nuts. Government revenues (1939-1940) was £58.902; expenditures £73,554. Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. The group of islands in the Colony was proclaimed a Protectorate (1892) and, at the request of the native Governments, was annexed (Nov. 10, 1915) as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. The Colony includes the Ellice Islands, Fanning, Washington and Ocean Islands, Christmas Island (annexed by Great Britain, 1888, and included in the Colony, Nov. 1919), which is the largest atoll in the Pacific, the Phoenix Group and the Gilbert Islands. The total area is 180 square miles and the population (1938) 32,838. Exports are chiefly of copra and phosphates. Government revenue (1937-1938) is £77,260; expenditures, £68,421. A sales tax of 5 per cent was imposed (1941) on all goods sold by commercial establishments. Pitcairn Island is situate in the Pacific, equidistant from America and Australia. The Island was discovered (1767) by Carteret but was not inhabited until 23 years later when the mutineers of the Bounty landed there. Their existence became known (1808) when ships visited the islands and gave assistance to the mutineers and their Otaheite women. The population became too large for the resources of the Island and the mutineers and their women, 192 in all, moved (1856) to Norfolk Island. Forty returned later to Pitcairn and the population increased (1879) to 90. The area is two square miles and population (1936) 209. It is a British Colony by settlement and was brought (1898) within the jurisdiction of the High Commissioner of the Western Pacific. British South American Possessions GUIANA British Guiana is on the north shore of South America, with Venezuela on the west, Dutch Guiana on the east, and Brazil on the south. It is a Crown Colony administered by a governor and a small elected legislative body. The area is 89,480 square miles; the population (estimated 1939) is 341.237. Georgetown is the capital. the There are many beautiful waterfalls in British Guiana, including Kukenaam, which has been generally conceded to be the tallest in the world with a drop of 2,000 ft. Dr. Paul Arthur Zahl, research associate at Haskins Laboratory, Schenectady, N. Y., reported (May 11, 1938) discovery (May 8) of a waterfalls of 3,500 ft. in the Karanang River in the heart of Guiana's richest diamond area, 80 miles northeast of Mt. Roraima. Another famous waterfalls-Kaiteur-is noted for its scenic splendor. Much of British Guiana is jungle land, but there are extensive deposits of gold, diamonds, manganese, mica and bauxite. Timber is also an important export. besides sugar, rice, rum, molasses, balata, charcoal and copra. The Falkland Islands lie 300 miles east of the Strait of Magellan at the southern end of South America. Their main value is in their strategic location, although there are large sheep farms and whaling interests. There are more than 100 islands in the group. The area is 4,618 square miles: the population (estimated 1939) is 3,203. Wool is the chief export. Although Great Britain has held possession of the Islands since 1834, Argentina refuses to renounce her claim of ownership. South Georgia is a whaling station. Its area is 1,000 square miles. The population (estimated 1939) consists of 705. Whale produce is the principal export. Canada (DOMINION OF CANADA) Capital, Ottawa-Area, 3,694,863 square miles-Population (est. 1941), 11,422,000 The boundaries of Canada are: On the east, Baffin Bay, Labrador, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic: on the south, the Atlantic, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington and the Juan de Fuca Strait; and on the West, Alaska and the Pacific Ocean. Canada includes all the Arctic islands in an area beginning half-way between Greenland and Baffin and extending westward to 141° longitude, which coincides approximately with the Alaskan border. Altogether, Canada has 24.500 miles of coastline. The 4,000-mile boundary between Canada and the United States has been unfortified for more than one hundred years. The House of Commons elected March 26, 1940, stands: Liberals, 177; Conservatives, 40; IndependentConservative, 1; Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, 8: New Democracy, 10; Unity, 1; Independent, 1; Lib.