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New Jersey

Capital, Trenton-Garden State-State Flower, Violet-Motto: Liberty and Prosperity-Area, 7,836 sq. mi.; rank, 45th-Population, 4,160, 165; rank, 9th. N. Y., then called Esopus. road was 107 miles.

New Jersey is bounded on the north by New York, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and New York, on the south by the Atlantic and Delaware Bay, and on the western side by Delaware Bay and Pennsylvania. It is mostly low and flat, having hilly development in the northern end.

New Jersey has extensive water navigation facilities, with Delaware Bay and the Delaware River along its western side, the Atlantic on the east and the valuable facilities of New York harbor and branches on the northeast.

The State grades high in industrial strength, production being varied and well diffused in all parts. As a consequence, railway facilities are highly developed.

New Jersey shares with New York in the Port of New York Authority, a body which has wide powers over bridge and tunnel traffic affecting both States: and with Pennsylvania in the Delaware River Joint Commission established to own and operate the Camden-Philadelphia bridge.

Petroleum refining and copper smelting are important industries. The silk mills and textile industries,' the manufacture of electrical machinery and supplies, foundries, machine shops and rolling mills, the paint and chemical plants and the pottery works are also of importance. So are the canneries, meat-packing houses, soap and perfume factories, gold and silver refineries, and the jewelry factories.

New Jersey's agriculture is affected most vitally by the proximity of the immense markets of New York City and the fact that its own population is largely urban. Market gardening has advanced to great magnitude. Chief crops are apples, peaches, tomatoes, asparagus. cranberries, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, hay.

New Jersey produces minerals abundantly-iron ore, and about one-fourth of the Nation's supply of magnetite, zinc, and clay products.

The educational institutions are important: Princeton University in Princeton is one of the country's foremost. Rutgers College, New Brunswick, and Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken are well known, and there are other colleges of prominence, including the University of Newark and New Jersey College for Women, New Brunswick.

Atlantic City, Cape May, Asbury Park, Ocean Grove, Wildwood, are among the larger sea coast resorts, attracting hundreds of thousands each year.

The State is becoming increasingly popular as a winter resort, its numerous lakes and hills being ideally suited to skiing, skating, ice boating. tobogganing and related sports.

The voters of the State adopted (1939) an amendment to the constitution to permit horse racing with the pari-mutuel system of betting.

New Jersey abounds in points of historic and scenic interest. The Ringwood Iron Works, Ringwood, the earliest in the country (established 1740) provided much of the iron products for the Revolutionary army and here was forged the great iron chain which was stretched across the Hudson river near West Point to prevent the ascent of British war vessels. The oldest lighthouse in the United States (erected in 1764) is at Sandy Hook; and the oldest highway in North America-the Old Mine Road-still may be seen in Warren county. It was built (1650) and it originally linked Paquaharry, near the Delaware Water Gap, and Kingston,

The length of the

The Delaware Water Gap, a famous landmark, is a break in the flat-crested Kittatinny Ridge elevation of the ridge is 1,496 ft. and of the river through which the Delaware River flows. The 287 ft. The mountain rises abruptly 1,200 ft. above the river. The Palisades, a massive vertical wall of rock, stands more than 500 ft. above the Hudson River. Winding roads permit ascent from the river's bank to the summit. A large area of the Palisades lies within Palisades Interstate Park, Jersey. maintained cooperatively by New York and New

The birthplaces of Capt. John Lawrence, who immortalized the words "Don't Give Up the Ship." and of James Fenimore Cooper, novelist, stand side by side in Burlington.

Morristown National Historical Park occupies the area which was used by George Washington for camping and hospital purposes every winter (17751781) and which for two winters (1776-1777) and (1779-1780) was the main camp site for the Continental army.

High Point Park, 1,805 ft. above sea level in the northwest corner of the State, is noted for its views. Within the limits of what is now the State of New Jersey, aside from any evidences of the presence of prehistoric man in the Trenton Gravels," the original inhabitants of the comdians. monwealth were Lenni Lenape, or Delaware, Infamily occupied the river valleys of the State, had This subdivision of the great Algonkin made some progress in agriculture and in elementary arts, were peaceable but small in numbers, and at last have become totally extinct in this portion of the United States.

In its settlement, New Jersey was not an English colony. The claims of the Crown, based upon early discovery and various grants, were ignored by two great commercial nations of Europe-Holland and Sweden. It was not until 1664, practically a half century after the first occupancy of New Jersey by a white man, that England had more than a slight influence upon the destinies of the State.

