, Commerce-Area, 42,246 sq. mi.; rank, 34th-Population, 2,915,841; rank, 15th. Tennessee, in the East South Central group, is bounded on the north by Kentucky and Virginia, on the east by North Carolina, on the south by Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia, and on the west by Arkansas and Missouri.

The eastern parts are in the Great Smoky Mountains, the surface sloping toward the west, first to an elevated tableland, then to the bottoms of the Mississippi River, which skirts the western border. It has the Tennessee River, which sweeps into Alabama from the northeast and returns to flow north through Tennessee and Kentucky into the Ohio.

The forests cover about 30,000 square miles, and yield half a billion ft. of lumber-oak, yellow pine, gum, yellow poplar, hemlock and chestnut.

The chief mineral product is coal. Others are iron-ore, copper, zinc, gold, silver, clay products, phosphate rock, sandstone, marble and limestone. Agriculture is an important industry. The leading crop is corn, followed by wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, sweet potatoes, peas, peanuts, cotton. The climate and soll are such as to permit a great diversity of crops.

The main higher educational institutions are the University of Chattanooga, University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Fisk University in Nashville (Negro); Vanderbilt University, Nashville; Cumberland University, Lebanon; University of the South, Sewanee; Maryville College, Maryville; George Peabody College for Teachers in Nashville, CarsonNewman College, Jefferson City and Scarritt College for Christian Workers.

Tennessee was a territory of the United States (1790-1796). The capital of the territory was located in Knoxville (1792). When Tennessee became the 16th State of the Union (1796) Knox

ville was the capital and continued so until 1807. when the Seventh General Assembly met in Kingston, but adjourned to Knoxville after the first day. Knoxville remained the capital until 1812. when the Legislature met in Nashville for the first time. Nashville continued to be the capital until 1817, when the session of that year was held in Knoxville. Murfreesboro was the capital (18191825). Nashville has been the capital since the second session of the 16th assembly (Oct. 26, 1826).

Tennessee has at least three of the nation's outstanding wonders-Reelfoot Lake, the reservoir basin of the Mississippi River formed by an earthquake (1811); Lookout Mountain, a rock-faced promontory carved by the currents of the Tennessee River and overlooking Moccasin Bend, at Chattanooga; and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park which is about equally divided between North Carolina and Tennessee.

Other points of tourist interest include the Fall Creek Falls with a water-drop of 256 ft. (highest east of the Rockies); Rock House Creek Falls, 125 ft.; and Cove Creek Falls, 85 ft.-all in the Fall Creek Falls Recreational Area, 13 miles west of Pikeville.

Each year in November, Tellico Plains is the scene of one of America's most unusual sporting events. Here hunters gather with the hope of bagging one of the wild Prussian boars that roam the Tennessee Mountains in Cherokee National Forest. These ferocious tuskers are descendants of the wild boars from the Black Forest of northern Germany imported many years ago and now greatly multiplied.

Norris Dam, 27 miles north of Knoxville on the Clinch river, creates a large and beautiful lake covering more than 80 square miles, with a shore line in excess of 800 miles.

THE STATE OF FRANKLIN

North Carolina ceded to the United States (June, 1784) all of the territory which is now the State of Tennessee. This cession was not to take effect until Congress signified its intention of accepting it within the space of two years. This

cession on the part of the mother State excited . great opposition on the part of the inhabitants of the new territory. The grounds of opposition were that North Carolina had made no provision for the government of her western territory and they feared that the United States would not do so. There was no proper judicial tribunal for the trial of felons, and there was no method for enforcing collection of taxes. Feeling that they were thrown upon their own resources, the people assumed the task of devising a government of their own. A convention was called to meet in Jonesboro (Aug. 23. 1784). John Sevier was elected president. and Landon Carter, secretary, of this convention. The State of Franklin (sometimes called Frankland) was the direct outgrowth of this movement. A constitution was adopted which differed decidedly from most of those then in existence in America. Among other strange provisions, neither lawyers, doctors, nor preachers were to be members of the Legislature.. Sevier was elected Governor and David Campbell Judge of the Superior Court,

and Greeneville chosen as the seat of government. Taxes were allowed to be paid in articles of commerce in general use, such as beaver skins, bacon, sugar, etc. When the Governor of North Carolina done, he issued a manifesto, urging the people to heard what the people of the Western Country had return to their allegiance to the State of North Carolina. Governor Sevier undertook to refute the arguments of the Governor, and urged the people to stand firmly by the new State.

The last session of the Franklin Legislature met (Sept. 1787). The term of office of the legislators was about to expire and the authority of the State was so weak that no elections were held to fill their places. Sevier's term of office was also near its close. He was ineligible to re-election and there would be no Legislature to elect his successor. Thus, after a brief but stormy career of about three years, the State of Franklin ceased to be. Like a wayward child, she returned to her mother and was forgiven and received back into the fold. The end came (March, 1788) with the expiration of Sevier's term of office.

