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ter. St. James's Park was made by Henry VIII as
a private deer park, so were Kensington Gardens
and Hyde Park.
There are more traditional ceremonies alive in
peace time London than in any other city in the
the
world; and clothes of every period from
fifteenth century to the present day are worn as
regular costume.

The "Yeomen of the Guard" at the Tower of London are in Tudor dress; the band of the Life Guards wears the uniform of Stuart days; the learned judges in the neighborhood of the Law Courts or the Inns of Court wear full-bottomed wigs and gowns of the late seventeenth century, while "learned counsel" who plead before them are in the fashion of the eighteenth. The green livery and black top-hats of the bank messengers are only one of many examples of the nineteenth century.

The best-known ceremony is that of "Changing the Guard," which occurs daily in the courtyard of Buckingham Palace at 10 A.M. and 4 P.M. when the King is in residence and the Royal Standard flies over Buckingham Palace. When the King is not in residence the ceremony is held at St. James's Palace.

A famous military ceremony known as "Trooping the Color" is performed on the Horse Guards' Parade. The precision and pageantry of this occasion are only equalled by another display of pageantry, the famous Aldershot Military Tattoo, which, though it takes place 30 miles out of the Capital, is definitely an event of the London season. The State Opening of Parliament, usually in the beginning of November, when the King rides in his gilded state coach preceded by an escort of Life Guards along streets lined with guardsmen, from Buckingham Palace to the Houses of Parliament, is an unequalled piece of pageantry. Throughout the year (war excepted) there is always some variety of sport to watch-international lawn tennis at Wimbledon, cricket at Lord's and the Oval; Rugby football at Twickenham and other club grounds; Association football at half a dozen grounds, of which Arsenal (in North London) is the best known. There is motor racing at Brooklands. There are horse races at many courses within easy reach of London, of which Epsom, Ascot, Sandown Park, Kempton Park and Alexandra Park are the best known. Every Thames-side town has its regatta, and there is the gay international regatta at Henley, some 30 miles from London, in June.

The annual boat race between the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which is rowed between Putney and Mortlake in early spring, draws perhaps a bigger crowd than any event in the London calendar.

Despite the lack of plan London is a city of great beauty, not only for its parks, river and monuments but for the peculiar effect of the Portland stone, its most characteristic building material. This stone where beaten by the weather turns almost as white as marble, while on the other surfaces its coat is black with smoke. Thus London is a city of light and shade; and there are few more beautiful city vistas in the world than Whitehall on an afternoon in spring.

is

place in the parish church, and innumerable other
records and relics of his life. The Shakespeare
Memorial Theater, built by funds subscribed from
Britain and the United States, is an interesting
example of modern architecture. Only a few miles
from Stratford is Leamington Spa, which rose on
the fame of its saline springs to become one of the
best-known and most attractive spas in the
country. Nathaniel Hawthorne lived here; George
Eliot laid the scenes of all her novels in the
the home of
neighborhood. Sulgrave Manor,
Washington's ancestors, is within easy reach.
Canterbury, 53 miles southeast of London, where
St. Augustine founded a Benedictine monastery
(597), is the ecclesiastical capital of England, fa-
mous all the world over for its magnificent cathe-
dral, and as the See of the Church of England's
spiritual head, the Archbishop of Canterbury. The
stone steps leading to the shrine have grooves in
them, made by praying knees of thousands upon
thousands of pilgrims who have visited the church
since long before the time of Chaucer, whose
Canterbury Tales form one of the masterpieces of
literature.

The lakes and highlands of Scotland are noted for their beauty and have been made the subject of poetry and song. Edinburgh, the capital, is an attractive city of gray old streets, wide classic squares; spires, pinnacles and turrets contesting with one another in a sort of confusion. Points of interest to the tourist include Edinburgh castle overlooking the city; the house where John Knox lived; Holyrood Palace where the Stuart kings and queens lived out their ill-fated lives, and Princes Street. Not far from Edinburgh are Loch Lomond and Loch Katrine in the Trossach country, made famous by Sir Walter Scott.

The border country is a loose term describing the greater part of 100 miles which separates Edinburgh from the English border line. It is a land soft green and brown in color, of rounded hills, a land of shepherds with huge flocks. The border has had the stormiest history in all Britain, 'expressed today in the terms of castles. The abbeys of Melrose, Jedburgh and Dryburgh are roofless and ruined because of battles long ago. Here the English and Scots fought their battles, the great Border clans fought both sides and filled their stables and barns with their neighbors' cattle and horses. This is the country of Sir Walter Scott, a "Borderer" himself, whose house in Abbotsford still stands and who is buried in Dryburgh Abbey.