In settlement, Holland was first to send out planters, under the auspices of the Dutch West India Company. Claiming both the valleys of the Hudson and the Delaware, by virtue of the explorations of Hudson and Mey, land was taken up upon the banks of the Hudson, Passaic, Hackensack, Raritan and smaller streams tributary to New York harbor, as well as at Gloucester upon the Delaware. By 1630 these claims were well established by occupancy, and by the creation of a center of local government in what is now New York City.

Gustavus Adolphus, in his plan to make Sweder a world-power, saw the Dutch to be dangerous Swedish expedition to settle the valley of the Delarivals in America. There was equipped (1638) a valley of the Schuylkill and isolated portions of the ware. What is now the State of Delaware, the west bank of the Delaware River were occupied, the colony of farmers and traders entered upon a civil and military government was established, and brief career of prosperity. The death of Gustavus Adolphus, internal dissensions in Sweden, the weakness of the Delaware settlements, and the constantly increasing power of Holland brought matters to a crisis.

New Sweden was conquered (1655) by New
Netherlands, and for nine years the soil of New
(1664) to give up the State to the English.
Jersey was under Dutch control. They were forced

New Mexico

mi.; rank, 4th-Population, 531,818; rank, 42nd.
and with 100 degrees of heat not infrequent in
summer, the mean for the year being about 50.

Mineral production includes copper, petroleum and coal; also gold, silver, lead, zinc. There is much granite, sandstone, limestone and marble quarried. Turquoise is found in four localities; and traces of platinum are found in the sands.

Capital, Santa Fe-Sunshine State, "Land of Enchantment"-State Flower, Yucca-Motto: Crescit Eundo (We Grow as We Go)-Area, 121,666 sq. New Mexico, in the southwestern part of the United States, is bounded on the north by Colorado, on the east by Oklahoma and Texas, on the south by Texas and Mexico, and on the west by Arizona. The Rocky Mountains run north and south through the center; the eastern part is of the flatter tableland of which Texas forms also a part, and in the south are bare, sterile, desolate peaks surrounded by arid and semi-arid plains and deserts of which the mirage is an interesting phenomenon. The central western portion is drained by the Rio Grande, and the eastern districts by the Pecos River.

The climate is dry, stimulating, with annual rainfall of from 12 to 16 inches in different localities,

that the undeveloped coal lands contain 192,000The United States Geological Survey estimates 000,000 tons, and that there are also 33,000,000 tons of gypsum.

The State is largely agricultural and principal crops are corn, wheat, potatoes, grain sorghums and cotton. All the cereals and vegetables, sugar beets and much fruit are raised. There are many cattle on the ranges and the annual wool clip is

important.

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U. S.-Descriptive; New Mexico, New York

The State University is in Albuquerque; other titutions of higher education are New Mexico lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, State lege, and the New Mexico School of Mines. There are two teachers' colleges and o junior colleges, one of which is the New MexiMilitary Institute in Roswell. Santa Fe, after St. Augustine, Fla., is the oldest wn in the United States and was settled by the Danish (1605).

New Mexican pueblo villages are of interest to and ientist and tourist alike. The golden age of ueblo construction began (900 A.D.) ourished for 300 years. Ruins of these comSome examples munity dwellings, often containing as many as 200 rooms, may be seen today. are still standing and f pueblo architecture n daily use by the Indians at Taos and other Queblos. The Pueblo Indians evolved a drama, a religion and a system of government so advanced that they were called savages only because they had not developed a written language. They still hold strange dances and ceremonials, prayers for rain and thanks for crops, weird rites which attract the curious from all over the world.

The Aztec National Monument contains an interesting cluster of pre-historic ruins. The large interesting beams which support the ceilings were cut and dressed with stone tools, and examples of Stone Age work. The Great White Sands near Alamogordo are almost 100% pure gypsum and even the field mice wear coats as white as ermine on the White Sands, but rainfall produces strange lakes, sometimes where the crimson red. Not far from Alamogordo is the highest golf course in the world, poorest drive is at least 9,000 ft. above sea level. Carlsbad Caverns are openings made by water in a massive rock known as the Carlsbad limestone. This limestone was formed originally in a shallow inland extension of the ocean, some 200 million years ago.

