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Congress, Presidential Message to

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Copyright, Congress to Provide.

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8 313

Acts, Records, Judicial Proceedings.
Amendments, Since Bill of Rights...
Amendments, 10 Original....
Appointments, President's Powers..
Apportionment, of Representatives.
Arms, Right to Bear, 2nd Amend.
Assembly, Right of People, 1st Amend
Attainder, Bills of, Prohibition.
Bail, Excessive, Prohibited, 8th Amend

Bill of Rights...

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315

19, 10313

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Child Labor Amendment, Proposed

Bankruptcy, Uniform Law.
Census, When to be Taken

Citizens, Privileges and Immunities
Citizens, Right to Vote, 15th Amend
Citizens, Rights Not to be Abridged,

14th Amend.

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316

Amend.

Ports, Preference Not to be Given
Post Offices, Post Roads, Congress to
Establish....

315 Powers Denied Congress.

316 Powers, Executive.

8313 Powers, Judicial.

2 312 Powers, Legislative.

318 Powers, Not Delegated, Reserved to

2 315 People, 10th Amend

317 Presents. From Foreign Powers, Prohibited..

317 President, Compensation.

8 313 President, Duties, Tenure, Qualifica18-10 313 tions...

323 President, Election of, 12th Amend 3314 President, Oath of..

312 President, Report on State of Nation

6 313 President, Succession, 20th Amend.

3 314 Press, Freedom of, 1st Amend.
318 Prohibition, 18th Amend

Prohibition Repeal, 21st Amend.

10 313 Property, Not to be Deprived of, 5th Amend..

1 6221

10 313

3 315 1 314

2 2 314 8 313

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315

Crimes, Parties Accused, 5th Amend. Crimes, Trial by Jury

316

Property, Private, Secure from Seizure, 4th Amend.

315

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Customs, Duties, Barred to States Customs, Duties, Congress May Impose District of Columbia, Seat of Government, Legislative Powers..

19, 10 313

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8 313

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18th Amendment (Prohibition)..

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318 Reconstruction Amendments..

12, 3 312 Records and Public Acts, State. 1314 Revenue, Bills to Originate in House. 316 Rights of Citizens, Protection, 5th 317 Amend.

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Electors, Presidential....

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1314 Rights, Not Delegated, Reserved, 10th Amend.

316

Electors, Qualifications, 14th Amend.

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Emancipation of Slaves, 13th, 14th Amend's

Exports, Duty by States Barred.

Rules, Each House to Determine Own 317 Search and Seizure, Security Against, 9 313 4th Amend..

313

315

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19, 10 313 8 313

Senate, Appointments.

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Senate,

Membership,

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Felonies, Provisions for Accused

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2 315

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Senate, Popular Election, 17th Amend

316 Senate, Vacancies in Filling, 17th Amend. 315 Senators, Compensation of..

8 313 Senators, Powers of.

Senators, Qualifications..

4 315 Senators, Term of Office, 20th Amend. 315 Slavery Abolished, 13th Amend

316 Soldiers, Not to be Quartered Without Consent, 3rd Amend..

2 314 Speaker of House, How to Choose. 12. 3 312 Speech, Freedom of, 1st Amend.

4 314 States, Formation and Admission of 10 313

New..

Suffrage, 19th Amend

317 Supreme Court, Powers, Tenure, Compensation.

318 Tax, Direct, in Proportion to Census. Tax, Income, Power to Lay and College, 16th Amend

2 2 314 Taxes, Congress, Power to Levy and 62, 3 315

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9 313

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Collect...

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Regulate.

1314 Territories and Possessions, Rule to 1 314

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Jury, Speedy and Public Trials.

Jury Trials, 7th Amend..

316

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Title of Nobility, Bar Against...

314

Laws, Congress, Powers to Make

Laws, President to See Faithful Execu

tion..

Legislative Powers.

Loans, Congress to Make.

Marque and Reprisal, Congress May Grant Letters of

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Militia, Calling Forth of.

Militia, Commander of.

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8 313 Vacancies, How Filled in Representa313

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2 314 Veto, President Has Power

1 7 313

Militia, Right of States to Maintain, 2nd Amend..

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8 313

9 313 Vice President, Term of Office, 20th

8 313 War, Congress Has Power to Declare. Weights and Measures, Congress to Fix Standards..

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Forms of Address for Persons of Rank

Source: An Official of the United

The President of the United States is usually, and properly, spoken to as "Mr. President"; in writing to him, "My dear Mr. President" is good usage, and so is "Dear Mr. President, if the writer is a friend or is of prominence in affairs. Otherwise the chief executive to be addressed more formally "The President, The White House" or "The Honorable Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States." All diplomatic letters from foreign sources style the President, "Excellency." The use of Excellency" in addressing American officials is not in accord with American custom.

