Board, National Academy of Sciences and American Pharmaceutical Association. The Interior Department occupies three squares between C and F. 18th and 19th, Streets. Framing the White Lot (south of the White House) are the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the Red Cross group, the Daughters of the American Revolution Continental Memorial Hall and Auditorium, and the PanAmerican. These activities, belonging to the cultural side of Washington life, are supplemented by the Freer Gallery of Far Eastern Art and the Folger Shakespeare Library, each supreme in its field; the Phillips Gallery (still in embryo). Leadership, of course, belongs to the Library of Congress (embracing the Coolidge Concerts and the Pennell collection of etchings) and to the Smithsonian and the Carnegie Institutions. tional Gallery of Art, under the shadow of the The NaCapitol dome, represents the thought and generosity of Mr. Mellon, who gave not only the building (longer than the Capitol itself) but also a collection of pictures and sculpture ranking with the world's best, and an endowment for increase. The gallery was designed by the late John Russell Pope. Congress created (1910) the National Commission of Fine Arts (composed of seven members appointed by the President) to advise the President, executive officers and committees of Congress on matters pertaining to the fine arts. Under the chairmanship of D. H. Burnham, Daniel Chester French and (for 22 years) Charles Moore, such advice has guided the development of the McMillan Plan. Congress also has provided for future planning and park purchases by the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, and has placed the administration of capital parks with the National Park Service.

Across the Potomac, reached by the Key and the new Memorial Bridge (2,138 ft. long), is the Arlington National Cemetery.

Washington streets are exceptionally well shaded. Rock Creek Park is noted for its natural beauties. The Zoological Garden is being developed and a

National Arboretum comprising fully 400 acres nas been begun.

Educationally, the District of Columbia has an excellent school system. The higher institutions include George Washington University, Georgetown University, Catholic University of America, Trinity College (for women); American University (Methodist), Howard University (Negro), Gallaudet College (deaf and dumb), besides junior colleges for young women and many technical schools. Ford's Theater, in which President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (April 14, 1865) is as immediately taken over by the government and is now a Lincoln Museum. Across Tenth Street is the house in which Lincoln died, now used as a memorial. It and the old theater contain the Oldby the Government (1926). royd collection of Lincoln memoriabilia purchased

The Mount Vernon Memorial Highway begins at the Arlington Memorial Bridge, on Columbia Island, and extends approximately 15 miles along the Virginia shore of the Potomac to the Mount Vernon Estate.

Winding through Virginia countryside and affording vistas of the Potomac, this highway passes many places of historic interest. The ruins of Abingdon, originally the home of the Alexander family, for whom the city of Alexandria was named, and also the birthplace of Nelly Custis. Martha Washington's grand-daughter, overlook the highway and the Potomac at the highest point between Washington and Alexandria.

In Alexandria the highway passes Christ Church, where Washington and Lee worshipped, and many other places of historic and patriotic interest. Below Alexandria the highway passes Wellington, the former home of Tobias Lear, secretary to the first President, and Fort Hunt, one of the Civil War defenses of the National Capital, now vacated and to be developed as a park. Across the Potomac is Fort Washington, designed by L'Enfant and still an active military reservation.

Florida, a South Atlantic State, discovered (Easter Sunday, March 27, 1513) by the Spaniard, Ponce de Leon, in his search for the "fountain of perpetual youth," is the southeasternmost point of the United States, bounded on the north by Georgia and Alabama, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Straits of Florida, and on the west by the Gulf of Mexico and Alabama.

Florida is of coral formation, with no high elevations, and in the southern part are vast swamps, the Everglades, which are being drained and provided with roads to make available large potential agricultural wealth. The drainage district embraces 4,927,759 acres, of which one-quarter is owned by the State and is valued at $105,000,000. The State has about 5,450,000 acres of original pine forests and large forests of second growth pine. From them comes about one-fourth of the national supply of naval stores. Coastwise, the vegetation is sub-tropical, and in the interior is a coniferous tree-clad, sandy region where citrus fruits have been developed. The State leads in the production of grapefruit. Tobacco, rice, maize, oats and peas are grown.

A present and future source of great wealth are the natural deposits of phosphate rock, of which in pre-war times more than 1,000,000 tons were exported for foreign use as land fertilizer. Fullers earth, stone, lime, kaolin are other minerals of importance. The raising of graded cattle is a growing industry on the West Coast.