The brilliance and translucent appearance of the

New

are saturated with water. If, for any reason, the
formations in a cave are due to the fact that they
seepage of water into the cave is stopped, its ap-
pearance gradually becomes dull and the surface
slowly assumes a powdered appearance. Such a
dry cave is spoken of, in cave parlance, as being
dead. Although it has been the subject of ex-
tensive explorations, the size of the Carlsbad
Caverns is not yet known. Already many miles of
passages and chambers have been explored, and
further mileage is continually being conquered.
How far the caverns extend under the Guadalupe
Mountains no one knows. At the present time the
caverns have three main levels, and there may pe
others not yet discovered. The first is at the 750-
foot level to which visitors are conducted by eleva-
tors. (These are the second largest single-lift
elevators in the world, being surpassed only by
those of the Empire State Building in New York
City). Below it is another vast subterranean apart-
ment at 900 ft. and below that still another at
1,320 ft. At the present time seven miles of lighted
conducted over government-built trails by rangers.
National Park is open
Caverns
Carlsbad
Temperature in the caverns
underground corridors are open to tourists who are
at 56 degrees Fahrenheit,
summer and winter.
throughout the year.
Each evening at dusk, except during the winter
remains stationary
period of hibernation, millions of bats come forth
from a cavern 180 ft. below the surface, flying in a
to separate into flocks which disappear in the
spiral through the great entrance arch, and stream-
distance for a night's foraging. Beginning about
ing off over the rim in a southerly direction, later
sunset, the flight outward lasts about three hours.
The bats return before the following dawn. It has
been estimated that 3,000,000 bats during one
night's foray consume a little more than 1111⁄2 tons
of night-flying insects, such as various kinds of
moths, beetles, flies, and mosquitoes. During the
day the bats hang in great clusters high on the
walls and ceilings of parts of the caverns.

[graphic]

York

Capital, Albany-Empire State, also Excelsior State-State Flower, Rose-Motto: Excelsior (Higher, More Elevated)-Area, 49,576 sq. mi.; rank, 29th-Population, 13,479, 142; rank, 1st. New York, the Empire State, since 1320 the most populous in the Union, is bounded on the west and north by Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Canada: on the east by Vermont, Massachusetts and Con

necticut; and on the south by the Atlantic Ocean,
New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

The Dutch discovered the Hudson Valley (1609)
settled it (1624) and ruled New Netherlands (un-
til 1664). Meanwhile the French discovered Lake
Champlain (1609) and laid claim to what is now
northern and western New York. The English
(1664) seized New Netherlands, named it New
York, and after a century of conflict drove out the
French (1763). Severed from the British Empire
in the War for Independence, New York adopted
a State constitution (April 20, 1777), joined the
Confederation (1778) as one of the original Thir-
teen States, and, by ratifying the Constitution
(July 26, 1788) became a member of the United
States. George Washington was inaugurated as
the first President in New York City (April 30,
1789).

After the Revolution the northern, central and
western portion of the State were quickly popu-
lated. The completion of the Erie Canal (1825)
followed shortly by the railroad brought an era
of industrial prosperity, and New York became a
leading center of lumbering (about 1850) and
Albany a thriving market. The industry gradually
declined and now the State imports large quanti-

New York was originally covered with forests-
great stands of white pine; red spruce, pine and
hemlock in the Adirondacks and Catskills, and
beech, brick, maple, elm, hickory, chestnut and
ash in the valleys and on the hills.

Topographically New York is mountainous in
the east and level or hilly in the central and
About half of the boundary is
western parts.
water. Mount Marcy, 5,344 feet, is the highest
elevation. The waters of all the rivers finally drain
into the Atlantic. Nearly all geological formations
The chief minerals are salt, iron,
are present.
sandstone, limestone, fire clay. marble, granite,
slate, gypsum, talc, gas, oil and cement.
Industrial revolution and the rise of the fac-
tory system, augmented by water, steam and
and later influenced by the
electric power.
Barge Canal, automobile highways and air routes,
the Port of Albany and the superior facilities of
the Port of New York, the greatest in the world.

The State ranks high in the gave the Empire State a primacy in manufacturing and commerce. ing and metal and chemicals; ranks second only to production of clothing, textiles, foods, sugar reCalifornia in grape production and fruit orchards fining, meat packing. liquors and tobacco, printcover many acres.

New York has about 800 miles of navigable ocean, lake and river waterways, the State being penetrated by the New York State Barge Canal (Erie). State owned and operated, through which there tons of freight. The canal also connects with Lake Champlain so that inland tonnage may move beis capacity for the passage annually of 20,000,000 tween New York City, Buffalo, about 500 miles so far as Rouses Point at the Canadian border. northwestward on Lake Erie, Oswego, on Lake and on into the St. Lawrence River, besides to Ontario, the ports on Lake Champlain northward several interior New York State points on other minor canal routes.

New York ranks high in its transportation facilities. The Barge Canal connects the Great Lakes ders of New York State; and there is also a netwith the Atlantic Ocean at New York City: steam work of modern, improved, hard-surfaced highrailroads operate for 8,270 miles within the borways.