A member of the American Cabinet may be addressed as "My dear Mr. Secretary''; the head of a bureau may be written to as "My dear Mr. Commissioner."

A member of the upper branch of the Congress may be addressed as "My dear Senator (so and so)", or "My dear Senator." A member of the lower branch may be written to as "My dear Mr. (so and so)."

The salutation for a member of the Supreme Court of the United States is "My dear Mr. Justice," the address is "Mr. Justice (so and so), The Supreme Court." The Chief Justice is "My dear Mr. Chief Justice," the address is "The Chief Justice, The Supreme Court." All judges, Federal, State, Municipal are "The Honorable."

Governors and Mayors are "The Honorable" and so are the heads of departments.

In addressing doctors and professors the complimentary title "Doctor" or "Esquire" is generally omitted, the initials of the professional degree(s) being placed after the name instead, as, "John Jones, LL.D., Ph.D.," or "John Jones, M.D." The salutation is "My dear Dr. Jones."

States Department of State

An Emperor is to be addressed in a letter as "Sir," or "Your Imperial Majesty."

A King or Queen is to be addressed, in a letter, as "Sir" or "Madam." The envelope is addressed to "His Majesty (Name), King of (Name)," or "Her Majesty (Name), Queen of (Name)." Princes and Princesses and other persons of royal blood are addressed as "His (or Her) Royal Highness." Here, as in the cases above, a letter may begin "May it please," following with the words Your Majesty" or "Your Royal Highness." A Duke or Marquis is "My Lord Duke" (or Marquis"), a Duke is "His (or Your) Grace."

A foreign Ambassador is "Your Excellency." A Minister Plenipotentiary is "Sir." In the address an Ambassador is "His Excellency," a Minister Plenipotentiary "The Honorable,' and Chargé d'Affaires is "Mr."

Wives of any peer may be addressed as Madam," with the further alternative of "Your Ladyship,' or "Your Grace," if she is of high rank.

The Pope is addressed, "His Holiness The Pope" or, "His Holiness Pius XII, Vatican City." The salutation is "Your Holiness" and the complimentary close, "Respectfully yours.".

A Cardinal' is "Your (His) Eminence." An Archbishop or Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church is addressed as "The Most Reverend" and the salutation is "Your Excellency" or "Most Reverend Sir." Protestant Bishops are addressed. "The Most Reverend" or "The Right Reverend" or "The Very Reverend" and the salutation is "Most Reverend Sir" or "Right Reverend Sir" or "Rev. erend Sir" or "My dear Bishop."

Justices of the United States Supreme Court

Name

Chief Justices in Italics

John Jay, N. Y
John Rutledge, S. C.
William Cushing, Mass.
James Wilson, Pa.
John Blair, Va.

Robert H. Harrison, Md.

James Iredell, N. C.
Thomas Johnson, Md..
William Paterson, N. J.
John Rutledge, S. C.
Samuel Chase, Md
Oltrer Ellsworth, Conn
Bushrod Washington, Va
Alfred Moore, N. C.
John Marshall, Va..
William Johnson, S. C.
Brockholst Livingston, N. Y.
Thomas Todd, Ky
Joseph Story, Mass
Gabriel Duval, Md
Smith Thompson, N. Y
Robert Trimble, Ky
John McLean, Ohio.
Henry Baldwin, Pa
James M. Wayne, Ga.
Roger B. Taney, Md.
Philip P. Barbour, Va
John Catron, Tenn.
John McKinley, Ala.
Peter V. Daniel, Va
Samuel Nelson, N. Y.
Levi Woodbury, N. H
Robert C. Grier, Pa
Benj. R. Curtis, Mass
John A. Campbell, Ala.
Nathan Clifford, Me.
Noah H. Swayne, Ohio..
Samuel F. Miller, Iowa.
David Davis, Ill

Stephen J. Field, Cal

Salmon P. Chase, Ohio.

William Strong, Pa..

Ward Hunt, N. Y

*Retired.