-Prog., 3; Ind. -Lib., 3; vacant, 1. The country has an extremely varied topography -mountains in the West, then foothills and prairies, the barrens north of Lake Superior, the open lands of Ontario, the rocky Laurentian district in Quebec, with the fertile Eastern Townships to the south of it, and then plains sloping down to sea level in the East; the mountains of New England extend north into Canada, where they attain to practically the same height as in the United States. Lakes, large and small, abound in Canada. Some of them exceed in size the famed Great Lakes on the United States border. Great Bear Lake in the Canadian Northwest Territory, is larger than Erie by 1,720 square miles and larger than Ontario by 4,120 square miles. Great Slave Lake is nearly the size of Great Bear. Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba is about 2,000 square miles larger than Lake Ontario. Eleven Canadian lakes are above 1,100 square miles in extent. The lakes wholly within Canada are of high importance to transportation and fisheries, climate and sport. The once common misconception that Canada is almost Arctic has been nearly dispelled. The climate of the southern parts of Canada corresponds to that of the northern States. The mean annual temperature is 49° at Victoria; 34 at Winnipeg: 44 at Toronto: 40° at Fredericton; and 44° Fahrenheit at Yarmouth. These figures show only slight variations from West to East, but the extremes are much greater in the prairie and eastern provinces than in British Columbia. Like the United States, Canada is a federation with provincial governments similar on the whole to the State governments of the United States, and with Ottawa corresponding to Washington, D. C., as the chief legislative, executive and judicial seat of the country. The members of the Senate are nominated for life by summons of the GovernorGeneral. The House of Commons is elected directly by the people for terms of five years. The Communist party and the National Unity (Fascist) party were outlawed with fourteen other organizations (June 5, 1940) under the Defense of Canada regulations. The Governor-General of Canada is the Earl of Athlone (born April 14, 1874). He took office June 21, 1940. The Dominion Cabinet (as of October, 1941) in order of precedence follows: Prime Minister, President of the Privy Council, Minister without Portfolio-Raoul Dandurand. Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Minister of Pensions and National Health Ian Alastair Mackenzie. Associate Minister of National Defense and Minister Minister of Finance-James Lorimer Ilsley. A. Minister of National War Services-Joseph T. The British High Commissioner to Canada is Canada is largely agricultural, although manufacturing industries now dominate the economic life of the nation. The principal crops are wheat. oats, barley, rye, flaxseed, potatoes, roots, tobacco, and corn. Dairy and fruit products are enormous. The wool yield is considerable. Fishing is a huge commercial enterprise, and fresh and canned varieties are an important export. The chief kinds, of fish marketed are salmon, lobsters, cod, herring. halibut, white fish, sardines, haddock, pickerel, trout and pilchards. Furs are a prolific source of income and the fox, mink, muskrat, beaver, raccoon, marten, and fisher are raised commercially on large farms. Hydroelectric power is extensive. The country is rich in minerals, particularly gold, although deposits of copper. lead, nickel, platinum, silver, zinc, coal, natural gas and petroleum are mined. Canada leads the world in production of asbestos. The most important manufactures and their gross value in 1939 were: vegetable products, $660,000,000; wood and paper, $580,000,000; iron and its products, $553,000,000; animal products, $462,000,000; non-ferrous metal products. $416,000,000; textiles and textile products. $393,000,000; nonmetallic mineral products, $208,000,000; chemicals and allied products, $160,000,000. The gross value of the chief exports (exclusive of gold) in the calendar year 1940 follows-Newsprint paper, $151,000,000; wheat, $120,000,000; planks and boards, $68,000,000; meats, $63,000,000; nickel. $61,000,000; wood-pulp, $61,000,000; automobiles, $54,000,000; copper in forms, $40,000,000; aluminum in bars, $32,000,000; fish, $30,000,000. Canada's export trade in 1940 was distributed mainly among the following countries-United Kingdom, 42.9%; United States, 37.9%; British South Africa, 3.2%; Australia, 2.8%: Newfoundland, 1.1%; France, 1.0%. Imports are received chiefly from the following-United States, 68.8%; United Kingdom 14.9%; British Straits Settlements, 2.5; Australia, 1.5%; British India, 1.5%; Columbia, 0.9%. The St. Lawrence River is navigable to oceangoing vessels for 600 miles, as far as Montreal, which is by virtue of its Great Lakes connections and its proximity to