In the State are Columbia University, New York University, College of the City of New York, CorRochester, Hamilton College, Union University, Colgate University, Buffalo University, St. Lawnell University. Syracuse University, University of rence University, Hobart College, College of St. Francis, Fordham University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and scores of special schools suited to every requirement in letters, science, engineering, finance, economics, sociology and art. At West Point, on the Hudson above New York City, is the United States Military Academy.

New York as a vacation land possesses various regions of unsurpassed natural beauty. Recreational attractions are to be found widely and numerously in mountains, seashore, lakes, rivers, waterfalls, farm lands, and in great cities like New system of more than 70 State parks. Niagara York. In addition, the State maintains a splendid Falls, the Thousand Islands, forest preserves, erns are only a few of the points of interest Ausable Chasm, the Palisades and Howe's Cavthat are visited yearly by thousands of natives and guests from other States.

Lake George, stretching 32 miles between sky

[graphic]

scraping mountains, was discovered (1646) by St. Isaac Jogues, French Jesuit missionary later martyred by the Indians and recently canonized by the Catholic Church as the first American saint. Lake Placid is an internationally known summer and winter resort. Here is the great Mt. Van Hovenberg Olympic Bobsled run, designed and constructed by the State Olympic Winter Games Commission. Here also are toboggan slides; skating rinks (notably the Olympic arena, now the scene of famous hockey games); ski jumps; stables for skijoring horses, and kennels for sled dogs.

There are hundreds of places in New York ideally adapted for winter sports and each winter sees an increasing number of railroad trains thronged with ski enthusiasts bound from the cities for the snow-impacted hill lands.

Saranac Lake, home of the famous Trudeau sanitarium where the treatment of tuberculosis was first started on a large scale, is world-famed as a health resort as well as winter and summer sports center.

Manhattan Island is bounded on the west by the Hudson River, on the south by the Upper Bay, on the east by the East River, which connects the Upper Bay with Long Island Sound, and on the north by the small waterway known as the Harlem River, which connects the Hudson with the East River. The traveler coming by sea to New York enters the Lower Bay by a dredged channel, finds deep water in the Narrows between the lower Bay and the Upper Bay, and by an inspection of the map may note the deep water of the Upper Bay and in the Hudson River adjoining Manhattan Island.

The importance of New York as the seaport which handles the great bulk of the tonnage coming to the United States is because the Hudson is a drowned river. The coast line of the region at the mouth of the river has subsided, and the former course of the river has been traced seaward for approximately 100 miles by soundings across the Continental Shelf. The silting up of the Lower Bay with sediments brought south by the Hudson and the action of the tides have made necessary the dredging of the Ambrose Channel in the Lower Bay. This provides a depth of 40 ft. for vessels entering the port, and almost unlimited anchorage is available in the Upper Bay, as well as docking facilities of the first rank in Manhattan and Brooklyn and along the New Jersey shore opposite Manhattan Island.

The topographic features of the New York City region show small relief. Between the Hudson River, the East River and Long Island, there is a series of flat-topped ridges whose direction is in general parallel with that of the Hudson River and

North

the alignment of Manhattan Island itself. The altitudes toward the northern limits of this section are 300 ft. or more.

Along the west bank of the Hudson River are the Palisades, a ridge of resistant rock, the cliff faces of which viewed from points along the east bank of the Hudson are of superb beauty and constitute the most imposing scenic feature of the New York City region. They may be seen to good advantage along the whole course of Riverside Drive.

The chief economic interests of the State are the national and international financial community of New York City, the foreign commerce in New York Harbor, now the heaviest in the world; the large manufacturing, and the rich agricultural resources. Because of the demands of the large urban population, agriculture is a huge industry in New York. The leading type of farming is dairying and the State ranks high in production of cheese. Fruits and vegetables are grown extensively. Principal crops in recent years have been corn, wheat, oats, barley, hay, apples, peaches, pears, cherries, grapes, cabbage (New York leads in cabbage production), onions, potatoes, beans, buckwheat. maple sugar, maple syrup.

The City of New York, with its universities. and other schools, its cathedrals, churches, museums, libraries, hotels, palaces, sky scrapers, subways and bridges, its parks and driveways, is one of the great wonders of the modern world. The largest ships in the world are a part of its commerce. More than 100,000 visitors enter and leave every day. Food and clothing are brought to the inhabitants from every part of the globe. It is one of the three great money cities of the earth. Many points of interest in New York City are treated elsewhere in the Almanac at greater length.