On the east coast of Scotland about half-way between Edinburgh and Dundee is situated the city of St. Andrews, the birthplace of golf.

The Protestant Episcopal is the Established Church of England, of which the King is the supreme governor, possessing the right to nominate to the vacant archbishoprics and bishoprics. There are two archbishops (of Canterbury and York), 41 bishops and 39 suffragan bishops. A recent summary of the active membership of churches in England, Wales, Channel certain Islands and the Isle of Man showed: Anglicans Methodists Congregationalists Baptists

Calvinistic Methodists
Presbyterians
Quakers
Christian Scientists
Wesleyan Reform Union.
Independent Methodists
Moravians
Roman Catholics

The whole of England abounds in sites of historic interest. The "Shakespeare Country" about 80 miles from London in the county of Warwickshire. It lies at the very gates of the industrial Midlands. Here is Birmingham, England's "Second City," where the automobile, the jewelry and the Chamberlain family come from. The city library boasts the biggest Shakespearean collection in the world. At Stratford-on-Avon one can still see the house where Shakespeare was born, the house to which he retired, his burial POPULATION OF CITIES OF OVER 100,000 IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1931 CENSUS

For England and Wales.

2,294,000 .1,262,596

.494,199 383,373 261,287

81,715

.19,000

.14,000

13,198

.10.388

3,210 *2,361,504.

Cities

Popula-
tion

Cities

Popula-
tion

Popula

Cities

tion

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trative County of

Croydon.

233,032

Wolverhampton.

133,212

London..

4,470,814

Cardiff.

223,589

Walthamstow.

132,965

Glasgow

1.088.417

Salford.

223,442

Ilford..

131,046

Birmingham.

1,002,603

Plymouth.

208,182

Leyton.

128,317

Liverpool.

855,688

Sunderland.

185,870

Norwich.

126,207

Manchester.

766,278

Willesden.

184,410

Stockport.

125,505

Sheffield.

511.742

Bolton.

177,235

Blackburn.

122,695

Leeds.

482,809

Southampton.

176,025

Gateshead.

122,379

Edinburgh.

438,998

Dundee.

175,583

Southend-on-Sea

120.093

Belfast (1926)

425.156

Aberdeen.

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119,001

Bristol..

397,012

Coventry.

167.046

Ealing.

117,688

Dublin (1926)

316.471

Swansea.

164,797

Bournemouth.

116,780

Hull...

311,366

Tottenham.

157.748

Hendon.

115.682

Bradford.

298.041

Birkenhead.

147,803

Huddersfield.

113,475

West Ham..

294.278

Brighton..

147,426

South Shields.

113,452

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

283,156 East Ham.

142,460

St. Helen's.

106.793

Stoke-on-Trent.

276,639

Derby

142,406

Walsall.

103,059

ttingham..

268.801

Rhondda.

141,344

Blackpool.

101,543

Great Britain imports about four-fifths of the breadstuffs and fruits she consumes; one half of the meat, eggs and dairy products, and one third of the fish and vegetables.

The Established Church of Scotland is Presby-, barley, oats, beans, peas, potatoes, turnips, swedes, terian with 1,285,011 members as compared with mangold and hay. 61,547 Episcopalians and 614,021 Roman Catholics. There are about 300,000 Jews in the United Kingdom with approximately 300 synagogues. The total number of emigrants of British origin to places other than Europe from (1853-1938) was 16,710,072.

The net excess of emigrants from the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland over immigrants (1930) was 23,540; (1931) it was 8,831. Emigration for four years to non-European countries was:

United States Canada

Australia

New Zealand.

South Africa.

Indian and Ceylon

1935 1936 1937 1938 1,261 1,638 2,423 1,992 ..1.707 2.281 2,850 3,367 3,747 4,096 4,122 5,427 1,206 1,462 1,981 2,425 4,136 6,015 5,577 2,425 4,873 6,160 5,632 5,540 England, Wales, Scotland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands have a total land area of 56,343,000 agricultural acres, divided (1939) as follows: Grazing Pasture Arable 3,794,000 13,550,000 8,397,000 1,812,000 2,159,000 538,000 10,465,000 1,623,000 2,935,000 41,000 23,000 53,000 The aggregate number of holdings in Great Britain (1939) is: From 1 to 5 Acres, 77,773; from 5 to 50 acres, 193,977; from 50 to 300 acres, 149,969; more than 300 acres, 14,235.

