(Taken for Public Use Without Compensation.) No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other infamous crime unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law: nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

ARTICLE VI.

(Right to Speedy Trial, Witnesses, etc.)

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which districts shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

ARTICLE X.

ARTICLE XI.

(Judicial Powers Construed.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislature of the several States by the Third Congress on the 4th of March, 1794, and was declared to have been ratified in a message from the President to Congress, dated Jan. 8, 1798.

It was on Jan. 5, 1798, that Secretary of State Pickering received from 12 of the States authenticated ratifications, and informed President John Adams of that fact.

As a result of recent research in the Department of State, it is now established that the Eleventh Amendment became part of the Constitution on Feb. 7, 1795, for on that date it had been ratified by twelve States as follows:

(1) New York, (March 27, 1794); (2) Rhode Island, (March 31, 1794); (3) Connecticut, (May 8, 1794); (4) New Hampshire. (June 16, 1794); (5) Massachusetts, (June 25, 1794); (6) Vermont, (between Oct. 9, 1794 and Nov. 9, 1794); (7) Virginia, (Nov. 18, 1794); (8) Georgia, (Nov. 29, 1794); (9) Kentucky, (Dec. 7, 1794); (10) Maryland, (Dec. 26, 1794); (11) Delaware, Jan. 23, 1795); (12) North Carolina, (Feb. 7, 1795).

On June 1, 1796, more than a year after the Eleventh Amendment had become part of the Constitution (but before anyone was officially aware of this), Tennessee had been admitted as a State; but not until Oct. 16, 1797, was a certified copy of the resolution of Congress proposing the amendment sent to the Governor of Tennessee (John Sevier) by Secretary of State Pickering, whose office was then at Trenton, New Jersey, because of the epidemic of yellow fever at Philadelphia; it seems, however, that the Legislature of Tennessee took no action on the Eleventh Amendment, owing doubtless to the fact that public announcement of its adoption was made soon thereafter.

Besides the necessary twelve States, one other, South Carolina, ratified the Eleventh Amendment, but this action was not taken until Dec. 4. 1797; the two remaining States, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, failed to ratify.

The Eleventh Amendment is as follows: The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

ARTICLE XII.

(Manner of Choosing President and VicePresident.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Eighth Congress (Dec. 12, 1803), and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, (September 25, 1804). It was ratified by 12 of the 17 states, and was rejected by Connecticut. The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President. one of whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct list of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall

sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the VicePresident shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the VicePresident; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

TITLES OF NOBILITY

Congress, (May 1, 1810), proposed to the States the following Amendment to the Constitution: "If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honor, or shall, without the consent of Congress, accept and retain any present, pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under them or either of them."

It was ratified by Maryland, (Dec. 25, 1810); Kentucky, (Jan. 31, 1811); Ohio, (Jan. 31, 1811): Delaware, (Feb. 2, 1811); Pennsylvania, (Feb. 6, 1811); New Jersey, (Feb. 13, 1811); Vermont, (Oct. 24, 1811); Tennessee, (Nov. 21, 1811); Georgia, (Dec. 13, 1811); North Carolina, (Dec. 23, 1811); Massachusetts, (Feb. 27, 1812); New Hampshire, (Dec. 10, 1812).

Rejected by New York (Senate), (March 12, 1811); Connecticut, (May session, 1813); South Carolina approved by Senate Nov. 28, 1811, reported unfavorably in House and not further considered Dec. 7, 1813; Rhode Island, Sept. 15, 1814. The amendment failed, not having sufficient ratifications. TO PROHIBIT INTERFERING WITH SLAVERY, (The Corwin Amendment.) Congress, (March 2, 1861) in a joint resolution signed by President James Buchanan, proposed to the States the following Amendments to the Constitution:

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Thirtyeighth Congress (Jan. 31, 1865), and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State (Dec. 18, 1865.) It finally was ratified by 33 of the 36 States, and was rejected by Delaware (Feb. 8, 1865), ratified (Feb., 1901) and Mississippi.

