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Bear Lake in the southeastern corner. Lake Pend Oreille is one of the largest freshwater lakes wholly within the boundaries of the United States. It has a shore line of more than 500 miles and in places is 1,100 feet deep.

Idaho is undeveloped, having large mineral resources, and much land yet to be covered with irrigation waters. The Federal Reclamation Service has built several important irrigation projects, which are in addition to many private projects. About 4,000 Indians reside on the reservations in the State-in Coeur d'Alene, Bannock on Fort Hall and Duck Valley, and Nez Perces.

Agriculture is important, the farmers marketing wheat, hay, oats, barley, potatoes, beans, peas, sugar beets, apples and prunes, named in the order of importance. High-grade field and garden seed are raised and sold throughout the United States. Stock raising, particularly sheep, is an important industry. Much wool is shipped. Near Mesa are the largest individually-owned orchards in the world. Lumber, beet sugar, dairy products and flour are the chief manufactures.

Much metal is mined. The State ranks first in lead production and a close second in silver. Gold mining is rapidly gaining in importance. Idaho Territory was organized (March 3, 1863)

out of parts of Washington, Nebraska and North Dakota, with Lewiston the capital. It contained four counties, ten mining towns and 20,000 inhabitants. The territorial capital was moved to Boise (May, 1865).

Lewis and Clark led the parade of pioneers into Idaho. Fur traders and a few scattered missionaries constituted the sole white population until discovery of gold near Orofino (1860). Stirring rush days followed, equalled only when a burro accidentally brought about the lead-silver strike in the Coeur d'Alenes (1884). Towns sprang up overnight, and miners, lumberjacks, farmers swept over untouched forests. Silver was dis-. covered in the Coeur d'Alene country (1884).

The old Oregon Trail, the nation's famous route of pioneer migration, enters Idaho from Wyoming on the southeast, and leaves the state at Weiser on the west. Motorists today follow in general the same trail when they travel over U. S. Route 30 and 30 N through fertile irrigated tracts where pioneers once prodded oxen over desert wastes.

The University of Idaho is in Moscow, with a southern branch (junior college) in Pocatello, the College of Idaho is in Caldwell, Northwest Nazarene College in Nampa, and normal schools in Lewiston and Albion.

Illinois

Capital, Springfield-Sucker State-State Flower, Violet-Motto: State Sovereignty-National UnionArea, 56,400 sq. mi.; rank, 23rd-Population, 7,897,241; rank, 3rd.

Illinois lies in the East North Central group, its northeastern corner touching Lake Michigan, the Mississippi River flowing along its western boundary line, the Ohio River along its southern end. It is bounded on the north by Wisconsin, on the east by Indiana, on the south by Kentucky and Missouri and on the west by Missouri and Iowa. It is intensely industrial, agricultural, and mining, and foremost in water and rail transportation.

Illinois is almost uniformly level, being situated in a glacial moraine, and is alluvial in all parts with a climate such as prevails in the whole of the Middle West. It is so level that a railway possesses one precisely straight line 100 miles long in which scarcely a dirt cut was necessary-a vast prairie, once largely wooded, now with only 10 per cent of forest cover. Corn, wheat, oats, barley and rye are grown in large quantities. Other agricultural products are potatoes, hay, soy beans and wool. It is provided with remarkable mileage of riverways. The Mississippi in the west, and the Ohio and the Wabash in the southwest, provide a natural boundary for much of Illinois. The Illinois River is the principal intrastate river. An artificial, waterway is the Chicago Drainage Canal, 40 miles from Chicago on Lake Michigan to Joliet on the Illinois River, an engineering device which supplies drainage out from the flat lake-coastal district around the city and the Chicago River, and reverses the natural tendency to drain into Lake Michigan. The canal has been extended from Lockport to the Illinois River at Starved Rock, and a 9-foot channel dredged in the river to the Mississippi. The waterway was built at a cost of $102,000,000.

Chicago is one of the greatest railway centers in the world. Traffic on the Great Lakes to and from Chicago has reached huge proportions. The bulk of the receipts are iron ore brought from the Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan mines to the great works of the United States Steel Corporation in Gary, Ind., a part of the Chicago Industrial Area.

Leading industries are wholesale meat packing, steel mills and blast furnaces, foundries and machine shops, petroleum refining, electric machinery factories, automobile plants, railroad car construction and repair shops, and agricultural implement factories. The printing and publishing plants are very important; also the clothing houses. Bituminous coal underlies more than half the area of Illinois which ranks third in soft coal output. Other minerals include petroleum, fluorspar, pig iron, primary zinc. The petroleum industry is rapidly expanding in the State.