London and Liverpool, one of the greatest grain exporting harbors on the continent. The Port of Montreal has nine miles of deep-draft wharf, capable of accommodating 100 large ocean steamers. Of the railways in Canada, the Canadian Pacific is the great privately owned corporation. The Canadian National Railway System operates practically all other important lines in the Dominion. In Canada (Jan. 1, 1940) had 212,619 telephones in Government systems and 1,184,653 in private companies, a total of 1,397,272 being 12.35 to every 100 persons, and 3.31 of the world's telephones. this respect it is exceeded only by the United States. The number of licensed radio receiving sets on March 31, 1940 was 1,345,157. The monetary unit of Canada is the dollar. As from Sept. 16, 1939, buying and selling rates for the U. S. Dollar, as set by the Foreign Exchange Control Board, were $1.10-$1.11, respectively. The Bank of Canada was incorporated as a central bank by Act of Parliament (1934). It capital stock then fixed at $500,000 was increased (June 18, 1936) to $10,000,000 of which $100,000 Class B shares were issued to the Dominion of Canada at par. The rest (Class A shares of $50 each) were sold to the public and the maximum holding permitted to one person is 50 shares. Directors, officers or employees of the chartered banks may not hold shares of the Bank. Shares may be held only by British subjects ordinarily resident in Canada, or by corporations controlled by such persons. The Bank became (Aug. 15, 1938) a wholly governmentowned institution, the capital being reduced to $5.000,000. The statement of Aug. 30, 1941 showed assets and liabilities of $722,981,799. Arctic Circle. Among Canada's greatest tourist attractions are her national parks, consisting of approximately 12,403 square miles of outstanding scenic beauty. They conserve wild life under natural conditions. preserve in its primitive state the grandeur of scenic regions and commemorate persons and events of especial importance in the nation's history. They may be divided into three groups: the scenic and recreational parks of the Rockies, Selkirks and prairies and Eastern Canada; the wild animal parks; and the national historic parks. The first group includes Banff, Jasper and Waterton Lakes Parks in Alberta; Kootenay, Yoho, Glacier and Mount Revelstoke Parks in British Columbia; Prince Albert Park in Saskatchewan; and Riding Mountain Park in Manitoba. In Ontario there are three smaller recreational parks, Point Pelee, Georgian Bay Islands and the St. Lawrence Islands Park. Recent additions to the system of recreational parks are the Cape Breton Highlands Park in Nova Scotia and a shore-line park area on the northern coast of Prince Edward Island. The wild animal parks include Elk Island Park in Alberta, noted for its large herd of buffalo, and Nemiskam Park, also in Alberta, which is a sancantelope. tuary for prong-horned Fort Anne Park in Nova Scotia and Fort Beausejour in New Brunswick are the outstanding historic parks. In Nova Scotia is the Evangeline country, the land of Acadian memories. Here are found the largest aggregation of apple orchards in the British Dominions. Grand Pre, made classic ground by Longfellow's "Evangeline," attracts visitors from all over the world to see Evangeline Park, established on the site of the original Acadian village, with its ancient well still intact, its old willows still surviving. A replica of the original Acadian church houses relics of the first settlers and in the gardens are flowers brought from the ancestral homes of the leaders of the Acadian pioneers. Five distinct white races are represented in Nova Scotia: English, Scottish, French-Canadian, Irish and Hanoverian, all holding to many traits of their forefathers. The Acadians, first white settlers, from Normandy and Brittany, cling to their own customs and traditions, thus making a contact with the long ago. The Hanoverians settled largely in Lunenburg and today their descendants, skilled sailors and fishermen, possess one of the finest fishing fleets in the world. The Highland Scots settled in Cape Breton Island, Pictou and Antigonish counties, and their descendants reserve the kilt and plaid for ceremonial occasions and cherish the Gaelic language of their forebears. Ancient Quebec. only walled city in North America, sitting in a gigantic amphitheater of hills, former capital of the Dominion, is one of the oldest cities in America (founded in 1608), with elongated, crooked streets. turreted battlements, casemented windows and other medieval aspects. Some points