England
Wales

Scotland

Isle of Man

The principal agricultural products are wheat,

The country is rich in mineral resources. There are huge deposits of coal, the annual output approximates $900,000,000 in value. The yearly production of limestone, igneous rock and iron ore is valued in the neighborhood of $15,000,000 each. Other important minerals, in the order of their value, are gravel and sand; clay and shale; slate; sandstone; salt; China clay; fireclay; chalk; gypsum; oil shale; lead ore; tin, ore; ganister and silica rock; Potters' clay; moulding and Pig-bed sand; barytes and witherite; and dolomite.

Great Britain's strength is largely in manufacturing, mining and trade. The key industries with their approximate annual peace time output in American dollars are food, drink and tobacco. $3.163,815,000; engineering, shipbuilding and vehicles. $2.366,195,000: textiles. $2.220.000.000; public utilities, $1,700,000,000; iron and steel, $1,400,000,000; chemicals, $950,000,000; building and contracting. $935.000.000: paper and printing, $900,000,000: clothing, $860,000,000; non-ferrous metals, $520.000,000; clay and building materials, $425.000.000: timber. $340,000,000: leather. $165.000.000. Textiles, woollen and worsted tissues, iron and steel, machinery and vehicles (including locomotives and shipping) are the key industries supplying the bulk of the exports.

TONNAGE AT BRITISH HOME PORTS

The net tonnage of the British and foreign vessels in foreign trade that entered and cleared with cargoes at the ports of the United Kingdom during recent years was:

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The total net tonnage of entrances at ports of the United Kingdom with cargoes (1938) was 68,372,392; clearances were 58,879,331.

The merchant marine of Great Britain, July 1. 1939, was composed of 6,722 steam and motor ships of 17,891,134 gross tonnage, and 289 sailing vessels of 93,024 gross tonnage; total, 7,009 vessels of 17,984,158 tonage.

United States ships with cargoes entering British ports totaled 3,118,798 tons in 1938, 3,302,661 (1937). 3,085,763 (1936), 3,004,000 (1935), 2,549,000 (1934) Great Britain's principal peace time imports in the order of their monetary value are-food and drink; wood and timber; non-ferrous metals and manufactures; wool and woollen rags; raw cotton and cotton waste; oils, fats and resins; hides and skins; machinery: iron and steel manufactures; non-ferrous ores and scrap; tobacco; paper and cardboard; chemicals, drugs, dyes and colors; iron

Country British

DISTRIBUTION OF GREAT

Imp. Exp. %

58,881,000

ore and scrap; rubber, The chief domestic exports are-cotton yarns, manufactures and other textiles; machinery: iron and steel manufactures; vehicles including ships and aircraft; coal; food and drink; chemicals. drugs, dyes and colors; electrical goods and apparatus; wearing apparel; earthenware and glass; cutlery, hardware, implements; wool and woollen rags.

The most important colonial re-exports (that is. materials imported from the colonies and dominions and re-exported from Great Britain) are, in the order of their monetary value-wool and woollen rags; non-ferrous metals and manufactures: hides and skins; food and drink; rubber; oil, fat, resin manufactures; raw cotton and cotton waste; leather, machinery, cutlery, hardware, implements: non-ferrous ores and scrap; woollen, worsted yarns and manufactures.

BRITAIN'S TRADE, 1938
Imp. Exp. Country

Country

Imp. Exp.

Eire.

9%% 2.49 4.30

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Canada.

8.53 4.78

Argentina.

4.18

4.11

Poland.

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Australia.

7.84

8.11

Germany..

New Zealand.

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Denmark.

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China.

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Italy.

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Switzerland.

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British Malaya.

1.32

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8.48

Belgium.

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West Indies, etc...

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Finland.

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Rumania..

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Tot. Brit. (incl.

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those not enu

Norway.

1.20 1.61

Brazil.

merated)...... 40.39 49.87

There are four railway systems in the United Kingdom with a total mileage of 20,080. Public highways extend for 179,630 miles.

The Government leased (1941) the country's railroads for a fixed annual rental of £43.000.000 to avoid any increase in rail and freight charges. The

0.84 1.10

those not enumerated)......