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1790-1799]

11745 1790
91751 1799

1791-1793 2 1732 1819 1793-1806 13 1745 1806 1795-1796 1739 1800 1796-1811 15 1741 1811 1796-1799 4 1745 1807 1798-1829 31 1762 1829 1799-1804 51755 1810 1801-1835 34 1755 1835 1804-1834 30 1771 1834 1806-1823 17 1757 1823 1807-1826 19 1765 1826 1811-1845 34 1779 1845 1811-1836 25 1752 1844 1823-1843 20 1767 1843 1826-1828 21777 1828 1829-1861 32 1785 1861 1830-1846 14 1779 1844 1835-1867 32 1790 1867 1836-1864 28 1777 1864 1836-1841 5 1783 1841 1837-1865 28 1786 1865 1837-1852 15 1780 1852 1841-1860 19 1785 1860 1845-1872 27 1792 1873 1845-1851 61789 1851 1846-1870 24 1794 1870 1851-1857 6 1809 1874 1853-1861 81811 1889 1858-1881 23 1803 1881 1862-1881 20 1804 1884 1862-1890 28 1816 1890 1862-1877 15 1815 1886 1863-1897 34 1816 1899 1864-1873 91808 1873 1870-1880 10 1808 1895

Joseph P. Bradley, N. J.. 1870-1892 22 1813 1892

1873-1882 10 1811 1886

1888-1893

5 1825 1893 1888-1910 22 1833 1910 1889-1910 21 1837 1910 1890-1906 16 1836 1913 1892-1903 11 1832 1924

Samuel Blatchford, N. Y. 1882-1893
Lucius Q. C. Lamar, Miss.
Melville W. Fuller, III.
David J. Brewer, Kan.
Henry B. Brown, Mich.
George Shiras, Jr., Pa..
Howell E. Jackson, Tenn.. 1893-1895
Edward D. White, La. 1894-1910

1910-1914
1910-1916
1911-1937
1910-1916
1910-1921
1912-1922
1914-1941
1916-1939
1916-1922
1921-1930
1922-1938
1922-1939
1923-1930)
1925-1941
1930-1941
1930-
1932-1938

Rufus W. Peckham, N. Y. 1895-1910
Joseph McKenna, Cal... 1898-1904
Oliver W. Holmes, Mass.. 1902-1932
William R. Day, Ohio 1903-1922
William H. Moody, Mass. 1906-1910
Horace H. Lurton, Tenn.
Charles E. Hughes, N. Y
Willis Van Devanter, Wy.
Joseph R. Lamar, Ga..
Edward D. White, La.
Mahlon Pitney, N. J
Jas. C. McReynolds, Tenn.
*Louis D. Brandeis, Mass.
John H. Clarke, Ohio.
William H. Taft, Conn
*George Sutherland, Utah
Pierce Butler, Minn
Edward T. Sanford, Tenn.
Harlan F. Stone, N. Y..
Charles E. Hughes, N. Y.
Owen J. Roberts, Penn.
Benjamin N. Cardozo, N.Y.
Hugo L. Black, Ala.
Stanley F. Reed, Ky.
Felix Frankfurter. Mass.
William O. Douglas, Conn
Frank Murphy, Michigan
Harlan F. Stone, N. Y..
James F. Byrnes, S. C.

1937

2 1832 1895 16 1845 1921 14 1838 1909

27 1843 1926
29 1841 1935
19 1849 1923
4 1853 1917
51844 1914
61862
26 1859 1941
6 1857 1916
11 1845 1921
12 1858 1924
26 1862
23 1856)

6 1857
91857 1930
16 1862
27 1866 1939
7 1865 1930
16 1872

11 1862 1875

6 1870 1938

1886

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Note-Robert H. Harrison, who is listed above as an Associate Justice of the Court, was nominated Sept. 24, 1789; confirmed by the Senate, September 26, 1789; and commissioned September 28, 1789. There is nothing affirmative to show that he ever accepted the commission or took the oath. Justice Iredell was nominated February 9, 1790. "vice Harrison, resigned".

Secretaries of State

The Department of Foreign Affairs was created by Act of Congress July 27, 1789, and the name changed to Department of State on Sept. 15. Thomas Jefferson, then Minister to France, was appointed Secretary of State by President Washington Sept. 26, and took office March 21, 1790. John Jay, who had held the office of Secretary for Foreign Affairs since his appointment by the Ninth Continental Congress in March 1784, in place of Robert R. Livingston (appointed Jan. 1781), left it in September, 1789, when the U. S. Supreme Court was established with him as Chief Justice.

The Secretary of State is charged, under the direction of the President, with the duties appertaining to correspondence with the public ministers and the consuls of the U. S. and with the representatives of foreign powers accredited to the U. S., and to negotiations of whatever character relating to the foreign affairs of the United States.

Reciprocal trade treaties between the American and other governments have been a feature of the activities of the Department of State in the recent years.

He is the medium of correspondence between the President and the chief executives of the several States of the U. S.; he has the custody of the great seal of the U. S., and countersigns and affixes such seal to all Executives' proclamations, to various commissions, and to warrants for the extradition of fugitives.

He is the custodian of the treaties made with foreign States, and of the laws of the U.S. He grants and issues passports, and exequaturs to foreign consuls in the U. S. are issued through his office. He publishes the laws and resolutions of Congress, amendments to the Constitution, and proclamations declaring the admission of new States into the Union.