The Amendment when first proposed by a resolution in Congress, was passed by the Senate, 38 to 6, on April 8, 1864, but was defeated in the House, 95 to 66 on June 15, 1864. On reconsideration by the Senate, on Jan. 31, 1865, the resolution passed, 119 to 56. It was approved by President Lincoln on Feb. 1, 1865, although the Supreme court had decided, in 1798, that the President has nothing to do with the proposing of amendments to the Constitution, or their adoption.

1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XIV.

(Citizenship Rights Not to Be Abridged.) The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Thirtyninth Congress (June 13, 1866), and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, (July 28, 1868). The amendment got the support of 23 Northern States: it was rejected by Delaware (Feb. 7, 1867), ratified (Feb.. 1901); Kentucky, Maryland, and 10 Southern States. California took no action. Subsequently it was ratified by the 10 Southern States.

The 14th amendment was adopted only by virtue of ratification subsequent to earlier rejections. Newly constituted legislatures in both North Carolina and South Carolina, respectively, (July 4 and 9, 1868) ratified the proposed amendment, although earlier legislatures had rejected the proposal. The Secretary of State issued a proclamation which, though doubtful as to the effect of attempted withdrawals by New York and New Jersey, entertained no doubt as to the validity of the ratification by North and South Carolina. The following day, (July 21, 1868) Congress passed a resolution which declared the 14th amendment to be a part of the Constitution and directed the Secretary of State so to promulgate it. The Secretary waited, however, until the newly constituted legislature of Georgia had ratified the amendment, subsequent to an earlier rejection, before the promulgation of the ratification of the new amendment.

1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Apportionment of Representatives in Congress. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to Vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the

any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Power of Congress to Remove Disabilities of United States Officials for Rebellion. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President or hold any office, civil or military. under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States. or as a member of any State Legislature or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

What Public Debts Are Valid.

4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection and rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article.

ARTICLE XV.

(Equal Rights for White and Colored Citizens.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Fortieth Congress (Feb. 26, 1869), and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, (March 30, 1870). It was ratified by 31 of the 37 States, and was rejected by California, Delaware (March 18,1869) ratified (Feb., 1901) and Kentucky. New York rescinded its ratification (Jan. 5, 1870). New Jersey rejected it in 1870, but ratified it in 1871.

1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

2. The Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of this article by appropriate legislation. ARTICLE XVI.

(Income Taxes Authorized.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-first Congress (July 12, 1909) and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, (Feb. 25, 1913). The amendment was ratified by 42 of the 48 States, and was rejected by Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah.

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever sources derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

ARTICLE XVII.

(United States Senators to Be Elected by Direct Popular Vote.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Sixtysecond Congress (May 16, 1912) and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, (May 31, 1913). The amendment was adopted by 37 of the 48 states, but was rejected by Utah.

1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by shall have one vote. The electors in each State the people thereof, for six years and each Senator shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislatures.

of any State in the Senate, the executive authority 2. When vacancies happen in the representation such vacancies: Provided, That the Legislature of of such State shall issue writs of election to fill make temporary appointment until the people fill any State may empower the Executive thereof to the vacancies by election as the Legislature may direct.

3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

ARTICLE XVIII

(Liquor Prohibition Amendment.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-fifth Congress, (Dec. 18, 1917), and (Jan. 29, 1919) the United States Secretary of State proclaimed its adoption by 36 States, and declared it in effect (Jan. 16, 1920).

The total vote in the Senates of the various States was, 1,310 for, 237 against--84.6% dry. In the lower houses of the States the vote was, 3,782 for, 1,035 against-78.5% dry.

The amendment ultimately was adopted by all the States except Connecticut and Rhode Island. 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

ARTICLE XIX.