Congress authorized (May 14, 1934) the establishment of a tropical National Park in the Everglades upon donation to the Federal Government of the necessary lands. The park borders the Gulf of Mexico from the Tamiami Trail on the north to Cape Sable, which is 350 miles further south than Cairo, Egypt, and covers 2,500 square miles, being twice the size of Rhode Island.

Indians, remnants of the Seminole nation, have their towns in the remote fastnesses of the Everglades. They did not always live in this section but were driven here from their homes in North Florida at the close of the Seminole War. Refusing to surrender, they retreated into these wilds, where the soldiers could not find them. They have never formally submitted to the government and continue to live under their own tribal laws. Their diet consists almost entirely of fish and game.

St. Augustine, the oldest city of European origin in the United States, was founded (1565). It has

changed hands 13 times and has floated the Spanish, French, British, Confederate and American flags.

Among the higher institutions of learning are the Women, Tallahassee; the University of Miami, MiUniversity of Florida, Gainesville; State College for ami, and the University of Tampa, Tampa.

Palm Beach, 300 miles south of Jacksonville, has long been a famous resort for American and foreign wealth and fashion. Miami is built on the site of old Fort Dallas (established 1836). Beginning from almost nothing (1896) Miami has risen to a position of leadership in resort life and as the commercial center of southeastern Florida.

Marine Studios, at Marineland presents a display of marine life in the only oceanarium in the world. Through more than 200 portholes life in the undersea world is viewed. Action is continuous with feeding time every morning and afternoon when the porpoises and fish are fed by hand. The oceanarium is open daily from 8:30 A. M. until sunset. Marineland, occupying a mile on the Atlantic oceanfront, was constructed at a cost of $1,000,000, and is 18 miles south of St. Augustine and 35 miles north of Daytona Beach on Ocean Shore Boulevard, Florida Route No. 140.

The two venerable strongholds, Fort Marion (Castle San Marcos) and Fort Matanzas, on the Matanzas River in Florida, were declared national monuments by Presidential proclamation (Oct. 15, 1924). Built by the Spanish, they are impressive memorials of the momentous epoch when European nations were struggling mightily for empire in the New World. These forts, constructed of coquina, a native material of sea shells which Nature has cemented together, have withstood for generations the effects of wind and weather.

Fort Marion-This fort, the oldest defensive work still standing in the United States, was begun by the Spanish (1672) as a protection to the town of St. Augustine. Containing four bastions, it is a symmetrically shaped structure of the type perfected by Vauban, the great French military engineer. Its massive ramparts are from 9 to 12 feet thick. Surrounded by a moat 40 feet wide, its only entrance is across a drawbridge. Beautifully arched casements and carved cornices attest the artistic taste and skill of the Spanish builders. Besides living quarters for the garrison, the fort contains a council room, storerooms, a chapel, a chamber of justice, and dungeons. In one of the dungeons Osceola, the Seminole chief whose name is con

spicuous in the tragic history of his people, once was imprisoned. Nearly all of the rooms open on the court, which is about 100 feet square.

Fort Matanzas-Situated about 16 miles south of Fort Marion, Fort Matanzas guarded the South Inlet of the Matanzas River. It is a small fort, about 40 feet square, situated on Rattlesnake Island. Having no moat, it could be entered only by the use of a ladder. The word Matanazas means bloody. The fort takes its name from a gruesome event which occurred in the vicinity (1565) when the Spanish slew some 300 French Huguenots. Fort Matanzas can be reached by boat from Fort Marion or by the Ocean Shore Boulevard to Matanzas Inlet and thence by ferry.

Fort Jefferson-This fort is a hexagonal structure, fully bastioned, with walls 425 feet long. rising 60 feet from a surrounding moat. It is situ

ated about 70 miles due west of Key West, Fla., on Garden Key of the Dry Tortugas Islands and can be reached by boat or plane. Fort Jefferson was declared (Jan. 4, 1935) a national monument by Presidential proclamation.

The Tortugas were discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon on his Florida voyage (1513) and were so named because of the many turtles in that vicinity. In colonial days these islands were the lair of buecaneers and pirates. In later years the strategic location of the Tortugas group became apparent, and Fort Jefferson was planned as the key to American defense in the Gulf of Mexico. Work on the fort started (1846) but progressed so slowly that at the outbreak of the Civil War it was scarcely defensible. It was garrisoned for the first time (Jan. 1861) with a force of 66 Federal troops. Union forces continued to hold it during the war.