The Chicago Board of Trade is the principal grain dealing exchange of the country.

Among the educational institutions are the University of Illinois in Urbana; the University of Chicago, Loyola University, in Chicago; Northwestern University, in Evanston; De Paul University, Chicago; Augustana College, Rock Island; Bradley Polytechnic Institute, Peoria; Knox College. Galesburg.

Tourists find a wealth of art centers in Chicago,

including the Field Museum and the Chicago Museum of Art, with many art schools.

There are numerous picturesque and historical sites in Illinois. Apple River Canyon, 250 feet deep and 160 feet wide, containing many caverns, is one of Illinois' most beautiful state park preserves. From the river bed rise rock walls richly colored with mineral deposits and dotted at intervals with the hazy mauves of lichen. Cave-in-Rock, on the Ohio river between Shawneetown and Golconda, annually attracts thousands of tourists. It has the appearance of a large crypt imbedded in solid rock. The mouth is an arched opening about 55 feet wide at the base and the body of the cave extends 160 feet into the rock, having an average width of 40 feet. The date of the discovery of the cavern by white men is unknown. The first mention of it may be found in the "History of New France" by Charlevoix (published 1744).

Springfield, aside from the fact that it is the capital of Illinois, is hallowed by the mark of Abraham Lincoln. To this city he went as a young man. His farewell address was delivered from the platform of a train at Springfield (1861). In the legislative session (1837), held in Vandalia, then the capital of Illinois, it was Abraham Lincoln, a rising young lawyer, who led the fight to move the capital to Springfield. The bill proposing the move was passed (July 4, 1837) and the cornerstone of a new State Capitol was laid.

The building still stands on the square, but is used now as the Sangamon County Court House because 27 years after its erection it was found inadequate and the present Capitol was built. The old court house, now dwarfed by its modern neighbors, is rich in Lincoln associations. In addition to serving in the legislature Lincoln argued cases before the Supreme Court, then in the same building, and made frequent use of the State and Supreme Court libraries. In this building he first took issue with Stephen A. Douglas and here he made his famous "House divided against itself" speech. Here were his headquarters during the 1860 campaign for the Presidency, and here his body lay in state (May 4, 1865) before burial in Oak Ridge Cemetery.

The Lincoln tomb and monument in Oak Ridge Cemetery are about two miles due north of the Capitol. The Lincoln log cabin in Coles County, about a mile southeast of Farmington, is not to be confused with relics directly associated with Abraham Lincoln. The cabin, which is a reconstruction undertaken by the State, is the last home of Lincoln's father, Thomas Lincoln, and his stepmother, Sarah Bush Lincoln. The original cabin became the home of the elder Lincolns (about 1837). Prior to that time they had lived in at least two places in Coles County, first at a place known as Buck Grove, about three miles east of the present city of Mattoon, and later on a 40-acre farm a half mile south of Lerna. The total tract as finally deeded to Thomas Lincoln (1840) consisted of 120 acres; part of this had belonged to Mrs. Lincoln's son by her first marriage, John D. Johnston, and was purchased from him by Thomas Lincoln. Evidently the only building on these farm lands

350

when Lincoln and Johnston acquired them was a small log cabin which they subsequently moved and enlarged.

It is doubtful that Lincoln ever lived with his father and step-mother in any of their Coles When they took up residence County homes. in Coles County (1831) he was on his way to New Orleans and the evidence is that he went to live in New Salem immediately after his return from the southern port. However, he was familiar with the place and more than once aided his father financially when the latter called upon him to help in keeping the farm from sale.

New Salem has been restored in New Salem State Park, a tract of 200 acres, situated two miles south of Petersburg on State Highway 123. It was here that Lincoln began his public career as postmaster (1833-1836) at a salary of about $25 a year. The postoffice, a cubicle in the Hill-McNamara general store, was restored (Feb. 12, 1940) by the Federal Government. Lincoln clerked in the store.

Thomas Lincoln died in this cabin (1851) and, shortly after, Abraham conveyed the west 80 acres of the farm to Johnston, reserving his step-mother's dower right and 40 acres. These latter 40 acres he never relinquished. John J. Hall purchased the

years.

west 80 acres from Johnston and also cultivated
1888) acquired legal title to this section by reason
the 40 acres as part of his farm, and (May 7,
of undisputed possession for more than twenty
The cabin, after being shown at the
Columbian Exposition (World's Fair) in Chicago
(1893), was dismantled and while plans for its
future disposition were being considered it mys-
teriously disappeared. No trace of it ever has been
found.