Limitations of armament on war ships and the size of those ships have been the subjects of treaties and conventions. The civil war in Spain, the conflict between Japan and China, and between Germany and Poland; the latter backed by Britain and France have kept the Secretary of State busy.

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The Navy Department was created by Act of Congress April 30, 1798, which made the Secretary a member of the Cabinet. President Adams appointed Benjamin Stoddert to the part May 3.

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1897

William R. Day.

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Elihu Root.

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Robert Bacon.

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Taft.

Philander C. Knox..

Pa.

1909

Wilson.

William J. Bryan.

Neb.

1913

Robert Lansing.

N. Y.

1915

Bainbridge Colby.

1920

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Secretaries of the Treasury

The Second Continental Congress on July 29, 1775, appointed Michael Hillegas and George Clymer,
Esqs., as "joint treasurers of the United Colonies." Francis Hopkinson was elected Treasurer of Loans
July 27, 1778. Robert Morris was appointed Superintendent of Finances by the Seventh Continental
Congress on Feb. 20, 1781. The Treasury Department was organized by Act of Congress on Sept. 2, 1789,
and President Washington commissioned Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury on Sept. 11.

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The Department of Agriculture was created by Act of Congress, May 15, 1862. On Feb. 8, 1889, its
Commissioner was renamed secretary of agriculture and became a member of the Cabinet.
The Secretary of Agriculture is charged with the work of promoting agriculture in its broadest sense.
He exercises general supervision and control over the affairs of the department and formulates and
establishes the general policies to be pursued by its various branches.

1920

1921 W.Va. 1924

Kan... 1925

Mo.. 1929

1933 1940

Postmasters-General

Benjamin Franklin had been Deputy Postmaster in America, (1737), and Postmaster General for the Colonies (1753) under the King until summarily dismissed by him Jan. 30, 1774. The Second Continental Congress created the Post Office Department with headquarters in Philadelphia and on July 26, 1776, elected Benjamin Franklin Postmaster-General for one year. On his sailing later for France as one of the Ambassadors, Richard Bache succeeded him on Nov. 7, 1776. Ebenezer Hazard was appointed Postmaster-General Jan. 28, 1782. Congress temporarily established the Post Office Department as a branch of the Treasury, on Sept. 22, 1789. and Washington commissioned Samuel Osgood PostmasterGeneral on Sept. 26. The Postmaster-General was made a member of the Cabinet March 9, 1829. Date Date Cabinet Officers Resi- Apde'ces pointed

Cabinet Officers Resi- Ap

Presidents

Presidents

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Attorneys-General

The office of Attorney-General was organized by Act of Congress Sept. 24, 1789. Washington appointed Edmund Randolph of Virginia, to the post. The Attorney-General was made a member of the Cabinet in 1814.

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Madison.

Monroe.

J. Q. Adams..
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1809

Hayes.

William Pinkney.. Md..
Richard Rush.... Pa.

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Charles Devens.. Mass..
Wayne MacVeagh. Pa....

1877

1881

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B. Harrison.

Wm. H. H. Miller Ind...

1889

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Van Buren..

1837

Felix Grundy Tenn.
Henry D. Gilpin.. Pa....

1838

Richard Olney...Mass..
Judson Harmon..Ohio.
Joseph McKenna. Cal...
John W. Griggs. N. J...
Philander C. Knox Pa...

1893

1895

1897

1898

1901

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W. H. Harrison.. John J. Crittenden Ky.

1841

Tyler..

1841

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John Y. Mason.. Va...

1845

Nathan Clifford.. Me...

1846

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1850

Caleb Cushing. Mass. 1853
Jeremiah S. Black Pa.... 1857
Edwin M. Stanton "
1860

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Edward Bates... Mo.... 1861
James Speed.. Ky.... 1864

Secretaries of Commerce and Labor

The Department of Commerce and Labor was created by Act of Congress Feb. 14, 1903, and its Secretary made a member of the Cabinet. This Department was divided by Act of Congress in 1913 into the Department of Commerce and the Department of Labor, and the Secretary of each was made a Cabinet member. T. Roosevelt...Geo. B. Cortelyou] N. Y.. 1903 T. Roosevelt... Oscar S. Straus...N. Y.. T. Roosevelt.. Victor H. Metcalf Cal.::

Hoover..
F. D. Roosevelt..

Harlan F. Stone..N. Y..
John G. Sargent.. Vt..
Wm. D. Mitchell. Minn.
Homers. Cummings Ct..
Frank Murphy..... Mich..
Robt. H. Jackson.. N. Y..
Francis Biddle..
Pa..

1924

1925

1929

1933

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