Coney Island, Brooklyn, is an internationally known seaside playground on the Atlantic Ocean with five miles of bathing beach, a boardwalk and multiple amusement devices. Brighton and Manhattan Beaches, adjoining Coney Island, attract thousands of bathers.

Long Island is one of the best known summer and all-year regions in the East. It has many famous bathing beaches including Rils Park, Rockaway, within the limits of and maintained by the City of New York; Long Beach and Jones Beach. Southampton is the scene of a noted society colony, and like other exclusive resorts on both the North and South Shore, has a private bathing beach.

Staten Island (Richmond) has a number of summer resort beaches, chief of which is Midland. Others include South, Graham, Woodland, New Dorp and Oakwood beaches, all on Lower New York Bay, an indentation of the Atlantic Ocean.

Carolina

in tobacco production, growing 70 per cent of all the bright leaf cigarette crop produced in the United States, for which the farmers receive an average of $150,000,000 a year. Cotton and cotton seed rank next, the yield valued at approximately $39,000,000 yearly. Corn, which ranks third, has more acres planted to that than any other single crop; it amounts to about $35,000,000 yearly. Other crops in the order of their importance are hay, peanuts, commercial truck crops, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, peaches and apples. North Carolina ranks third in the nation in the value of its farm crops.

Capital, Raleigh-Tar Heel State-State Flower, Dogwood-Motto: Esse Quam Videri (To Be Rather Than to Seem)-Area, 52,712 sq. mi.; rank, 27th-Population, 3,571,623; rank, 11th. North Carolina, a South Atlantic State, of the Original Thirteen, is bounded on the north by Virginia, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Atlantic, South Carolina and Georgia, and on the west by South Carolina and Tennessee. The topography of the State consists of three distinct types-the coastal plain, the central Piedmont area (which attains an elevation of about 1,000 ft. and from which spring the Blue Ridge Mountains); and the Appalachian Highlands. Geologically the mountains in western North Carolina. are the oldest on the continent. Mount Mitchell (6.684 ft. high) is the tallest peak east of the Mississippi and affords unexcelled scenic views. On its summit is the grave of Dr. Elisha Mitchell who first measured the height of the mountain and lost his life exploring it. There are many rivers in North Carolina, principally the French Broad, Catawba, Yadkin, Roanoke. Tar and Neuse.

Great Smoky Mountains National Park comprises 687.5 square miles of mountain beauty in extreme northwestern portion of the State. about half in North Carolina and half in Tennessee. The park is 54 miles long and 19 miles wide. The Great Smokies meander through the park for 71 miles and for 36 consecutive miles are more than 5,000 feet in altitude. There are 16 peaks in the park more than 6,000 feet high. The area contains more than 200,000 acres of virgin hardwoods of which some 50.000 acres are of red spruce, the largest stand of this spruce on the continent. There are 56.5 miles of motor roads, 25 miles of secondary roads and 510 miles of horse and foot trails within the park, also 600 miles of trout streams.

North Carolina is primarily an agricultural State. although it has many important industries, particularly the manufacture of cigarettes, cotton goods and knit goods.

Agricultural produce is varied. The State leads

A great variety of minerals is found in North Carolina, principally clay products, mica, barytes. kyanite, talc, kaolin, olivine and coal. It is the country's chief source of mica, feldspar and residual Koalin clay. There are also several rare minerals such as monazite and zircon, used in the manufacture of incandescent light mantles. columbite, allamite and wolframite.

Asheville, with an elevation of 2,300 feet, is a popular resort city. A point of interest nearby is the Biltmore House, palatial mansion built at a cost of several million dollars by the late George W. Vanderbilt and now open to the public. Because of its magnitude, remarkable grounds and gardens, paintings, antiques, and other objects of art, Biltmore House is unique among country establishments in America.

Charlotte and Winston-Salem are important commercially. In Charlotte was signed the first American Declaration of Independence (May 20, 1775), antedating the national Declaration by more than a year.

In the St. James Episcopal Church, Wilmington, is a 450-year-old painting of Christ taken from a pirate ship in the old town of Brunswick across South River (1748).

The long windswept barrier beach of North

Carolina-including Cape Hatteras. so-called "graveyard of the Atlantic" has been developed into a vast park and recreational area. Eventually the area will include 100,000 acres and will take in a series of narrow islands running from near the Virginia State line southward to Ocracoke Inlet. Roanoke Island, inside the border and historically important as the site of the first English colony in America (1585), will be included as will Kill Devil Hill National Memorial, the site of the first mechanical airplane flight by the Wright Brothers (1903). The Roanoke Island settlement became the "Lost Colony" of the Roanoke. Virginia Dare was born there (Aug. 18, 1587), the first white child of English parentage born in the New World. The first Christian baptismal sacrament known to have been administered in America took place on Roanoke Island with the baptism of the friendly Indian chief Manteo.