The restoration of the thriving grist mill village of New Salem of 1830 has been made log for log, rude door for rude door, tiny window for tiny window, cabins, stores, cooper shop, carding shed, tannery and other buildings as they stood originally, flanking a half mile length of grassy road. The town comprises a scant dozen buildings and the restoration has been done by CCC boys. Tall grass cut from the ground after 75 years revealed remnants of old foundations and even chimneys were found. A copy of the original plat of the surveyor and land title records, placed together with the knowledge of persons still living who had been children in New Salem, produced the scheme by which the village was laid out for the second time and reconstructed.

Indiana

Capital, Indianapolis-Hoosier State-State Flower, Zinnia-Motto: The Crossroads of America-Area, 36,291 sq. mi.; rank, 37th-Population, 3,427,796; rank, 12th.

The

Indiana is bounded on the north by Michigan and Lake Michigan, on the east by Ohio, on the south by Kentucky, and on the west by Illinois. Ohio River is the boundary line to the south, and the Wabash forms almost half the western boundary. These rivers, and the White and Whitewater Rivers, were important in the early settlement of the State.

The surface of the State is comparatively level, especially in the northern and central portions: the southern part is hilly. There are hundreds of small lakes in the northern half of the State. The soil varies in character, but for the most part is fertile. The climate is characteristic of the Middle West, warm in summer and cold in winter.

8 manufacturing Indiana is predominantly State, with diversified industries and both large and small factories. Leading in production are steel and other rolling mill products. Manufacture of automotive parts, furniture, glass, soap, refrigerators, farm implements, pumps, grain mill The products, and clothing is also important. Calumet region, including Gary, Hammond, East Chicago and Whiting, with its steel mills and refineries, is one of the great industrial centers of the world. Harbors at Gary and Indiana Harbor are Lake Michigan ports for freighters carrying ore for the Calumet region.

Bituminous coal, from strip and shaft mines in the southwestern part of the State, oolitic limestone, for building purposes, mineral wool and Portland Cement are important mineral products. Coke, petroleum,, natural gas, gypsum and pig iron are also produced in quantities.

Agriculture is important. Corn is the big crop, with wheat, tomatoes, oats, rye, hay, soy beans and tobacco following. The predominant type of diversified farming is a combination of stock raising and grain farming. The State is known for its canned vegetable products, especially tomatoes and tomato juice.

Two-thirds of all the peppermint

and spearmint oil produced in the United States come from acres of muck soil in northern Indiana.

The limestone area of southern Indiana contains many sinkholes and caves. Most widely known are Wyandotte cave, the second largest cavern in the United States, and Marengo, in Crawford County. Porter's cave in Owen County, and Donaldson's in Lawrence.

Maintained by the State as memorials are the old State capitol in Corydon; Pigeon Roost monument, in Scott County, commemorating the massacre of pioneer settlers by the Indians; a monument in Tippecanoe County at the scene of Wilcited to uprising by Tecumseh and his brother, the liam Henry Harrison's defeat of the Indians inProphet; and the grave of Nancy Hanks Lincoln and the site of Abraham Lincoln's boyhood cabin home in Spencer County...

State-supported institutions of higher education are Indiana University, Bloomington; Purdue University, Lafayette; Indiana State Teachers' College. Terre Haute; Ball State Teachers' College, Muncie. Other schools are: Depauw University, Greencastle; University of Notre Dame, South Bend; Wabash College, Crawfordsville; Earlham College, and Butler University, Indianapolis.

French traders reached Indiana in the early 18th century; at their post, Vincennes, established about 1732, grew up the first permanent settlement in the State. Following the Revolution and the subjugation of the Indians, settlers came into the State from the south and east.

Indiana became a State (1816). The seat of government during the Territorial period was Vincennes (1800-1813) and Corydon (1813-1816). Corydon continued as capital of the new State until 1825, when the government was moved to a site selected in the center of the State, Indianapolis.

Indianapolis is the largest city in the State and is an industrial, commercial, educational and cultural as well as geographical and governmental center for the State.

Iowa

Capital, Des Moines-Hawkeye State-State Flower, Wild Rose-Motto: Our Liberties We Prize-
Area, 56,280 sq. mi.; rank, 24th-Population, 2,538,268; rank, 20th.

Iowa lies in the West North Central part of the
Middle West, bounded on the north by Minnesota.
on the east by Wisconsin and Illinois, on the south
by Missouri, and on the west by Nebraska and
South Dakota. The Mississippi River flows along
the entire eastern boundary line, and the Missouri
River along three-fourths of the western line.

The surface is rolling prairie. No "civilized" area in the world of equal size has such consistently fertile soil. Altitudes range from 477 feet above sea level to 1,670 feet, the highest.