Georgia, of the South Atlantic group, was one of the Thirteen Original States. It is bounded on the north by Tennessee, North Carolina and South Carolina, on the east by South Carolina and the Atlantic, on the south by Florida, and on the west by Alabama. It is the largest State east of the Mississippi River and contains the largest area of woodland-23,800,000 acres.

The topography of Georgia is varied with a mountainous region in the north and northwest which is interspersed with wide fertile valleys. Some of the Blue Ridge Mountains exceed 3.000 feet. The most important river is the Savannah, but there are several lesser streams suited to navigation.

Agriculture is important. The chief crops are cotton, peanuts, tobacco, corn, peaches, rice, sweet potatoes, sugar cane syrup. Georgia is the largest producer of sea-island cotton, and is rapidly approaching Louisiana as chief producer of sugar cane syrup.

The State grazes a million cattle, and raises as many swine.

The lumber cut is mostly pine, from which come resin and turpentine. Georgia supplies more than one half of the United States production of naval stores and Savannah is the world's largest market for such goods.

The minerais produced in Georgia in order of value are as follows: kaolin, clay products, granite, marble, Portland cement, Fullers earth, limestone, barites, sand and gravel, manganese, coal, talc, bauxite, gold and silver and mica.

Georgia is the largest producer of kaolin for use as a paper and china clay in the United States. In addition, Georgia ranks first among the States in the production of Fullers earth, second in the production of barite and manganese and manganiferous iron ore, and third in the production of bauxite and micaceous minerals.

Transportation is highly developed, with abundant rail lines and large ocean shipping in and out from Savannah, chief port. Vessels up to 32 feet draft are accommodated at high tide across the bar, and up to 26 feet at all times.

The Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, the University of Georgia (founded in 1785) in Athens, Emory University, Atlanta, and Atlanta University (for negroes) in Atlanta, are institutions for higher education.

At Warm Springs is a sanitarium for the treatment of sufferers from infantile paralysis. It was here that Franklin D. Roosevelt was restored to health following his attack of poliomyelitis.

Fort Pulaski, on Cockspur Island, at the mouth of the Savannah River, is a national monument. It was constructed for coast defense by the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century. Near the fort is a wooded park in which are many varieties of birds and subtropical plants. In the past 200 years three forts have been built on this Island. Fort George, a small block structure, was erected (1761) by the Colonial Government. It was partially destroyed by storms, and completely dismantled (1776) by American patriots when the British fleet approached. New defenses were needed and the United States (1794) erected Fort Green. The life of this fort was short, for the great hurricane (1804) swept away its batteries and barracks. The present structure (begun in 1829) was named Fort Pulaski in honor of the Polish hero, Count Casimir Pulaski, who fought in the American Revolution and was mortally wounded at the battle of Savannah (1779).

Gen. Simon Bernard, who at one time had been Napoleon's chief engineer, made a preliminary survey of the island (1827) and work was begun on Fort Pulaski two years later. Robert E. Lee's first appointment after his graduation from West Point was to this post. Approximately one million dollars was spent on the construction of the fort. The completed fort is a five-sided brick work, 1,580 feet in circumference, enclosing a parade ground 22 acres in extent, and designed to mount 140 guns in two tiers, one in the casemates or bomb proof chambers, the other on the open platform on top of the fort. Its solid brick walls, from 7 to 11 feet thick and 32 feet high, are surrounded by a wide moat crossed by drawbridges.

Georgia was visited by De Soto (1540). It was a part of the tract of land granted to the lords proprietors of Carolina (1663 and 1665); received a provincial charter (1719), and became an independent colony (1732) under James Oglethorpe. who founded it as a refuge for poor debtors from England. Georgia ratified the Confederate constitution (March, 1861), and was the scene of much bloodshed during the Civil War. It was at Irwinville that Jefferson Davis was captured (May 10, 1885). The State was readmitted to the Union (July, 1870).