North Carolina was next to last of the Thirteen Original Colonies (1789) to enter the Union, demanding a clause guaranteeing religious freedom before ratifying the constitution. Fort Fisher, at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, was the scene of the heaviest naval bombardment in the Civil War, falling (Jan. 15. 1865).

North Carolina's losses by death in battle, from wounds, and from disease surpassed those of any other state in the Civil War.

The chief institutions of higher learning are the University of North Carolina, the first State university in the United States, with three unitsthe university proper in Chapel Hill, the State College of Agriculture and Engineering in Raleigh, the State College for Women in Greensboro, and Duke University, Durham. Other institutions of higher learning include Davidson, Davidson; Guilford, Guilford; and Wake Forest, Wake Forest. North Dakota

stopped (late October. 1804) and asked for a guide to lead them through a pass over the Rocky Mountains. The only person in the Sioux tribe who knew the trail was Sakakawea, then 20 years of age, remembering it from childhood. With her few-weeks-old papoose over her back, she led the Lewis and Clark Expedition over treacherous trails for many weeks until they reached a pass at the eastern base of the Rockies.

Capital, Bismarck-Flickertail State-State Flower, Wild Prairie Rose-Motto: Liberty and Union, One and Inseparable Now and Forever-Area, 70,665 sq. mi.; rank, 16th-Population, 641,935; rank, 39th. North Dakota, in the West North Central group, is bounded on the north by Canada, on the east by Minnesota, on the south by South Dakota, and on the west by Montana. It is drained in part by the Missouri River and in part by the Red River, which stream is the line between North Dakota and Minnesota, and the valley of which, an old lake bed, is exceedingly fertile. "Number One Northern Hard" wheat originated there, and is a premium grade of that cereal. The surface in the eastern twothirds is a vast rolling plain, once with scant rainfall, but now, since cultivation advanced westward, having precipitation enough usually for the large crops produced.

The State leads in the production of spring wheat and rye; of durum wheat and of flax seed. Potatoes, wild hay, oats, barley and corn are grown extensively.

A vast proportion of the western part is underlaid with lignite coal, which is produced quite extensively for domestic as well as foreign consumption. The State also has two briquetting plants that manufacture briquetts and other byproducts from lignite. The State to some extent depends on the mines of other States for its coal supply, but local manufacture increases from year to year. Fine clays adapted to the manufacture of pottery are also found in extensive areas of western North Dakota, with two major sources of manufacture in existence, a commercial plant in Dickinson, and the ceramics department of the State university.

About five miles southeast of the spot where the American expedition met Sakakawea, historic Fort Lincoln was built and it was from this fort that Gen. George Custer and his troops many years later (May 17, 1876) rode out to the battle of the Little Big Horn in Montana, where Custer and all his men were massacred.

Explorations in what is now North Dakota were made (as early as 1780) by French-Canadians. Although the Sioux and Chippewa predominated, there were several other tribes in North Dakota such as the Blackfeet, the Gros Ventres and the Mandans, who figured in the State's early history. It was near Medora, a Bad Lands town in the western part of the State, that Theodore Roosevelt made his headquarters when a rancher. His original cabin, made from logs cut along the banks of the Little Missouri River and floated down to Medora, has been preserved and stands today on the Capitol grounds in Bismarck.

Originally named Bad Lands by the Indians and the early settlers because they were "bad lands to travel through," this section has been made accessible by automobile over all-weather highways.

On the State Capitol grounds in Bismarck is a statue by Leonard Crunelle or Sakakawea, an Indian girl whose name means "bird woman." She was a Shoshone, which tribe lived in the northwestern part of what is now Wyoming, but was captured when ten years of age by a roving band of Indians of the Sioux tribe and taken to their home on the banks of the Missouri 40 miles north of Bismarck. There she grew up and at an early age was married to Toussant Charbonneau, a French-Canadian trapper. It was near her home that the Lewis and Clark Expedition the higher institutions of learning.

The Turtle Mountains of North Dakota are known for the greatest variety of song birds of any place of like extent in the United States. A joint American-Canadian Commission voted to set aside 3,000 acres on the northern border of these mountains to be known as the Peace Garden, commemorating the long years of continuous peace between Canada and the United States.