The proportion of area actually under cultivation
The diversity
is larger than in any other State.

of crops is unexcelled anywhere in the world.
Iowa ranks high in the production of corn, oats,
butter, eggs, fruit and nuts, and is the world center
for popcorn and timothy seed.

The Iowa Farm Census showed that there were
(Jan. 1, 1940) on Iowa farms 117,833 tractors, an
average of one tractor for each farm and a half.

Four millon tons of coal are mined annually. ucts, cement sand and gravel are produced. Much gypsum plaster, building stone, clay prod

Important industries are the processing of agricultural products and the handling of grain and live stock. Farm implements, washing machines, fountain pens, cosmetics, buttons, railroad equipment, furnaces, lawn mowers, calendars, cartons, vending machines, auto accessories and office equipment are among the manufactures.

There are 25 institutions for higher learning. including the University of Iowa in Iowa City and the State College of Agriculture in Ames. In addition there is a teachers' college, four professional and technological schools and 37 junior colleges.

Marquette and Joliet were the first explorers to visit the land (1673) and the first settlement was made by Julien Dubuque (1788) near the site of the city named after him. Iowa was in the territory ceded to Spain (1763), ceded back

to France (1801) and included in the Louisiana Purchase (1803). The region was successively part of Louisiana (1805), Missouri (1812), Michigan (1834) and Wisconsin (1836). It became a distinct territory (1838) and was admitted to the Union (Dec. 28, 1846) as a State. Burlington was

the capital of Wisconsin (1838) when Iowa was separated and the territorial seat of government was established, later to go to Iowa City and from there (1857) to Des Moines. The gold seekers and Mormons traveled the stage routes across the State and the first railroad came in 1853.

Kansas

Capital, Topeka-Sunflower State, also Jayhawk State-State Flower, Sunflower-Motto: Ad Astra per Aspera (To the Stars Through Difficulties)-Area, 82,276 sq. mi.; rank, 13th-Population, 1,801,028; rank 29th.

Kansas, a West North Central State, in almost the exact geographical center of the United States, is bounded on the north by Nebraska, on the east by Missouri, on the south by Oklahoma, and on the west by Colorado. It is varied in topography. About one-third of the eastern boundary is followed by the Missouri River; within the State flow the Kansas and Arkansas Rivers. Toward the west the prairies increase in elevation up to 4,000 feet above sea level. Much of the land is flat with some low hills in the western portion. The climate is variable with rather severe winters and hot summers. Included in the Louisiana Purchase it was a part of the Territory of Missouri and later (1821) became an extension of Indian Territory. Kansas was made a Territory (1854) and a State (1861).

Agriculture is extensive. The products include wheat, corn, potatoes, the hardier fruits, and flax. Kansas normally produces one fourth of all the wheat in the United States and ranks first among the flour milling states. The largest grain elevator in the country is in Kansas City and the world's largest broom corn market is in Wichita. It is one of the four leading cattle raising states. Dairy and poultry production are great.

Coal underlies more than 15,000 square miles. The State ranks high in oil and natural gas production. Other mineral products are lead, zinc, Portland cement. Large quantities of salt are found.

State supported are the University of Kansas, Lawrence; the Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Manhattan, and three other schools. There are other large institutions for higher education, including Washburn College, Topeka; Wichita Municipal University and Southwestern College, Winfield. The nation's largest cavalry school is located in Fort Riley. The Haskell

Indian School, Lawrence, is the largest Indian school in the United States.

Archeologists have found remains of interesting forms of life that existed in Kansas in the distant past. Three and four-toed horses no larger than a fox terrier and ancient birds with teeth once made that part of the country their habitat; and skeletons of flying reptiles with a wing-spread of 25 ft. have been found in the chalk beds of western Kansas. Swimming reptiles 50 feet long cavorted in the seas that once covered the area, which has been inundated many times. Ferns 100 feet high once grew in Kansas.

The State was traversed by many of the great pioneer trails, including the Oregon Trail and the Santa Fe Trail. Some of the towns in Kansas were settled by pioneers who arrived in boats, notaby Manhattan. The steamer Hartford left Cincinnati (1854) with 80 persons and ready-cut houses; steamed down the Ohio, up the Mississippi and Missouri and Kansas rivers; ran aground at Lecompton and lay on the bar three days until rain raised the river. The boat_ran ashore again just above the mouth of the Blue river and those aboard decided to settle there and put up their homes.

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado headed a Spanish exploring party that entered Kansas (1541) seeking gold in the fabled cities of Cibola. When Coronado returned to Mexico he left behind Father Juan de Padilla, who founded a mission among the Indians and became the first Christian martyr to die on United States soil. The Quiviran Indians killed him because he was about to leave them to establish another mission among a rival tribe.