of interest to the tourist are: the Fortifications. comprising the Citadel, on a promontory 350 ft. high; the Enclosing Wall, two miles long; the three City Gates, part of the city's old defense system; the Battlefields Park, site of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759); Wolfe's Cove, with its goat-path up the cliff, scaled by British soldiers for the Battle of the Plains: Dufferin Terrace, world-famed boardwalk overlooking the St. Lawrence: Montmorency Park, location of Canada's first House of Parliament; the Ramparts, with their ancient cannon; Avenue des Braves, Ste. Foy Park, where the last clash between the British and the French occurred; Notre Dame des Victoires Church, built in 1688. Two miles outside of the village of Beaupre, on Highway 15, stands the shrine of Ste. Anne de sailors and today one of the most famous places in the world. It is the home of countless miracles and is annually visited by thousands of pilgrims. A chapel erected by the sailors to Ste. Anne in thanksgiving for their deliverance is still carefully preserved. Canada-with its great stretches of virgin timberland, its rolling hills and skyscraping mountains; its many lakes and streams and rivers: its odd villages, customs and picturesque peoples-Beaupre, founded (1650) by storm-wearied Breton has become the vacationland of thousands of American tourists. It is reached by many highways. Ontario's attractions include its great variety of developed summer resorts, its extensive fishing and hunting areas and its multitude of lakes and rivers. Quebec's are its old-world atmosphere, its historical traditions and its diversified scenery. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick offer moose hunting and salmon fishing, sailing and surf bathing. In the Bay of Chaleur, which New Brunswick shares with Quebec's famous Gaspe Peninsula, the tourist finds the warmest sea water north of New York. Western Alberta and Eastern British Columbia have the Rockies, which means mountain climbing, canoe and pack trail trips and matchless scenery. The Yukon has the midnight sun and unexcelled sport for the hunter of big game and game fish. The Northwest Teriitories have become popular among Americans, some of whom camp and canoe on the Mackenzie River, 300 miles beyond the The census (1931) gave the religious population Greek Catholics Greek Orthodox Total *Includes pagans. 4,098,734 2,017,375 1,635,615 870.728 443.341 394.194 186,654 155,614 102,389 456.100 16.042 10.376,786 Canadian Statistics Source: R. H. Coats, Dominion Statistician; revised figures are given for 1911 to agree with boundary changes made in 1912. LAND AND FRESH WATER AREA, AND POPULATION BY PROVINCES Quebec. Ontario. Manitoba. Saskatchewan. Alberta.. British Columbia. Yukon Territory Total.... Northwest Territories. Quebec. Toronto.. Winnipeg. Regina. Edmonton.. Victoria.. Land Water Total 1911 Dawson. 523,534 71,000 363,282 49,300 219,723 26,789 237,975 13,725 248,800 6,485 359,279 6,976 366,255 205,346 1,730 207,076 1,258,217 51,465 1,309,682 |3,466,556|228,307|3,694,863|7,206,643|(a)8,787,949 10,376,786 (a) The Royal Canadian Navy in 1921 contained 485 included in the total, which has been revised in accordance with the Labrador award of the Privy Council, March 1, 1927. Of the population (1931) there were 5,374,541 males and 5,002,245 females; population per square mile, 3.0. Of the males, 3,179,444 were single, 2,033,240 were married, 148,954 were widowed, 4,049 were divorced, and 8,854 were not given. Of the females, 2,771,968 were single, 1,937.950 were married, 288,641 were widowed, 3,392 were divorced, and 294 were not given. following main classes: German, 473,544: Scandinavian, 228,049; Ukrainian, 225,113; Hebrew, 156, 726; Dutch, 148,962; Polish, 145,503; Italian, 98,173: Russian, 88,148; Austrian, 48,639; Chinese, 46,519; Finnish, 43,885; Hungarian, 40,582; Bulgarian and Roumanian, 32,216; Belgian, 27,585; Japanese, 23.342. Owing to the Labrador Boundary Award, the area of Canada was reduced (1927) by 112,400 square miles-106,970 square miles of land and 5,430 square miles of water. CANADIAN IMMIGRATION CHIEF SOURCES OF REVENUE-CONSOLIDATED FUND ONLY War Tax Revenue Year Ending Income Sales, Other Mar. 31 Tax etc. Тахев Customs Excise Office $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1.000 $1,000 59,712 106,483 15,441 118,056 35,762 54,204 120,676 7,156 121,501 38,182 56,248 85,811 5,105 108,147 38,603 98,097 3,627 127,355 42,924 105,613 3,168 141,969 48,513 90,223 3,525 156,986 57,401 83,007 2,600 187,206 63,685 30,612 1,690 