important discoveries during the past year, we are surprised at the Editor's success in maintaining the interest throughout his 400 pages and upwards. Each of his numbers contains a large engraving and fourteen closely printed columns; which he has very judiciously filled with standard information, in the dearth of current novelties. We are especially gratified with the chemical and naturo-philosophical articles in this volume, which are sound, yet well adapted for the general reader; at all times, a great merit in a scientific work for the many; so that we can conscientiously recommend this Miscellany to all who are anxious to know what is passing in the great world of nature's beauty and man's ingenuity. A DICTIONARY OF THE ARTS, SCIENCES, AND MANUFACTURES. BY G. FRANCIS, F.L.S. THIS Volume is an Encyclopædia, properly speaking; for, we believe the right appropriation of that term to be to a work on the arts and sciences and their applications. It not only explains the terms in architecture, civil engineering, practical mechanics, manufacturing processes, mathematics, the fine arts, and the experimental sciences; but it likewise gives the origin, properties, and applications, and describes the apparatus and machines employed in the physical sciences-the invention of past years as well as of yesterday. Hence, the work is brought up to its time, and has the merit of novelty as well as of recording sterling and established merit. The explanations are concise and satisfactory, and moreover, illustrated with a profusion of wood-cuts-some two or three in each of the 400 pages. The book contains the marrow of an encyclopædia; for, in many respects, history and biography, which occupy so large a portion of our "circles of the sciences," are the dry bones of such works. We have seen one or two technological works of about half the size, yet of higher price, than this Dictionary; and with a far less proportion of claim to public encouragement. A COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE FINE ARTS. AN useful little manual of instructions in drawing, oil and water-colour painting, perspective, flower and miniature painting, lithographic drawing, engraving on wood and copper, sketching from nature, &c.; made practical by the addition of a number of recipes. We consider it likely to prove very useful to students in the Fine Arts, of whom the taste as well as the number is daily increasing. Carieties. Strange Custom.-At Cartago, there are always public rejoicings when persons die young, on account of their having fewer sins to answer for. Royal Society Soirées.-At the first of the Marquis of Northampton's soirées, there were present upwards of 400 distinguished literary and scientific persons; among whom was the amiable Mr. Washington Irving, introduced by Mr. S. Rogers, the poet. The tables were covered with novelties in science and art; though it must be acknowledged that they were not of the brilliant character of the two previous seasons. A Greenland Family.-Captain Graah, on inquiring how many children a Greenlander was blessed with, was answered "four." His wife, however, contradicted him, declaring there were "five;" nor could they agree about the matter till they counted them on their fingers, the only arithmetical powers of which they had any knowledge. Their names were, in English, Lamp-soot, Round-knife, Child's-jacket, Blubber, and Old. Man is like a lobster in boiling water, restless and never satisfied. Hair. The poor Peruvian girls have often been known to refuse 2 oz. of gold, (between £6 and £7) for their luxuriant head of hair. Princely" Bespeak." — When the Marchioness of Yavi, at Potosi, expressed a desire to see a favourite play, it was immediately commanded by the Marquis, who, taking the whole house at his own expense, distributed the tickets among the fashionable world, and had the theatre supplied with refreshments of every kind, as a private party. Water.-Mr. Temple, when travelling in Peru, one day, stopped at a house and asked for a glass of water; when the woman called to a boy, saying, "take the pitcher, and gallop off for some water.' "9 "Pray," said the traveller, "how far has he to go?" "Oh! not more than a short league," was the reply. "The Dandy" is the name of a stiffening fever in the West Indies, as well as of a starched coxcomb in another portion of Her Majesty's dominions. Possibly, the sobriquet of Dandy was first given to some upstart middy, by sailors on the pas sage, whose comparisons are generally correct. Native Windows.-On the Loochoo coast are found large Japan for windows instead of glass.-In "icy Greenland," flat shells, which are so transparent that they are used in the windows of a house are placed on the sunniest side, and they are filled with the skin of the intestine of the seal, or the veluga, which, though too opaque to permit of one's seeing through it, admits sufficient light for ordinary purposes. Billiards.-Kauikeaouli, king of the Sandwich Islands, is very fond of billiards; but, should he be playing when the clock strikes eleven, though in the middle of the game, he throws down his cue at once, and the lights are extinguished dissipation. This is even more rigid than the fall of the curin obedience to a curfew law, made by himself, to restrain tain of Her Majesty's theatre on Saturday midnight. Brandy is called by the Greenlanders "maddening drink," and they cannot be persuaded to taste it. They deserve a Temperance Medal for their forbearance and ingenuity; presenting, as it does, a strong contrast with the opinion of the savage-that brandy made him talk like an angel! Islands.