Spanish explorations in Kansas gave way (1682) to the French when LaSalle laid claim to all the land drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries. France ceded the territory to Spain (1763); regained it (1800); and sold it to the United States (1803).

Kentucky

minous coal, petroleum, natural gas, fluorspar, natural cement. Bituminous coal is the most important output, Kentucky ranking high among the coal-producing states. Petroleum and gas rank second in importance.

Capital, Frankfort-Blue Grass State-State Flower, Goldenrod-Motto: United We Stand, Divided We Fall-Area, 40,395 sq. mi.; rank, 36th-Population, 2,845,267; rank, 16th. The region now constituting Kentucky was orig- The principal resources of Kentucky are bituinally a part of Fincastle County, Virginia. The first white men known to have discovered this territory were Marquette and Joliet (1673). Daniel Boone and his companions (shortly after 1760) explored the region. The first settlement was at Harrodsburg (1774). Boonesborough was founded (1775). For a long time Indian wars harassed the settlement. A code of laws was formed (1775) by the settlers, but it was not recognized by Virginia. A year later, the district was organized as Kentucky County. The three counties which had been formed since 1776 in Kentucky County were united (1783) into Kentucky District. Virginia passed (1786) the first of four enabling acts giving conditional consent to the organization of Kentucky as a separate State. Kentucky with its present boundaries was admitted (1792) to the Union.

The surface of Kentucky rises gradually from an altitude of about 300 feet along the Misssissippi River to the western edge of the Appalachian Mountain province, in which parallel ridges of folded mountains, the Cumberland and the Pine. have crests in excess of 2,000 feet. The region west of the Tennessee is low, and broken only by creek and river valleys. The central portion is rolling to undulating, being part of the westward slope of the Allegheny Mountain Region. entire eastern part is much dissected. In the southeast is a mountainous region with small limestone valleys.

The

Kentucky possesses a somewhat milder and more even temperature than that of the neighboring States. The mean annual temperature. 50 degrees on the mountains in the southeastern part, and 60 degrees west of the Tennessee, is about 55 degrees for the entire State.

The soil of Kentucky is well adapted to agriculture. The Blue Grass region is composed of heavy loams, clay loams and stony loams, derived from the almost pure Silurian limestone.

More than half of the inhabitants of Kentucky are engaged in agriculture. Corn is the largest and most valuable crop with wheat and oats next. The wheat is grown both in the Blue Grass region and farther west. In the eastern part of the State, where crops are generally light, Indian corn, oats, and potatoes are the principal products, but tobacco, flax and cotton are also raised. The culture of tobacco, which is the second most valuable crop in the State, was begun (about 1780) in the northern part. Kentucky is excelled by North Carolina only. in this product. The two most important tobaccogrowing districts are the Black Patch, in the extreme southwest corner of the State, where a black, heavy leaf is produced and sold largely to Central Europe, Spain and Italy; and the Blue Grass region, with the hill country south and east. where the product, the red and white Burley, is a fine-fibered light leaf peculiarly absorbent of licorice and other adulterants used in the manufacture of chewing tobacco. Kentucky is the principal hemp-growing state in the Union. Fruits of fine quality are produced.

The livestock industry is an important branch of agriculture in Kentucky, and large numbers of horses, sheep, cattle, and swine are raised. Kentucky has long been noted for its fine horses.

There are extensive forests of oak, maple, beech, walnut, ash, pine, and cedar. Oak and yellow poplar are the principal hardwoods cut for commercial purposes, and yellow pine the principal softwood.

The value of the manufactured products of Kentucky has been steadily increasing. Among the great industries are the flour mills and gristmills, the tobacco manufactures, and the manu

facture of men's clothing. The lumber industry includes the logging plants, sawmills, and the various wood-working establishments, especially those making railroad ties, spokes, handles, barrel staves, and headings. Cotton goods are also important. Kentucky was one of the first states to engage in tobacco manufacturing on a factory basis. The factories are chiefly employed in making chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff. Other manufactures of importance are foundry and machine-shop products, iron and steel, slaughtering and meat-packing and railway shops, and printing and publishing.