The University of North Dakota in Grand Forks: the North Dakota Agricultural College in Fargo, and Jamestown College in Jamestown are among

Ohio

Capital, Columbus-Buckeye State-State Flower, Scarlet Carnation-Motto: Imperium en Imperio (A Government Within a Government)-Area, 41,222 sq. mi.; rank, 35th-Population, 6,907,612; rank, 4th.

Ohio, an East North Central State, is bounded on the north by Michigan and Lake Erie, on the east by Pennsylvania and West Virginia, on the south by West Virginia and Kentucky, and on the west by Indiana. It has no considerable elevation, being highest in the center, and sloping in each direction to the lake on the north and to the Ohio River, a great traffic route, on the southern boundary line. Its climate is characteristic of the north temperate zone, with abundant rainfall.

Ohio has navigable waterways for the 430 miles of the Ohio, the 230 miles of lake frontage and 100 miles up the Muskingum River in the southeast.

Manufacturing, mining and oil are the chief interests. The iron and steel ore and reduction and machinery industries lead all others.

Cleveland, Youngstown, Canton, Steubenville and Middletown have the principal iron and steel working plants. Manufacturing is extensive in other lines, including rubber tires and motor

vehicles and parts. Meat packing output is extensive.

Ohio leads in limestone and clay products. Other minerals are coal, pig iron, petroleum, gypsum, salt.

cipal crops are corn, oats, winter wheat, potatoes, Agriculture is carried on extensively. The prinhay, tobacco and grapes. Millions of gallons of wine are made from Ohio grapes. The annual woolclip is large.

The State has many institutions of higher learning including Ohio State University, Columbus: Cincinnati University; Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware; Ohio University, Athens; Western Reserve in Cleveland; Oberlin College, Oberlin; Miami University. Oxford: Municipal University. Akron; Wittenberg College, Springfield, and Toledo University. Oberlin College was the first in the world to admit women on equal terms with men and the first in the United States to admit negroes on equal terms with whites.

Ohio is distinguished among the States for the

tenseness of its political life. It is regarded as a politically pivotal State, and has given the United States five Presidents, all native born, while two others, elected as residents of other States, were born in Ohio.

The pre-historic Mound Builders who once inhabited the country from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico have left more traces of their work in Ohio than in any other State. The best known is Serpent Mound, the form of a serpent 1,300 ft. in length on an embankment near Locust Grove, Adams County. It was built as an adjunct to religious or ceremonial worship and is the largest and most impressive pre-historic effigy on the American continent. It is now the property of Harvard University. The largest conical mound in Ohio is the Miamisburg. 68 ft. high and about 850 ft. in circumference. Though a shaft was sunk a short distance from the top, it has never been explored. In all of Ohio, there are 10,000 mounds and 2,000 earth enclosures, many of them of extensive dimensions.

Other points of scenic and historic interest are the George Rogers Clark Park containing the site of the Battle of Piqua and birthplace of the Indian chief Tecumseh; the house in which Ulysses S. Grant was born in Point Pleasant, and Thomas Edison's birthplace is Milan. Hocking County contains more places of scenic interest than any other in the State. Rock House, Ash Cave, Cedar Falls, Conkles' Hollow, Old Man's Cave and the Natural Bridge at Rockbridge are in this one county, all but the latter having been made State Parks.

During the Northwest Territory regime the Governor and judges also constituted the legislative body, and the capitol, in effect, was wherever they happened to be. Governor St. Clair and his aide went to Marietta (July, 1789) and instituted government under the Ordinance. From Marietta St. Clair went to Cincinnati and thence to other cen

ters in the territory, organizing "counties" as units of government. He established his headquarters (1791) in Cincinnati, which came to be regarded as the capital. Here were organized the expeditions against the Indians-the disastrous ones in St. Clair and Harmar, and Wayne's successful campaign.

Congress designated Chillicothe as the capital and the legislature met there (Nov. 1800).

The village's one meeting place was Abrams' Big House, a two-story log cabin with a doubledecker annex. The main floor, where the legislature met, was the Athenaeum, used for singing schools, dances and Presbyterian Church services: the upper floor was a barroom. The chief duty of the sergeant-at-arms was to keep enough members downstairs to constitute a quorum. This second session was the last meeting of the Territorial legislature in Ohio.

The constitution had provided that Chillicothe be the capital until 1808, but left the site of the permanent seat of government for the legislature to decide. When the people of Muskingum County erected a building for the State offices (1809) the . legislature accepted Zanesville as the temporary capital. But before moving there it appointed a commission to locate the permanent capital "not more than 40 miles from the common center of the State."'