-The naming of Islands is almost a matter of joke. In the charts of the Pacific is set down a very small spot as the Island of Disappointment: this is thought to be the same as the island of Rosario, upon which, a whaler not being able to find a second time, bestowed the name of Invisible Island. Rent in Greenland. - A peppercorn denotes the lowest rent paid in this country; but, in Greenland, it is otherwise. When Captain Graah wanted to build a hut on the eastern coast, one of the natives had the face to demand a regular ground-rent, for permission to build on his ground, as he called it, and the captain compromised the matter by agreeing to pay him in the form of a pinch of snuff! "Pay" is a magic word in Greenland, as elsewhere; and when the captain asked the natives the name of the sun or moon in their own language, or requested leave to look at the tattooing on their arms, the reply was always, "Won't you pay me?" The love of money is thus, by no means, a vice of civilization, but of human nature in every condition; or, as Shenstone illustrates it-a child can close its hand as soon as it is born. Lord Byron oddly calls avarice an old gentleman's vice. Servant's Warning.-When a servant in Greenland wishes to leave her situation, she merely says to her master or mistress," Kasuonga," i. e. "I am tired," and immediately she walks off. London: Published for the Proprietors, by W. BRITTAIN, Paternoster Row. Edinburgh: JOHN MENZIES. Glasgow: D. BRYCE. Printed by J. Rider, 14, Bartholomew Close, London. LONDON SATURDAY JOURNAL. CONDUCTED BY JOHN TIMBS, THIRTEEN YEARS EDITOR OF "THE MIRROR," AND "LITERARY WORLD." after all, and there alone, that really good acting is to be met with. How the scene changes when one of our sex is transformed from the marriageable into the married man! Matrimony is represented as a new world. The representation is just; especially as regards the husband. The drama is then concluded, and the female performers, whether mother or daughter, appear in their true cha racters. If his wife be good-tempered and virtuous, he will have no reason to regret his speculation; but even in that case he will discover a wonderful change. She will make it a rule to seek to make him happy, both from a sense of duty and of interest; but he will miss the wonted obsequiousness, the display of the excessive solicitude to please, which she made in her maiden condition. She becomes less fastidious in the article of dress; her toilet most probably does not occupy half the time she was accustomed to expend upon it. She would not before have been seen by him in dishabille for worlds: now she thinks nothing about it. A consciousness that she is mistress of the house, and on a footing of perfect equality with her lord, breaks in upon her, and this consciousness develops itself, often imperceptibly perhaps to her, though not to him, in a thousand little ways. But though the married man, even where his wife is amiable and virtuous, will thus find a material difference in the position of matters from what it was when he was in a marriageable capacity, it does not follow that he will now find himself less happy. On the contrary, he will be more so, because every thing is now simple and sincere, instead of the mere politeness and artificialities which characterised the acts of his wife when they were severally in their marriageable condition. THE MARRIAGEABLE MAN. (From Mr. Grant's "Portraits of Popular People.") THE marriageable man is a person of great importance. Go where he will among the other sex, he is sure of a cordial reception. His company is equally courted by the matron and the maid. The wife lavishes her attentions on him, because she has a daughter with whom she is desirous he should enter into a matrimonial compact. The young girl plays the part of Miss Amiable on her own account. Between the attentions of the two, he surely ought to be a happy man; for every body knows that he who is fortunate enough to occupy a prominent place in the good graces of mother and daughter, is sure, as a matter of course, also to enjoy the friendship of the husband and father, the brothers and sisters. In fact, all are his friends. He is, or ought to be, much more at home in the house of the marriageable girl, than even the master of the establishment himself. The female portion of the family, from mamma downwards, display the very perfection of amiability. Wherever he looks, he encounters beaming eyes and smiling countenances. He lives in a region of smiles. And such smiles! Mother and daughters vie with each other in lavishing their choicest looks upon him. Just see the difference between the smiles with which he is honoured, and those which are bestowed by mamma or the marriageable miss on the married man. Would you have believed there could have been so great a difference in the smiles of the same lady? The marriageable man meets with friendship and favour at every step. Mamma and the young ladies overwhelm him with their attentions. They hang upon his breath; his wishes are anticipated before they are even formed. He is the centre of the family circle. Many are the dangers to which the marriageable man females, mother and all, are but so many planets moving exposes himself in his laudable anxiety to do the amiable round him, and deriving all their happiness from him. towards the sex. There are those odious things called He reads in their countenances, that they are all dying "breaches of promise:" and what is still worse, there are, to make him happy; and in the overwhelming sense he now-a-days, such latitudinarian readings of the law of the entertains of this, and at the same time charitably forming land, as that a man shall be held responsible in a court of his opinion of the sex generally, from the charming speci-justice for his most unmeaning actions. Or, to speak still mens by whom he is surrounded, he feels a burning indignation rise in his bosom, as he recalls