Educational institutions include the University of Kentucky, Lexington; Louisville University, Louisville; Berea College, Berea; Centre College, Danville; and Transylvania College, Lexington. Kentucky contains many natural curiosities of unusual interest. Mammoth Cave has been the wonder and admiration of those who have traversed its subterranean passages. In extent and beauty it is almost equaled by the Colossal Cave. Both are situated in Edmonson County. Natural Bridge, in Wolfe County, connects two portions of a chain of mountains, spanning a chasm 60 ft. wide and 40 ft. high. Sinking Creek, in Breckinridge County, suddenly disappears and traverses an underground course for several miles and reappears as a great spring flowing from under a hill. In Ice Cave, Caldwell County, ice remains during the entire year. There are several Indian mounds in Anderson County. At Covington is the smallest church in the world, Monte Casino R. C. Church, with seating accommodations for only three worshippers.

Cumberland Waterfalls, 18 miles southwest of Corbin, is famous as the only waterfalls in the Western Hemisphere where a moon-bow may be seen. The only other place in the world where a similar phenomenon may be observed is in South Africa. At Cumberland Waterfalls the Cumberland River takes a leap of 68 ft. over a precipitous rock ledge.

a relative of Foster. In the rear of Federal Hill, to the southwest and east, the high tableland of the plantation stretches beyond sight. There were the slave cabins on whose floors the "young folks roll, all merry, all happy and bright!" The Abraham Lincoln National Park, comprising 110 acres, lies three miles south of Hodgenville, Ky. The Lincoln Farm Association bought the site (1906) and began the erection of a granite building in which to place a log cabin said to be that in which Lincoln was born.

The cabin is 12 feet wide and 17 feet long, 11 feet from the floor to the eaves, and 14 feet from the floor to the highest point of the roof. The memorial building, for which Theodore Roosevelt laid the cornerstone (1909) on the centennial of Lincoln's birth, is of Connecticut granite lined with Tennessee marble. Its inside dimensions are 44 feet in width. 34 feet in depth, and 45 feet in height. The Association (1916) transferred title to the farm and the memorial to the United States, to be administered by the War Department. The property was transferred (1933) to the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. At this place, Sinking Spring Farm, near the Big South Fork of Nolin Creek in what is now Larue County, Abraham Lincoln was born (Feb. 12. 1809) to Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. When Abraham was about four years old the family moved to another farm, and, a few years later to Indiana, and thence to Illinois, following the frontier with its promise of land. freedom, and opportunity.

It is an interesting coincidence that both opposing Presidents of the Civil War period were born in the same state and in the same section. An obelisk rises 351 ft. at Fairview in Todd county to mark the place where Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States, was born (1808).

A

Like Lincoln, Davis left Kentucky in his youth but he returned to Kentucky for four years of schooling before he entered West Point. When Jefferson Davis was an infant the family moved to Mississippi and became cotton_planters. park of 20 acres surrounds the Davis obelisk. which is second in height to the Washington Monument. The custodian's house is said to be a replica of the house in which Jefferson was born. Louisiana

The house in which Stephen C. Foster wrote "My Old Kentucky Home' and the estate surrounding it known as Federal Hill, situated one mile east of Bardstown, have been preserved as a state park. It was originally the home of Judge John Rowan, U. S. Senator from Kentucky,

Capital, Baton Rouge-Pelican State, also Creole State-State Flower, Magnolia-Motto: Union, Justice,
Confidence-Area, 48,523 sq. mi.; rank, 30th-Population, 2,363,800; rank, 21st.
Louisiana, situated in the South Central region. | with 280 men who perished with him.

on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River, is bounded on the north by Arkansas and Mississippi, on the east by Mississippi State and the Gulf, on the south by the Gulf, and on the west by Texas.

There are no hills of importance, and much of the land is lower than the immediate banks of the Mississippi. A powerful system of levees and spillways obviates the danger of annual floods.

The western part, immediately next to Texas, shades off toward the drier character of climate and soils, the climate of Louisiana for the greater part being warm in summer, with little of winter cold. It is semi-tropical.

The Sabine River bounds the State on the west. and with the Red River and the Mississippi, Louisiana has 4,794 miles of navigable waterways, much of them being on the large bayous in the south.

There are more than 6,000 square miles water covered, suitable for the propagation of oysters; the shrimp catch is valuable, and commercial fishing an important industry. Trappers market muskrat, opossum, raccoon, mink and other furs in great quantities. In the heavily wooded sections there are occasionally found cougar, or panther; lynx or wildcat; gray fox; timber wolf and black bear.

Louisiana leads in the production of sugar cane, sugar cane syrup and rice. Other important crops are corn, sweet potatoes and pecans. Cotton is grown extensively. The State ranks high in lumber production.

There are rich sulphur mines; also four of the largest salt mines in the world. The output of petroleum and natural gas is large.