59.61 50.13

agreement operates from Jan. 1, 1941, retroactively, for the duration of the war and for at least one year thereafter.

The telephone service is a part of the postal system. The number of telephones in Great Britain (1940) was 3,338,929. London in its exchange area had 1,155,093 telephones.

British civilian aircraft flew 5,000,000 miles and carried nearly 30,000,000 airmail letters in 1940. Social welfare legislation is well advanced in Great Britain. The National Health Insurance Acts (1936-38), the Unemployment Insurance Acts (1935-36), the Old Age Pensions Act (1936) and the Widows', Orphans' and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act (1936-37) make provision for compulsory insurance against sickness and unemployment; and for pensions for widows, orphans and the aged.

The minimum age of entry into unemployment insurance for boys and girls was lowered from 16 years to 14 (the age at which the juvenile is no longer required to attend school) (Sept. 3, 1934) insurance was extended to cover agricultural workers; it was estimated to cover about 700,000 males and 50,000 females.

The most celebrated of British universities are Oxford and Cambridge, each with colleges founded in the thirteenth century, and inextricably intertwined in the fabric of English history. But there are many others in England, London, Durham, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, and Reading (1926); in Scotland, St. Andrews, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen; and one in Wales. Elementary education is compulsory from five to 14 years of age.

The monetary unit of Great Britain is the pound sterling with an average value of $4.03.

The armed land forces of Great Britain prior to 1939 were composed of the Regular Army, the Territorial Army and the Reserve Forces. The Regular Army, commonly known as the British Army, serves at home and also overseas. The Territorial Army, corresponding to the National Guard in the United States, serves only at home in peace time, but has been asked to serve overseas in war time.

Conscription was adopted (April 27, 1939) and provides six months of training after which the conscript has the option of entering the Territorial Army for a period of three and a half years. Those who decline are registered in the Regular Army Reserve. The Reserve Forces consist of the

Army Reserve men who have completed their service in the Regular Army-the Supplementary Reserve of Officers and the Supplementary Reserve, the Militia and the Territorial Reserves.

Parliament passed (May 22, 1940) the Emergency Powers Defense Bill that gives the Government the right to conscript every person and every penny in the realm for the duration of the war.

Under the terms of a royal proclamation (Jan. 29, 1941) men between the ages of 18 to 19 and 37 to 40 years were called to register for military service.

To Jan. 11, 1941, 4,500,000 had registered under the British Conscription Act, but the number actually called to military service was a secret. Prime Minister Churchill told Commons (Jan. 22, 1941) that Great Britain had 4,000,000 men, armed and uniformed, including the Home Guard, prepared not only to defend the homes and hearts of the island nation, but also to carry the war overseas. The Navy is undergoing a vast expansion program but the additional construction has not been announced in detail although it is known to be large. The estimates (1939-1940) provided for a personnel of 145,000 by March 31, 1940, not including the Royal Marine Police. Reserves total 70,000. For 1940 the total naval personnel, including the mobilized reserves, was estimated officially to be 250.000, but this figure has since been increased.

The Royal Air Force consists of the Royal Air Force, the Air Force Reserve, the Air Force Special Reserve, the Auxiliary Air Force, the Auxiliary Air Force Reserve, the Territorial Air Force, and the Air Defense Cadet Corps.

The establishment of the Royal Air Force (19391940) was 118,000 exclusive of those serving in India. The British Empire Training Plan provides for the training of 20,000 pilots a year. The recruits are drawn from Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand and other parts of the Empire and are trained in Canada. The plan was reported (1940) as far ahead of schedule. To Civil Aviation there was allotted (1939-1940) £4,787,000 to provide expansion and improved equipment for the Empire Mail Service and the establishment of an interisland service in the West Indies. Subsidies also were given to light airplane clubs and for the development of gliding.

The budget (1941-1942) estimates war expenditures at £3,500,000,000, excluding the cost of supplies from the United States under the LeaseLend Act.

NORTHERN IRELAND

(Ulster)

Six of the nine counties of Ulster, the northeast corner of Ireland, constitute Northern Ireland. with

the parliamentary boroughs of Belfast. and Londonderry; they are Antrim, Armagh, Down Londonderry, Fermanagh and Tyrone. The country has a population (census of 1937) of 1,279,745 and an area of 5,238 square miles.

Although it has its own Parliament, Northern Ireland is politically a part of the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister is Viscount Craigavon. The Governor is the Duke of Abercorn (appointed 1922). Belfast is the capital.