Its topography is mountainous, with broad level plateaus. Altitudes range from 700 feet to Mount Borah (12,665 feet) in the Sawtooths, the highest peak in the State. More like the Sahara Desert than Idaho is an area of sand dunes west of St. Anthony. These dunes, of pure white sand, range in height from 10 to 100 feet. The Snake River drains the State to the Columbia River, twisting northward through Hells Canyon which averages 5,510 feet for over 40 miles. At one point the canyon is 7,900 feet deep, a mile and a half from rim to river, which considerably exceeds the maximum depth (6,100 feet) of the Grand Canyon. is 10 miles from rim to rim at its widest point.

It

portant. The St. Joe, in the area of the largest stand of white pine in the United States, is the highest navigable river in the world. The climate is dry and stimulating.

There are a number of mountain ranges-Cabinet, Coeur d'Alene, Beaverhead and Bitter Root in the north; Salmon River, Sawtooth and Lost Rivers in the center of the State, and the Bear, Blackfoot and Snake River mountains in the southeast. The Snake or Shoshone River is noted for several waterfalls-the American, Shoshone and Salmon, and for a deep canyon.

Shoshone Falls-46 feet higher than Niagarapours its flood over a horseshoe-shaped rim and is called the "Niagara of the West." At night the spectacle is illuminated with floodlights. Twin Falls also attracts many visitors.

Other scenic attractions are Kaniksu, Pend Oreille and Coeur d'Alene lakes in the north and

Bear Lake in the southeastern corner. Lake Pend Oreille is one of the largest freshwater lakes wholly within the boundaries of the United States. It has a shore line of more than 500 miles and in places is 1,100 feet deep.

Idaho is undeveloped, having large mineral resources, and much land yet to be covered with irrigation waters. The Federal Reclamation Service has built several important irrigation projects, which are in addition to many private projects. About 4,000 Indians reside on the reservations in the State-in Coeur d'Alene, Bannock on Fort Hall and Duck Valley, and Nez Perces.

Agriculture is important, the farmers marketing wheat, hay, oats, barley, potatoes, beans, peas, sugar beets, apples and prunes, named in the order of importance. High-grade field and garden seed are raised and sold throughout the United States. Stock raising, particularly sheep, is an important industry. Much wool is shipped. Near Mesa are the largest individually-owned orchards in the world. Lumber, beet sugar, dairy products and flour are the chief manufactures.

Much metal is mined. The State ranks first in lead production and a close second in silver. Gold mining is rapidly gaining in importance. Idaho Territory was organized (March 3, 1863)

out of parts of Washington, Nebraska and North Dakota, with Lewiston the capital. It contained four counties, ten mining towns and 20,000 inhabitants. The territorial capital was moved to Boise (May, 1865).

Lewis and Clark led the parade of pioneers into Idaho. Fur traders and a few scattered missionaries constituted the sole white population until discovery of gold near Orofino (1860). Stirring rush days followed, equalled only when a burro accidentally brought about the lead-silver strike in the Coeur d'Alenes (1884). Towns sprang up overnight, and miners, lumberjacks, farmers swept over untouched forests. Silver was dis-. covered in the Coeur d'Alene country (1884). The old Oregon Trail, the nation's famous route of pioneer migration, enters Idaho from Wyoming on the southeast, and leaves the state at Weiser on the west. Motorists today follow in general the same trail when they travel over U. S. Route 30 and 30 N through fertile irrigated tracts where pioneers once prodded oxen over desert wastes. The University of Idaho is in Moscow, with a southern branch (junior college) in Pocatello, the College of Idaho is in Caldwell, Northwest Nazarene College in Nampa, and normal schools in Lewiston and Albion.

Illinois lies in the East North Central group, its northeastern corner touching Lake Michigan, the Mississippi River flowing along its western boundary line, the Ohio River along its southern end. It is bounded on the north by Wisconsin, on the east by Indiana, on the south by Kentucky and Missouri and on the west by Missouri and Iowa. It is intensely industrial, agricultural, and mining. and foremost in water and rail transportation.

Illinois is almost uniformly level, being situated in a glacial moraine, and is alluvial in all parts with a climate such as prevails in the whole of the Middle West. It is so level that a railway possesses one precisely straight line 100 miles long in which scarcely a dirt cut was necessary-a vast prairie, once largely wooded, now with only 10 per cent of forest cover. Corn, wheat, oats, barley and rye are grown in large quantities. Other agricultural products are potatoes, hay, soy beans and wool. It is provided with remarkable mileage of riverways. The Mississippi in the west, and the Ohio and the Wabash in the southwest, provide a natural boundary for much of Illinois. The Illinois River is the principal intrastate river. An artificial waterway is the Chicago Drainage Canal, 40 miles from Chicago on Lake Michigan to Joliet on the Illinois River, an engineering device which supplies drainage out from the flat lake-coastal district around the city and the Chicago River, and reverses the natural tendency to drain into Lake Michigan. The canal has been extended from Lockport to the Illinois River at Starved Rock. and a 9-foot channel dredged in the river to the Mississippi. The waterway was built at a cost of $102,000,000.