Discovered (1528) by the Spanish explorer Narvaex, the history of Louisiana divides into two major periods-the colonial, extending from the first attempts at colonization (about 1712, to the cession in 1803) and the American from the latter date to the present time. The colonial period comprises the French domination, down to 1769; the Spanish domination, (1769-1803); and a brief period of French rule in the latter year.

La Salle claimed the territory in the name of France (1682) and attempted colonization (1687)

The actual room in which final terms of the transfer of Louisiana to the United States were made still exists. It is called the "Sala Capitular" and is the main, or largest, chamber in the Cabildo,

of

in New Orleans. The Cabildo, former seat government and later of justice, now is owned by the State. and in it repose archives and historical treasures of the State. The Cabildo, the Presbytere, and the Lower Pontalba building, also owned by the State, are units of the State Museum.

Jean Baptiste Lemoine Bienville, some twenty years after his brother, Iberville, a French naval officer, discovered the Mississippi river (March 2, 1699), founded New Orleans, the first settlement in Louisiana proper, although some time previously, with the aid of Le Blonde de la Tour, he settled a number of Canadians on the site. Under de la Tour's supervision the city of New Orleans took shape. A church and houses were built, levees thrown up and ditches made, and a great canal dug in the rear for drainage. Bienville arrived and took his residence there (Aug. 1722). The Louisiana colony received new inhabitants and new strength from John Law's settlers. There were Indian wars. Slaves were introduced and the Black Code formulated.

A hospital was established (1799). A humble French sailor, Jean Louis, left his savings to establish a center of medical attention for the poor. This hospital still exists in New Orleans. It is Charity Hospital, one of the largest institutions of its kind in the world. It is owned and administered by the State.

The world famous and colorful New Orleans Mardi Gras, which attracts thousands of tourists. occurs annually on the day preceding Ash Wednesday.

Unzaga was governor of Louisiana during the early years of the American Revolution against England and through this Spanish colony passed much contraband to the American colonies. Unzaga was succeeded by Galvez, during whose administration Spain declared war upon England, siding with the American colonies and France. Galvez distinguished himself by capturing Baton Rouge from the British. A major fire started (Good Friday, 1788) in New Orleans, destroying

most of the city. The rebuilt city followed the Spanish trend in architecture. Of the French built residences, escaping the fire, the most notable is that made famous by George W. Cable, in "Madame John's Legacy."

The Revolution and Reign of Terror in France (1789-1791) was followed by no less bloody occurrences in France's West Indian holdings, and many refugees from Haiti and Santo Domingo settled in Louisiana.

Not the least picturesque of those who fought under the American flag at the Battle of New Orleans (Jan. 8, 1814) was Jean Lafitte, the pirate, and his crew. Lafitte, upon whose head a price had been set by Louisiana authorities, spurned

British gold offered to him to guide warships to within striking distance of New Orleans. Jackson. the Tennesseans, Kentuckians, Creoles and pirates won a great victory at Chalmette, when they turned back the tide of Red Coats-men who had won with Wellington at Waterloo. Pakenham, an English general, fell fatally wounded on the battlefield. His body was sent back to England embalmed in a cask of rum.

There are several institutions of higher learning including Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge: Tulane University and Loyola University (R. C.), New Orleans, and, for negroes, Southern University in Scotlandville, Dillard University and Xavier University, both in New Orleans.

Maine

Capital, Augusta-Pine Tree State-State Flower, White Pine Cone and Tassel-Motto: Dirigo (I Direct)-Area, 33,215 sq. mi.; rank, 38th-Population, 847,226; rank, 35th. Maine, in New England, northeasternmost State. is bounded on the north by Quebec, Canada, on the east by New Brunswick, Canada, and the Bay of Fundy, on the south by the Atlantic, and on the west by New Hampshire and Quebec.

ash, and basswood or linden. Maine leads the

West Quoddy Head, long. 66° 56' 48", is the extreme eastern point of the United States and Maine's northernmost point is lat. 47° 27' 33". Eastport is the easternmost city in the United States.

Maine is heavily wooded, mostly with coniferous trees, is of broken topography, rising to mountainous elevations in the northwest, Mount Katahdin, 5,273 ft., being the highest point, and slopes in broken form toward the coast, which is rugged, tortuous, picturesque and indented with many harbors. There are ten mountains more than 4,000 ft. high and hundreds more than 2,000 ft. Mount Katahdin, situated approximately in the geographical center of the State, is the first spot In the United States to greet the rising sun.