Sevier was arrested on a charge of treason, but was never brought to trial. The settlements along the Cumberland river in what is now Middle Tennessee, had no part in the rise and fall of the State of Franklin.

Texas

Capital, Austin-Lone Star State-State Flower, Bluebonnet-Motto: Friendship-Area, 267,339 sq. mi.; rank, 1st-Population, 6,414,824; rank, 6th. Texas, of the West South Central group. is bounded on the north by New Mexico and Oklahoma, on the east by Oklahoma, Arkansas. Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico, on the south by the Gulf and Mexico, and on the west by Mexico and New Mexico. It is the largest State of the whole country.

Texas, under the joint resolution of Congress for its annexation (approved March 1, 1845) may subdivide its area into any number not exceeding four additional states of convenient size having sufficient population, which shall be entitled to admission to the Union. This was approved by Texas and the State was admitted by joint resolution of Congress (approved Dec. 29, 1845).

The first flag to fly over Texas was the French under La Salle (1684) but after his murder (1687) the Spanish gradually assumed control over the territory. Mexico gained her independence from Spain (1821). Texas revolted from Mexico and became a republic (1836). Independence Day (March 2) in a State holiday.

In the western part it is mountainous, the "Staked Plains" lying in the northwest, a great prairie in the central portion, and a lower lying region nearer to the Gulf. Western Texas is mostly without forestation, but in the east formerly there was a large wooded area, now materially reduced The most southerly point in Texas is approximately in latitude 25° 51' N. and the most northerly point in latitude 36° 31' N. This difference in latitude is equivalent to approximately 735 miles. The most easterly point in Texas is approximately in longitude 93° 31' W., and the most westerly point is approximately 106° 39' W. This difference of longitude for latitude 31° 30' N., which is approximately the mean latitude of the extreme points referred to, is equivalent to approximately 765 miles.

The peach is the leading fruit; others are apples, cantaloups, citrus fruits, dates, figs, strawberries, and blackberries.

Texas is easily the leading cotton-growing State. Other large crops are corn, wheat, oats, sorghum, potatoes, rice, tomatoes, peanuts, pecans, onions.

The Texas cotton crop is the most valuable crop grown in a single political subdivision in the world. The value of the average Texas cotton crop is almost as much as the total value of the production of the gold, silver, zinc, lead and copper mines of the United States. Approximately fifty crops are produced in Texas on a commercial scale; cotton represents about 53 per cent of the total crop value of the State. Cotton is produced in 223 Texas counties, leaving 31 non-cotton producing. Nueces usually leads all other counties. The all-time record is held by Williamson County, which produced 168,509 bales (1920). It has been estimated that 70 per cent of the population of Texas depends, directly or indirectly, upon cotton for a living. Cotton was growing wild in Texas, according to Cabeza de Vaca. who was shipwrecked on the Gulf Coast (1528). It was grown to a limited extent around the old Spanish missions, but real production did not begin until the American colonists began arriving.

Texas ranks as the leading State in the total number of head of domestic animals on farms and ranches, and high in the value of all live stock. Texas ranks first in the beef cattle industry, and first in the number of sheep and the average annual production of wool, in the number of mules, and is one of the leading States in the number of horses.

The petroleum output is huge, the State leading in that respect, and there is an immense yield of natural gas, coal and sulphur. Texas leads in production of helium, Amarillo being the chief source of that gas. There are also quantities of gypsum, granite, sandstone, limestone, silver and potash.

Trees native to Texas are: ash, basswood, bay, beech, birch, bois d'Arc, catalpa, cats'-claw, cedar, cherry, chinquapin, corkwood, cottonwood, chinaberry, cypress, dogwood, elm, fir, gum, gum elastic, hackberry, hawthorn, hickory, holly, hop hornbean, huckleberry, ironwood, locust, maple, magnolia, mesquite, mimosa, mulberry, oak (50 species), pine (8 species), pecan (State tree), persimmon, planer tree (water elm), swamp privet, redbud, sycamore, Texas ebony, walnut, wild China (soapberry), willow, youpon, Mexican or wild plum. Galveston, Houston, and Beaumont-Port Arthur are leading ports.

The tallest highway bridge in the South-The
Port Arthur-Orange Bridge-spans
River on State Highway 87, six miles north of
the Neches
Port Arthur.

Texas is the "Magic Valley" of the Lower Rio At the southern tip of the lower coastal belt of created by the diversion of the waters of the Rio Grande, where a man-made Paradise has been Grande on the fertile delta soil under the subunder intensive cultivation in two counties alone. tropical sun. Between 300,000 and 400,000 acres are A wide variety of winter and early spring vegetables are grown, and some of the best citrus fruits in the world are produced there.