Chicago is one of the greatest railway centers in the world. Traffic on the Great Lakes to and from Chicago has reached huge proportions. The bulk of the receipts are iron ore brought from the Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan mines to the great works of the United States Steel Corporation in Gary, Ind., a part of the Chicago Industrial Area.

Leading industries are wholesale meat packing, steel mills and blast furnaces, foundries and machine shops, petroleum refining, electric machinery factories, automobile plants, railroad car construction and repair shops, and agricultural implement factories. The printing and publishing plants are very important; also the clothing houses. Bituminous coal underlies more than half the area of Illinois which ranks third in soft coal output. Other minerals include petroleum, fluorspar, pig iron, primary zinc. The petroleum industry is rapidly expanding in the State.

The Chicago Board of Trade is the principal grain dealing exchange of the country.

Among the educational institutions are the University of Illinois in Urbana; the University of Chicago, Loyola University, in Chicago; Northwestern University, in Evanston; De Paul University, Chicago; Augustana College, Rock Island; Bradley Polytechnic Institute, Peoria; Knox College. Galesburg.

Tourists find a wealth of art centers in Chicago,

including the Field Museum and the Chicago Museum of Art, with many art schools.

There are numerous picturesque and historical sites in Illinois. Apple River Canyon, 250 feet deep and 160 feet wide, containing many caverns, is one of Illinois' most beautiful state park preserves. From the river bed rise rock walls richly colored with mineral deposits and dotted at intervals with the hazy mauves of lichen. Cave-in-Rock, on the Ohio river between Shawneetown and Golconda, annually attracts thousands of tourists. It has the appearance of a large crypt imbedded in solid rock. The mouth is an arched opening about 55 feet wide at the base and the body of the cave extends 160 feet into the rock, having an average width of 40 feet. The date of the discovery of the cavern by white men is unknown. The first mention of it may be found in the "History of New France" by Charlevoix (published 1744).

Springfield, aside from the fact that it is the capital of Illinois, is hallowed by the mark of Abraham Lincoln. To this city he went as a young man. His farewell address was delivered from the platform of a train at Springfield (1861). In the legislative session (1837), held in Vandalia, then the capital of Illinois, it was Abraham Lincoln, a rising young lawyer, who led the fight to move the capital to Springfield. The bill proposing the move was passed (July 4, 1837) and the cornerstone of a new State Capitol was laid.

The building still stands on the square, but is used now as the Sangamon County Court House because 27 years after its erection it was found inadequate and the present Capitol was built. The old court house, now dwarfed by its modern neighbors, is rich in Lincoln associations. In addition to serving in the legislature Lincoln argued cases before the Supreme Court, then in the same building, and made frequent use of the State and Supreme Court libraries. In this building he first took issue with Stephen A. Douglas and here he made his famous "House divided against itself" speech. Here were his headquarters during the 1860 campaign for the Presidency, and here his body lay in state (May 4, 1865) before burial in Oak Ridge Cemetery.

The Lincoln tomb and monument in Oak Ridge Cemetery are about two miles due north of the Capitol. The Lincoln log cabin in Coles County, about a mile southeast of Farmington, is not to be confused with relics directly associated with Abraham Lincoln. The cabin, which is a reconstruction undertaken by the State, is the last home of Lincoln's father, Thomas Lincoln, and his stepmother, Sarah Bush Lincoln. The original cabin became the home of the elder Lincolns (about 1837). Prior to that time they had lived in at least two places in Coles County, first at a place known as Buck Grove, about three miles east of the present city of Mattoon, and later on a 40-acre farm a half mile south of Lerna. The total tract as finally deeded to Thomas Lincoln (1840) consisted of 120 acres; part of this had belonged to Mrs. Lincoln's son by her first marriage, John D. Johnston, and was purchased from him by Thomas Lincoln. Evidently the only building on these farm lands