The finest scenery in Northern Ireland is to be found on or close to the coast line. From Belfast there runs northward along the coast of the county of Antrim the "Corniche" of Northern Ireland, a perfectly engineered road running for nearly 100 miles, walled off by sheer green and white cliffs on the landward side.

The Antrim road takes the visitor to the most famous of the sights of Northern Ireland, the Giant's Causeway, which consists of a perfect honeycomb of stone columns, 40,000 in all, each having the shape of a polygon or hexagon. How these stones came to be cut to such exact mathematical shapes is still a mystery unsolved by geologists. Along the north coast, at the head of a long inlet of the sea, Lough Foyle, is the city of Londonderry, Lough Erne with its 40 islands is one of the most famous of lakes, and Lough Neagh the largest in the British Isles.

Irish Free State (Dec. 1922). The Parliament consists of a Senate of 26, and House of Commons of 52, both elected with power to legislate in local matters except such as are of Imperial concern or specifically reserved to the Imperial Parliament. Northern Ireland returns 13 members to the House of Commons.

The bulk of the taxation is imposed and collected by the Imperial authorities, which makes certain deductions and remits the remainder to the local exchequer. The British pound is the monemonetary unit. The budget (1940-1941) estimated receipts at £13,840,000 and expenditures at £13,

700.000.

Northern Ireland is preponderantly Protestant. The religious population follows: Roman Catholics, 428,290; Presbyterians, 390.931; Protestant Episcopalians, 345,474; Methodists, 55,135: other sects, 59,915. Elementary education is compulsory. The Queens University of Belfast (founded in 1849) is a well-known institution of higher learning.

The

Agriculture-particularly the raising of flax and live stock-is an important undertaking. principal crops include wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, turnips, fruit and hay. Mineral wealth is confined primarily to chalk, clay, fireclay, flint, gravel and sand, granite, igneous rock, limestone, rock salt, sandstone and diatomite.

Linen weaving and shipbuilding are the chief industries. The manufacturing of linen gives direct employment to about 60,000 persons, the number of spindles being 800,000. Ropes and twines, clothing, aircraft, tobacco, soaps, aerated waters, hosiery and underwear are other important products. Ireland

A separate parliamentary and executive government for Northern Ireland was established (1920) and "contracted out" of the newly established

(EIRE)

Capital, Dublin-Area, 27,137 square miles-Population (1939), 2,965,854 Ireland, an island in the Atlantic Ocean near the European mainland and separated from Great Britain by St. George's Channel, the Irish Sea and the North Channel, is a picturesque country consisting mainly of a central plateau surrounded by isolated groups of hills and mountains. The coast

is much indented by the sea, affording many inlets and coves. Because of a luxurious growth of rich green vegetation. Ireland has been called the "Emerald Isle." The prevailing winds are westerly, conducing to a climate generally mild and moist. The mean annual temperature ranges from 48

degrees in the north to 52 degrees in the south. Dublin has an average temperature of 39 in the coldest month and 60 in the warmest. There are numerous lakes (called loughs), the best known of which are situated in Killarney. The most important river is the Shannon, about 200 miles long. Some mountains attain an altitude in excess of 3,000 ft. Wildlife is scarce, and there are no known snakes existent.

A point of interest to visitors is an old castle in the village of Blarney, four miles northwest of Cork, built on a limestone rock on the site of an older stronghold erected (1446) by Cormac M'Carthy. Some 20 feet from the top of the castle is a famous stone called the Blarney Stone which, according to tradition, invests great powers of persuasion on those who kiss it.

Ireland, or Eire, is a sovereign independent state associated for certain purposes with the British Commonwealth of Nations. The Dublin government exercises jurisdiction over the three southern provinces of the island-Leinster, Munster and Connaught and three counties-Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan, of the province of Ulster, comprising an area equal in size to New Hampshire. Vermont and Massachusetts. This area became known as the Irish Free State (1922) but has been redesignated "Eire", the Gaelic name for Ireland under the new constitution (effective, Dec. 29, 1937). The Constitution applies to the whole of Ireland, but it provides that, pending the re-integration of the national territory, the laws enacted by the Parliament established by the Constitution shall have the same area and extent of application as those of the Irish Free State.