63,409 1,656 179,430 65,036 33,345 1,505 4,139 34,735 1,538 131,209 57,747 30,212 1,444 1,655 59,606 1,405 104,133 48,655 32.235 1,336 70,073 37,834 30,928 1,119 66,305 35,494 Post Public Int. Rec'd from Invest. Total Rec'pts $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 2,348 16,465 394,615 28,865 1,400 2,282 11,916 396,838 28,783 1,391 2,390 11,332 346,834 380,746 398,696 31,563 1,809 Note-The total includes other unenumerated items. INSURANCE IN FORCE IN CANADA-DOMINION COMPANIES 1National defense tax ($27,672,000), shown under income tax; excess profits tax ($23,995,000), shown under "other taxes." "Net now shown separately in preliminary statement. CANADIAN BANKING STATISTICS Chartered Banks Year (a) 1927. P. O. and Dollars 121,666,774 1928. 122,839,879 1929. 137,269,085 1930. 144,560,874 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934. 1935. 1936. Dollars Dollars Dollars 3,029,680,616 3,010,312,384 2,415,132,260 3,323,163,195 3,301,669,529 2,610,594,865 3,528,468,027 3,503,408,865 2,696,747,857 28,375,770 3,237,073,853 3,214,730,383 2,516,611,587 26,086,036 144,674,853 3,066,018,472 3,048,304,073 2,422,834,828 24,750,227 144,500,000 2.869.429.779 2,852,649,789 2,256,639,530 23,919,677 144,500,000 2,831,393,641 2,819,684,260 2,236,841,539 144,916,667 2,837,919,961 2,826,241,267 2,274,607,936 23,158,919 145,500,000 2,956,577,704 2,946,200,352 2,426,760,923 22.547,006 145,500,000 3,144,506,755 3,134,122,223 2,614,895,597 22.047,287 Dollars 31,922,043 31,103,776 23,920,915 145,500,000 3,707,316,459 145,500,000(d) 4,067,926,723 (d) 4,051,049,894 (d) 3,524,193,735(d) 22,176,633 (a) Average of the 12 monthly statements for each year. (b) Includes liabilities to shareholders. (c) Figures are as Mar. 31. (d) Figures are as at June 30. CHIEF CONSOLIDATED AND TOTAL EXPENDITURES sions. Total, Gov't Grand Nat'l War. Ordin'ry Capital Special Owned Total Public Defense Milit'ry Exp'ndi- Exp'nd- Exp'nd- Enter- Exp'nd. Debt & Civil ture iture iture prises iture $1,000 $1.000 $1.000 $1,000 $1.000 $1.000 $1.000 $1.000 $1.000 $1.000 138,533 14,942 13,920 43,786 30.252 359.700 7.107 134,549 16,764 16,593 43,337 31.437 372,539 137,410 21,149 21,678 43.356 31,906 132.117 28,653 32,760 42.823 33,762 127.996 29.044 34.432 42,793 35.455 129.315 29,977 13,189 42,869 36.726 139,179 29,912 1941 42,196 38,700 390,621 3,358 794,914 18,182 1,249,601 Note The National Defense expenditures include Militia, Naval Service, Air Force (covering also Civil Government air operations. Railway and Canals include Collection and Income. The total includes other unenumerated items. 1Since Sept. 1, 1939, nearly all National Defence expenditure, including administration, has been charged under the War appropriation classified as Special Expenditures. ASSETS, NET DEBT, AND PER CAPITA TAXATION No. bilities No. bilities No. bilities No. bilities No. bilities No. bilities Figures of capital for the last 9 years include advances of Dominion Government to Canadian National for operating expenses, interest charges and stock acquired by Dominion Government which at time of acquiring had relatively little value, also cost of constructing Government lines. Calendar The single track mileage of the Canadian Pacific Railway (1939) was 17,169. The other principal railways are now, in pursuance of the government policy of nationalization, included in the Canadian National Railway System, which has a trackage (1939) of 21,903 miles. U. S.-CANADA MERCHANDISE TRADE IN DOLLARS Total 581,408,469 Imports from U. S. 334,972,621 921,235,401 555,091,001 ESTIMATED CANADIAN BALANCE OF INTERNATIONAL PAYMENTS, 1939 AND 1940 (1) This represents gold received from the United Kingdom in part settlement of her deficiency with Canada, and used in turn to settle part of Canada's deficiency with the United States. (2) This balancing item reflects possible errors and the omission of certain factors which cannot be measured statistically, such as changes in the timing of payments for goods and services, and before the war the conversion of surplus sterling into other currencies. (3) Preliminary statement. Transcontinental air service was inaugurated in Canada (March 1, 1939) when Trans-Canada Air Lines planes took off from Montreal and Vancouver on 3,500-mile flights. A preliminary "jigger" service was made the same day from To ronto to Montreal. Twenty hours service is scheduled from coast to coast. Trans-Canada Air Lines transported 53,180 persons (1940) as compared with 21,596 (1939). The air-mail and express volume (1940) was twice that of the previous year. |