(Giving Nation-Wide Suffrage to Women.) The following amendment was presented to the Legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-fifth Congress having been adopted by the House of Representatives (May 21, 1919) and by the Senate, (June 4, 1919.) The Secretary of State (Aug. 26, 1920) proclaimed it in effect, having been adopted (June 10, 1919-August 18, 1920) by three-quarters of the States. In West Virginia, despite Senate rules of procedure which forbade reconsideration of a measure during the sessions in which it was defeated, the Senate ratified the proposed 19th amendment, subsequent to a rejection in the same session. The amendment was rejected by Alabama, Maryland, and Virginia.

1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

2. Congress shall have power, by appropriate legislation, to enforce the provisions of this article.

ARTICLE XX.

(Terms of President and Vice-President to Begin on Jan. 20; Those of Senators and Representatives, on Jan. 3.)

The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Seventysecond Congress (March, 1932), a joint resolution to that effect having been adopted, first by the House, and then (March 2) by the Senate. The Secretary of State (Feb. 6, 1933) proclaimed it in effect, 39 of the 48 States having ratified. By Oct. 15, 1933, it had been ratified by all of the 48 States.

Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice-President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice-President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice-President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified;

The sources from which the Constitution of the United States was derived included the evolution of the British government; the political institutions of the British colonies; the various state constitutions created during and after the Revolution; and the Articles of Confederation. Max Farrand, a recognized authority on the history of the framing of the Constitution, says, "It is of interest that the New York Constitution of 1777 seems to have been more extensively used than any other."

In brief it may be said that New York contributed the models for the bicameral legislature,

and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice-President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice-President shall have qualified.

Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice-President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article (Oct., 1933).

Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.

ARTICLE XXI

(Repeal of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) Amendment by Conventions in the States.) The following proposed amendment in the Constitution, embodied in a joint resolution of the 72nd Congress (Senate, Feb. 16, 1933, by 63 to 23; House, Feb. 20, 1933, by 289 to 121), was transmitted to the Secretary of State on Feb. 21 and he at once sent to the governors of the States copies of the resolution. The amendment went into effect on Dec. 5, 1933, having been adopted by 36 of the 48 Statesthree-quarters of the entire number. The amendment is:

Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by convention in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

PROPOSED CHILD LABOR AMENDMENT The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Sixtyeighth Congress, having been adopted as a joint resolution by the House of Representatives (297 to 69) on April 26, 1924, and by the Senate (61 to 23) on June 2, 1924.

It was ratified by Arizona (1925); Arkansas (1924); California (1925); Colorado (1931); Idaho (1935); Illinois (1933); Indiana (1935); Iowa (1933); Kansas (1937); Kentucky (1937); Maine (1933); Michigan (1933); Minnesota (1933): Montana (1927); Nevada (1937); New Hampshire (1933); New Jersey (1933); New Mexico (1937); North Dakota (1933); Ohio (1933); Oklahoma (1933); Oregon (1933); Pennsylvania (1933); Utah (1935); Washington (1933); West Virginia (1933); Wisconsin (1925); Wyoming (1935) total, 28.-Ratifications by 36 States is necessary.

The U. S. Supreme Court, in 1921 (Dillon vs. Glass, 256 U. S. 368) ruled that proposed amendments of 1789, 1810, and 1861 were no longer pending. "We conclude," said the Court, that the ratification must be within some reasonable time after the proposal.".

Section 1-The Congress shall have power to limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under eighteen years of age.

Section 2-The power of the several States is unimpaired by this article except that the operation of State laws shall be suspended to the extent necessary to give effect to legislation enacted by the Congress.

the census, impeachment, rotation in the Senate, the idea of a President and President pro tempore of the Senate, the casting vote in the Senate, the executive veto, the term and eligibility of the President, the Presidential succession, the Presidential message, the calling of extraordinary sessions, the President as executor of the laws, the doctrine of no corruption of blood, the non obstante clause, and Amendments Seven and Nine. If these contributions of New York are subtracted, no workable Constitution remains. The document as finally elaborated was not a revision of the Articles of Confederation but a completely new Constitution.