The government of Eire is bicameral with a Prestdent elected directly by the people for a term of seven years; a House of Representatives called Dail Eireann; and a Senate (Seanad Eireann). The Senate consists of 60 members, eleven of whom are appointed by the Taoiseach (Prime Minister), who is the Head of Government. Of the remaining 49, the universities elect six and the balance are elected from five panels of candidates established on a vocational basis, representing the following public services and interests-(1) National Language and Culture, Literature, Art, Education and other professional interests that may be defined by law from time to time; (2) Agriculture and allied interests, and fisheries; (3) Labor, whether organized or unorganized; (4) Industry and commerce, including banking, finance, accountancy, engineering and architecture; (5) Public administration and social services, including voluntary social activities.

The Senate considers and amends legislation but has no veto power. The Government exercises the executive power. The President, on the advice of the Taoiseach, summons and dissolves Dail Eireann. He signs and promulgates laws; and (on the nomination of Dail Eireann) appoints the Prime Minister and other members of the government.

The supreme command of the Defense Forces is vested in him.

The President of Ireland is Douglas Hyde, elected without opposition (May 4, 1938), Eamon de Valera was re-elected Prime Minister (June 30, 1938). Under the terms of a treaty concluded (April 25. 1938) with Ireland. Great Britain surrendered her treaty rights over the Irish ports of Cobh (Queenstown), Bere Haven and Lough Swilly "together with the buildings. magazines, emplacements, instruments and fixed armaments" at those ports. The agreement also provided for the payment of £10,000,000 by Ireland as the final settlement of all the outstanding financial matters between the two countries and for an adjustment of the tariff duties, which for three years had curtailed AngloIrish trade.

The population of Eire has declined in recent years because of emigration. It was estimated at 2,934,000 (mid-1939) Roman Catholic is the prevailing religion with an enrollment of 2,773,920. Other chief sects are: Protestant Episcopal, 145,030; Presbyterian, 28,067; Methodist, 9,649.

The population of Dublin, with its four suburban districts, has increased from 383,076 (1911) to an estimated 482,300 (mid-1939). Other cities and their population (1936) are: Cork, 80,765; Limerick, 41,061; Waterford, 27,968.

The country is primarily agricultural, chief crops being wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes, turnips, mangels, sugar beets, cabbage, flax and hay..

The chief industries (1939) with production in pounds follow: grain milling. 10,770,420; tobacco. 7,676,129; butter, cheese, condensed milk and margarine, 6,950,028; bread. flour, confectionery, and biscuits. 5,232,527; brewing, 7,923,446; sugar, sugar confectionery, jam making, etc., 4,633,369; assembly, construction and repair of vehicles, 2,990,736; clothing manufacture, 1,253,784; printing, publishing, bookbinding and engraving. 2,582,465.

Imports (1939) amounted in value to £43,415,139; and exports, £26,892,414.

Vessels entering the ports of the country in the foreign trade (1939) numbered 11,903, of 8.272,568 tonnage, and 1,468 of 110,344 tonnage arrived in the coasting trade.

Elementary education is free and compulsory, and the Irish language is a required study in all national schools. The National University of Ireland (founded 1908), comprising the Constituent Colleges of Dublin. Cork and Galway. and Trinity College, Dublin (founded 1591) are institutions of higher learning.

Estimated expenditures for defense (1940-1941) were £6,454,601. A standing army of 14,243 together with reserves and volunteers of 11,757, making a total of 26,000, all ranks, is maintained

The monetary unit is the Irish pound, which has the same value as the pound sterling of Great Britain. Government revenues (1940-1941) are estimated at £33,769,000 and expenditures £35,559,000.

British European Possessions

Gibraltar, the rock at the southernmost point of the Iberian Peninsula, guards the entrance to the Mediterranean. The width of the strait dividing Europe from Africa is 14 miles. The Rock has heen in British possession since 1713. It has been elaborated, tunneled and armed until it is considered impregnable. A large and secure harbor has been constructed at its foot. As a naval base its position is of the greatest strategic importance. The Rock is 234 miles long, 34 of a mile wide and 1.396 ft. in height; the area is nearly two square miles; a narrow isthmus connects it with the Spanish mainland.

The fixed population (estimated, 1939) is 20,399. The natives are mostly Roman Catholics. Education is compulsory between five and 14 years of age. The monetary unit is the pound sterling, but Spanish money circulates freely.

Gibraltar is a Crown Colony and the Governor and Commander-in-Chief is Gen Lord Gort.