James Johnson, John Kerr, Alexander McLaughlin and Lyne Starling offered (Feb. 1812) to lay out a town on the east bank of the Scioto river opposite Franklinton, convey to the State a tract of 10 acres for a statehouse and a similar tract for a penitentiary, erect thereon State buildings to the value of $50,000 and have them ready for use (by Dec. 1, 1817). This offer the legislature accepted and (Feb. 14) it voted that (after Dec. 1, 1817) the capital should be on "the high bank of the Scioto." The new capital city was named Columbus.

Oklahoma

Capital, Oklahoma City-Sooner State-State Flower, Mistletoe-Motto: Labor Omnia Vincit (Labor Conquers All Things)-Area, 69,619 sq. mi.; rank, 17th-Population, 2,326,434; rank, 22nd. Oklahoma, in the West South Central group, is bounded on the north by Colorado and Kansas, on the east by Missouri and Arkansas, on the south by Texas, and on the west by Texas and New Mexico. The surface is a vast rolling plain having a gentle southern and eastern slope and a mean elevation of 1,300 ft.

The western plains are treeless, but the Ozark Mountains in the eastern part are heavily wooded. Further west are the Wichita Mountains, and then the Chautauqua, while the extreme northwest is a lofty tableland (altitude about 4,700 ft.). The Arkansas River flows eastward through the middle of the State, and small rivers in the southern part drain into the Red River, which forms the southern boundary. The prevailing type of soil is a deep dark-red loam. The climate shows great variations of temperature, and the rainfall in the west is scanty, though generally sufficient in the east.

In northwest Oklahoma are the Great Salt Plains, an area of dazzling white salt six by eight miles in size and as level as a table top. This gigantic deposit is said to be the residuum of a great, prehistoric inland sea, from which the water drained to form the present salt plain.

Two Territories were combined to make the State, Oklahoma and Indian Territory, which was the home of the Five Civilized Tribes-Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Seminoles. The more than 30 tribes in Oklahoma compose 36% of the Indian population of the United States. The dances and festivals range from the religiopolitical Sacred Fire Ceremony of the Cherokees, said to have been established more than 2,000 years ago, to the modernized Armistice Day Celebration of the Osages. There are many war dances and peyote dances, Indian fairs and festivals, stomp and green corn dances, and scores of others, and almost every locality is host to one or more of them during the year.

Oklahoma is primarily agricultural. The State leads in the production of broom corn. Other imported crops are corn, wheat, oats, grain sorghums, potatoes, hay, fruits and cotton. The annual woolclip is great.

Petroleum was known to exist near Chelsea (1889) but there was little development until 1903. The famous Glen Pool near Sapulpa was brought into production (1906). The State reached first rank as a producer (1927) but yielded that place to Texas, and (1929) dropped to third place, below California. Other minerals commercialized are zinc, lead and natural gas.

Oil lifted on land owned by Indians, wards of the Nation, brought them riches. The Osage Indians received $22.000.000 (1926) at the peak of their oil riches; each "headright" drew $13,400.

Manufactures are few in Oklahoma. The leading industry is petroleum refining. Zinc smelters and refineries are important, and the flour mills and cotton seed oil, cake and meal factories have a large output.

Among the institutions of higher education are the University of Oklahoma, in Norman, and the Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater. Except for a small strip of land north of Texas, that territory now known as Oklahoma was orWhite ganized (1834) as an Indian Territory. people were barred as settlers. Although there was a large influx of Indians from other parts of the country, a considerable area in the central part of the territory remained unoccupied. This section was purchased by the United States Government and opened to the public (April 22, 1889). More than 50,000 persons entered in one day. The State has 27 Indian Reservations.

The No-Man's Land Strip just north of the Texas Panhandle and West of the 100th meridian. was a strip of public land west of the Cherokee Strip of Indian Territory. Efforts were made to include the strip in Kansas and in New Mexico without success. The people who lived there considered it a part of Indian Territory in which it was finally included when opened to the public (1889). It has been said it was a passageway for Indians going eastward or westward. The strip is now a part of Oklahoma and has been di vided into three counties, Beaver, Texas and Cimarron.

Oregon

areas where rainfall is abundant, to the large stretches of semi-arid lands of the southeastern parts, with a touch here and there of almost desert.

Capital, Salem-Beaver State-State Flower, Oregon Grape-Motto: The Union-Area, 96,981 sq. mi.; rank, 9th-Population, 1,089,684; rank, 34th. Oregon is bounded on the north by Washington, on the east by Idaho, on the south by California and Nevada and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. It has every character of climate and soil and production known to the temperate zone, the lands ranging from the heavily vegetated coast

The coast climate is salutary, never very cold, and seldom very hot. That part of the State east of the Cascade Range, drier and often colder, is a

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