Maine's waters abound in fish, its forests in wild animals, and it has a climate rather intensely cold in winter but beneficent in summer. It has 2,465 lakes and twice as many rivers and streams comprising one-tenth of its surface. Moosehead Lake (35 miles long and two to ten miles wide) is the largest body of fresh water entirely within the borders of a single state. There are five large rivers-Androscoggin, Kennebec, Penobscot. St. John and St. Croix. The coastline is 2,486 miles long. Maine has 1,300 wooded islands, one, Mount Desert, of 60,000 acres, on which is Acadia National Park and a notable summer colony.

The deer is by far the most important game animal in the State. There is much grouse-shooting. The black bear is pretty much at home in Maine, as well as numerous other fur-bearing animals.

The chief crop is the potato, and its home county is Aroostook, up north. As many as 55 million bushels are grown some years. Other crops are hay, oats, buckwheat, apples. Poultry flourish, also blueberries. The fisheries are of great importance. Granite is quarried to pave streets and build houses all over the North Atlantic coast.

Lumber is the principal manufactured product and Maine forests provide much white pine, spruce, hemlock, balsam, birch, cedar, oak, maple, beech,

nation in the production of pulp and paper. Along the rivers are many water power motived textile, tanning, oilcloth, boots and shoes, canning, flour and machinery works.

The coast of Maine, like every other boldly beautiful coast region in the world whose origin is non-volcanic, has been formed by the flooding of an old and water-worn land surface, which has turned its heights into islands and headlands, its stream courses into arms and reaches of the sea, its broader valleys into bays and gulfs.

At the center of this coast there stretches an archipelago of islands and island-sheltered waterways and lakelike bays, and at its northern end, with its mountainous uplift, lies Mount Desert Island, whereon the national park is located. Ultimately it is intended that the park shall be extended to other islands in this archipelago and points upon the coast, and become, ultilizing these landlocked ocean waters with their limitless recreational opportunities, no less a marine park than a land park.

Mount Desert Island was discovered by Champlain (Sept. 1604) 16 years and over before the arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers at Cape Cod. He had come out the previous spring with the Sieur de Monts, a Huguenot gentleman, a soldier, and the governor of a Huguenot city of refuge in southwestern France, to whom Henry IV"le grand roi"-had intrusted, the December previous, establishment of the French dominion in America.

Maine was visited by Sebastian Cabot (1496) and settled by Popham colonists (1607) at the mouth of the Kennebec river. It was the first region in the United States to build a church; the first to build a blockhouse and the first to build a shipthe Virginia constructed at the mouth of the Kennebec (1607). The first chartered city in America was founded by Sir Ferdinando Gorges (1641) in the present town of York and called Gorgeanna. The first naval engagement of the Revolutionary War was fought off Machias. Off Monhegan Island was fought the historic battle between the Enterprise and Boxer in the War of 1812.

The University of Maine in Orono; Bowdoin College in Brunswick; Bates College in Lewiston and Colby College in Waterville are institutions of higher learning.

Maryland

Capital, Annapolis-Cockade State, also Old Line State-State Flower, Blackeyed Susan-Motto: Fatti Maschii Parole Femine (Manly Deeds and Womanly Words)-Area, 10,577 sq. mi.; rank, 41st-Population, 1,821,244; rank, 28th.

Maryland, a South Atlantic border State, is one of the Original Thirteen, and is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania, on the east by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south and west by Virginia and West Virginia. It is penetrated from the south by Chesapeake Bay, a wide arm of the Atlantic, and an important channel of water-borne commerce which has made Baltimore a great seaport. The Potomac River, which flows along the southwestern boundary, is also important in commerce. The topography is varied, low and flat in the portions toward the ocean, and rising to mountain levels in the western sections. Great Backbone Mountain, 3,340 feet, is the highest point. The State is distinctly separated by the bay into Eastern and Western shore parts, each having soeial and industrial individuality.

The original charter for Maryland was granted (1634) to Cecelius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, and the first settlement was made at St. Mary's. It was named after Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I of England.

Baltimore, the chief city, is a ranking foreign trade port.

The State produces pig iron, coal and coke, clay and asbestos. Important agricultural products are tobacco, wheat, corn, hay and potatoes. Maryland packs more tomatoes than any other State in the Union, amounting to approximately 35% of all tomatoes put up in the United States.

Maryland and Massachusetts are the only two states with Capitol buildings dating from before the Revolution. The present building is the third on the same site. The first (built in 1697) was destroyed by fire, and the second (built in 1704) was torn down to make room for the present structure.

Fort McHenry National Park borders the water front of Baltimore. It contains 47 acres, approximately five of which are covered by the fort. During the American Revolution Baltimore was an important naval center. A battery of 18 guns was erected (Spring of 1776) on Whetstone Point to guard the entrance to its harbor. This was the beginning of Fort McHenry. The depredations of

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