Malta, an island 17 miles long by eight wide and 58 miles due south of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea and about 180 miles from the African coast, has had centuries of stormy history. It was annexed to the British Empire (1814) following the Napoleonic wars and has been greatly strengthened and made into a base for repair and refitment for the British fleet. The harbor of Valletta has been improved with a breakwater, but it is not large. The area of the island is 95 square miles. The neighboring island of Gozo has an area of 27 square miles which with Comino, one square mile, brings the total for the group to 122 square miles. The civil population (1939) is 268,668.

Farming is the prime industry, chief crops being wheat, barley, potatoes, onions, beans, vegetables and fruits. Trade is chiefly with Great Britain.

India

Capital, New Delhi-Area, 1,808,679 square miles-Population (1931) 352,837,778 The name India describes the central peninsula of southern Asia, south of the Himalayas, reaching eastward to Siam, French Indo-China and China. It is bounded on the north by Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Thibet; on the south by the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea; on the west by the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea. Persia and Afghanistan. Its territory is as large as that of the United States east of the Rocky Mountain States. Burma was separated from India politically (April 1, 1937).

west mountains, the whole being tropical in general character. The highest point in the world is Mt. Everest, 29,141 ft., in the Himalayas, between India and China.

The climate ranges from the extremely hot in the southeast to cooler elevations of the north

Approximately 20% of the area is forested, among the timber products being sandalwood, teak, ironwood, deodar, satinwood, date palm, cocoanut, sago, banyan and acacia.

The country is essentially agricultural, 70% of the people living therefrom. The most important crop is tea and engages the daily employment of nearly a million persons. Other principal agricultural products are: rice, coffee, wheat, sugar car

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cotton, jute, linseed, mustard, sesamum, castor seed, groundnut and rubber. Corn, barley, tobacco and indigo are also grown.

India has an unusually wide range of minerals and was famous for its riches even before the time of Marco Polo. The country has yielded much gold, silver, diamonds and rubies to the western world. The most important minerals today are coal, petroleum, gold, lead, manganese, salt, silver, tin, mica, copper, tungsten, iron and zinc.

The chief industry, after agriculture, is the weaving of cotton cloths, followed by silk rearing and weaving, shawl and carpet weaving, woodcarving and metal-working.

CITIES OVER 200,000

The cities of above 200,000 inhabitants with their population (census of 1931) are:

City

Calcutta (with

Pop.

City
Bagalore.

suburbs)... 1,485,582 Lucknow. Calcutta proper. 1,161,410 Amritsar.

Bombay.

Madras.

Hyderabad.

Delhi...
Lahore.
Ahmedabad

1,161,383 Karachi.

647,230 Cawnpore.
466,894 Poona.
447,442 Agra.
429.747 Nagpur.
313,789 Benares

officers. The Royal Indian Navy consists of five escort vessels, a survey boat, patrol ship and trawler.

In London the governmental affairs of India are handled by the Secretary of State for India. At New Delhi, the capital of India, there is a British governor-general and, under the Government of India Act (1935), two native legislative chambers, the Council of State and the House of Assembly. The former consists of 58 representatives of British India, the majority of whom are elected on a franchise of some 100,000 persons, and the remainder of whom are appointed by the native rulers. The Assembly consists of 141 representatives, 39 nominated of whom 26 are officials and 102 are elected.

The native states of India have always enjoyed local autonomy. Only in matters affecting India as a whole such posts and telegraphs, customs and currency, have they been subject to British law. The British Viceroy and Governor-General of India is the Marquess of Linlithgow (born Sept. 24, 1887). He succeeded the Marquess of Willingdon (April 18, 1936) for a five-year term.

The India Act establishes a federation embracing Pop. British India and the Native States with a wide 306,470 measure of autonomy for some of the provinces. 274,659 These provinces are: Bengal, Bombay, Madras, 264,840 Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Punjab, Sind, Central Prov263,565 inces, United Provinces, and Northwest Provinces. 243,755 Delhi has, like Washington, a separate adminis233,885 tration. Each Province has a Governor appointed 229.764 by the King, a Cabinet and Legislature set up on 215.165 similar lines except that in Assam, Orissa, Punjab, 205,315 Central Provinces and United Provinces there is In British India (1938) there are 226,331 "rec- only one chamber. ognized" educational institutions with 13,831,707 scholars; and 17,036 "unrecognized" schools with 521,538 scholars. There are 16 universities. The percentage of illiteracy in the nation is high. Christian missionaries, Catholic and Protestant, exceed 6,000 in number. They conduct more than 12,000 recognized" schools, operate more than 200 hospitals and many centers for welfare work. There are more than 45 races speaking 200 languages, 2,400 castes and tribes, and 700 feudatory states. Each cult, caste and tribe adheres strongly to its religious beliefs and social rules, many of them with fanaticism. The religious population (census of 1931) follows-Hindus, 239,195,140; Muslims, 77,677,545; Buddhists, 12,786,806; Tribal, 8,280,347; Christians, 6,296,763; Sikhs, 4,335,771; Jains, 1,252,105; Zoroastrians, 109,752; Jews, 24,141. The Legislative Assembly (Sept. 1929), by a large majority, enacted a law, introduced by a Hindu member, raising the minimum age for marriage of girls to 14 years and the age of consent to 16.