The position, size and shape of Texas combine to give it a great diversity of weather conditions. southern part is 74 degrees, and in the North PanThe average annual temperature in the extreme handle it is 56 degrees, or a range from sub-tropical to middle temperature. The average temperature for the middle of the State is 65 degrees. Rainfall also varies greatly in the different sections of the State, but the annual average is 31 inches. The inches, while in the south, in Houston, the average average annual snowfall in Romero, Texas, is 24 is only 1 inch.

The "Panhandle" is the northern tip of Texas, and is so called because it appears on the map to be the handle of a giant pan.

About 20 missions were built in Texas (1690converting the savages and holding the territory 1791) by Spaniards, for the double purpose of for Spain. They were the first outposts of European civilization, and contributed, materially to the conversion of Texas from a wilderness to a civilized country. The last one (established in 1791) was Refugio. The Alamo, San Jose, Concepcion and LaBahia are also standing in good condition, while only ruins are left of the others. The sacred Alamo (founded in 1718) by the Franciscan monks, stands in the heart of the City of San Antonio. Within the gray stone walls of the chapel (March 6, 1836), 187 heroes gave made their stand against Santa Anna and his their lives in defense of Texas liberty when they 6.000 Mexicans, in a vain effort to prevent the Mexicans from invading Texas.

the University of Texas in Austin; Agricultural Among the institutions of higher learning, are and Mechanical College, College Station: State College for Women in Denton; Baylor University, Southern Methodist University, Dallas; Rice InWaco; Texas Christian University, Fort Worth;, stitute, Houston; and Texas Technological College, Lubbock.

The most notable canyon is the Santa Helena on the Rio Grande in Brewster County. Its walls rise perpendicularly for 2,000 ft.

Utah

Capital, Salt Lake City-Beehive State-State Flower, rank, 10th-Population, Utah, of the Mountain group of the Far West, is bounded on the north by Idaho and Wyoming, on the east by Wyoming and Colorado, on the south by Arizona, and on the west by Nevada. It has several mountain ranges, which attain about 12,000 ft. elevation (the highest peak, Kings Mountain, 13,498 ft.), the greater part of the State being a plateau 6,000 ft. above sea level. The rivers are useful only for irrigation, more than 1,300,000 acres being under water. The Great Salt Lake, salt being 20% of the fluid content, is in the northwest part, altitude 4,218 ft., and has no known outlet. Its area is 2,360 square miles. The climate is dry, stimulating and wholesome, warm in summer, rather cold in winter, and the sky so clear that no cloud specks it on 300 days a year.

The chief crop is sugar beets. Vegetables and fruit are grown in profusion. Other crops are wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, alfalfa, corn, barley and rye. Utah is a sheep-grazing State, with more than 2,200,000.

Utah has been a leading producer of silver and copper and yields gold, lead, petroleum, sulphur, zinc, coal, and salt; also uranium, vanadium, semiprecious stones, marble, and onyx.

The Latter Day Saints number three-fourths of all church membership. The Mormons reached Utah (July 24, 1847) from the Midwest, being driven out by persecution, and journeyed to the territory when it was almost completely a wilder

ness.

Salt Lake City, the capital, has several structures built by the church, among them the Tabernacle, seating 12,000, and the Temple.

The State University is in Salt Lake; Brigham Young University in Provo; State Agricultural College, in Logan.

The "Great American Desert" lies in the northwestern corner of Utah, reaching over into Nevada.

Sego Lily-Motto: Industry-Area, 84,916 sq. mi.; 550,310; rank, 41st.

For coloring and unusual erosional formations the canyon country of southwestern Utah and northern Arizona has no equal. The canyons themselves are stupendous in size and formation, and of brilliant hues. National Monument are situated. It is in this country that Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks Park was, prior to its reservation, a national Zion National monument, called by the Indian name of the river, Mukuntuweap. (March 18, 1918) by President Wilson and the The monument was enlarged name changed to Zion. The new name is appropriate, for since early days its principal accessible feature has been called Zion Canyon by the Moring the canyon walls were in truth temples of God. mon settlers, who said the great mountains form

Cliff ruins have been discovered in Zion Park Zion gave sanctuary to the Mormons it was the and its vicinity, proving that long before Little home of a prehistoric people.

A large part of geologic history is revealed in the canyon walls of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks. Just as Grand Canyon is the best known record of ancient geologic history, Zion Canyon records most clearly the events of medieval geological time, and Bryce reveals much of modern geologic history. The story of Zion begins where that of Grand Canyon ends, and ends where Bryce begins. The rocks exposed in these three national parks incorporate the records of a billion years.

The consolidated sedimentary rocks exposed within Zion and Bryce and in the region that lies between these national parks are assigned by the geologists to the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Eocene period of Tertiary time. Rocks of Permian periods of Mezozoic time ("middle age") and to the of Zion, and lavas, gravels, and lake beds overlie age underlie the Triassic near the southwest border the Tertiary in several places. A study of these rocks shows that the geography, the plant life, and those of previous periods or of later periods; that the animal life of each of these periods were unlike

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