Units of the British Regular Army, the Indian Army, Auxiliary and Territorial Forces, the Indian Army Reserve, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian State Forces, the Royal Air Force and the Indian Air Force form the defense. Members of the British Regular Army in Indian service are paid by India. The Auxiliary Force is composed of persons of British extract and is subject to call for local service. The Indian Territorial Force comprises provincial and urban battalions and a University Training Corps, all subject to general service. The Indian Army Reserve comprises reservists of all arms. The Indian States maintain the Indian State Forces and are trained by British BRITISH AND NATIVE STATES Pop.

British Provinces

Ajmer-Merwara.

Andamans and Nicobars.

Gold is hoarded in India by all classes of people, as a reserve against famine. The wealthy princes have accumulated enormous sums. It was estimated (1925) that India's hoarded gold amounted to $2,500,000,000 and its silver hoardings in various forms to $2,750,000,000. The net recorded imports of gold into India (1873-1930) totaled $2,800,000,000. The monetary unit is the rupee with an average value of $.30. The budget (1941) estimates revenue at £98,802,000 and expenditures £98,725,000.

Sikkim is a state of India in the Himalayas, south from Thibet. The area is 2,818 square miles, and population (1931) 109,808, composed of Bhutias, Lepchas and Nepalese. It is governed by a Maharajah under a British protectorate.

Cereals, fruits and woolen cloth are the products. The Andaman Islands, 204 in number, are in the Bay of Bengal, 120 miles from the mainland of Burma. Area is 2,508 square miles, and population (1940) 21,028 (aborigines not counted). Timber wealth is large. The islands have been used as a penal colony for life and long-term convicts, but this is being discontinued. There were (1940) 6,069 convicts. The natives are pygmy, jungle dwellers, expert with spear and arrow and savage.

The Nicobar Islands, 75 miles from Andaman Islands, have 635 square miles of area and a population (1931) of 9,481.

IN INDIA, INCLUDING BURMA

Area in
Sq. M.

1931

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67,334

9,247,857 Cochin State..

1,480

1,205,016

134,638

868,617 Gwalior State.

26,367

3,523,070

Bihar and Orissa

Bombay Presidency.

Aden..

Burma.

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14,436,148

84,516

3,646,243

29,326

6,557,302

80

51,478 Punjab States Agency.

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Central Provinces & Berar.
Coorg

233,492 14,667,146 Rajputana Agency.
131,095 17,990,937 Sikkim State.

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1,593 163,327 Travancore State
573

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636,246 Western India States Agency.

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36,356 4,684,364

490,333 63,346,537

Punjab

1,318,346 289,491,241

1,808,679 352,837,778

Delhi..

Madras.

North-West Frontier Province

United Provinces..

Total Provinces..

143,870 47,193,602

105,020 24,018,639 112,191 49,614,833 1,318,346 289,491,241

Total States..
Total Provinces.

Total India...

Burma

Burma is bounded on the north by Thibet and China, on the East by China and Siam, on the south by the Bay of Bengal, and on the west by the Bay of Bengal and the Provinces of Bengal and Assam of British India. Since the first Burma war (1826) it has been administered as part of British India.

Under the Government of India Act of 1935. Burma, which had long sought release, was detached from British India (April 1, 1937), made a Crown Colony, and given a constitution of her

own. Under the new law, there is a Senate of 36 members and a House of Representatives of 132 members.

The area of Burma (including the Shan States) is 261,610 square miles; population (1931) is 14.667,146. About 85% are Buddhists. Rangoon is the capital.

The Irriwaddy River is navigable for 900 miles and its tributary, the Chindwin, for 300.

The principal products are teakwood, tin, silver and petroleum.

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