to mind the many harsh things he has heard uttered touching the tempers of women. He inwardly pronounces all such assertions or insinuations downright libels, and is impelled by so strong a sense of gallantry, that he could on the instant find in his heart to call out any and every person that dared to whisper a word to the disadvantage of the sex. Formerly he wondered at the extreme folly of Don Quixote and other knights-errant of old, in doing gratuitous battle for the fair. His wonder has vanished; or rather has given place to supreme surprise, that ever he could have felt such wonder at all. His astonishment now takes a different direction; it runs in an opposite channel. It is all the other way. The only matter of amazement with him is, that any one should quietly sit in his seat, and not appeal to the pistols at once, when a single reflection is hazarded respecting the temper or the virtues of the female sex. The The acting which one sometimes meets with on the stage, when an attempt is made to convey an idea of the cunning of a designing mamma, in her efforts to please a marriageable man, and the arts and efforts of young miss herself to secure his regards, fall infinitely short of the reality of actual life. There are a thousand little things in the conduct of mother and daughter; in their look, smile, words, actions, manner, every thing, which can only be imagined by those who have experienced them, and which even when experienced, can only be successfully exhibited in the drama of real life. It is there, more plainly, a thoughtless, good-natured young fellow, desirous of pleasing every body, but particularly young ladies, runs a very great risk of getting himself dragged into a court of law, to be there ridiculed, and denounced, and doomed to pay heavy damages, just as if he were the greatest villain that ever trod the earth,-and all on the assumption that he has been guilty of a breach of promise of marriage, though he not only never made any such promise, but had not the remotest intention of doing so. The ungallant judge, applying the odious "constructive" principle sanctioned by our latitudinarian civil jurisprudence to his conduct, soon convinces him, or which is infinitely worse, convinces a jury of his countrymen, that he has been too prodigal of his attentions to the lady plaintiff. He does not quite comprehend this constructive doctrine. He cannot perceive any reason—and certainly there is no poetry-in thus saddling him with heavy damages, because in the plenitude of his good-natured gallantry, he thought proper to be somewhat lavish of his attentions to the fair plaintiff. The first Bible Society formed in South America, held its meetings in the convent of Santo Domingo, where the Inquisition formerly reigned despotic; and the secretary of the society was a friar of this convent. An Adventurer. - An Irishman walking one day through the streets of Caraccas, chanced to see a dollar on the ground; he kicked it on one side with much contempt, exclaiming, "By St. Patrick, I came to the Americas for gold-I'll not tarnish my fingers with silver coin." CANADIAN BALSAM. THE St. Lawrence brigantine was wrecked on the island of Cape Breton. The crew being in the greatest distress, remembered that a Jewish merchant of Quebec had shipped three barrels of apples by her, and they accordingly determined to open them. On opening the apple casks," says Mr. Prenties, "we found to our great surprise, that their contents were converted into bottles of Canadian balsam, a more valuable commodity to be sure than apples, but what we could have gladly exchanged in our present situation for something more friendly to the stomach than to the constitution. This disappointment extorted a few hearty good wishes towards the Jew; yet we found afterwards some use for this Canadian balsam, though I believe somewhat different from what he in ended it should be applied to, namely, that of repairing he boat, which had been beat in such a manner by the sea upon the beach, that every seam was open. We converted the balsam into a succedaneum for pitch. We boiled a quantity of it in an iron kettle, which, frequently taking off the fire, that the stuff might cool, we soon brought it to a proper consistence. Having got ready a sufficient quantity of it, we turned up the boat, and having cleaned her bottom, gave her a coat of the balsam, which effectually stopped up all crevices for the present. We also employed tallow candles in stopping the leaks of our boat, as fast as she sprung one in any particular place."-Prenties's Narrative of a Shipwreck, London, 1782. BATTLE STORY. J. H. F. FEW men exist whose blood will not heat higher at a well-devised tale of gallant adventure; much more when the fictions, the extravagances, of romance are realised in history. It is fearful, it is magnificent, to see how the arm and heart of one man may triumph over many! But we can seldom enjoy this pleasure unrestrained by some apprehension that we are indulging the imagination at the expense of the judgment. It is only in cases of clear and unjustifiable oppression, where power has been exerted to the utmost to crush right, where men, careless of death in comparison of oppression, weak in numbers, and confident only in the strength of their arms, and the good. ness of their cause, have met and overthrown the numerous forces of their enemy, that we can fully sympathise with the victor's triumph. - Historical Parallels, vol. i. (1831) p. 272. The author of the Introduction to the Chronicle of the Cid, says of the battle of Tours: "What a warfare it was to burn the standing corn, to root up the vine and the olive, to hang the heads of their enemies from the saddle bow, and drive mothers and children before them with the lance; to massacre the men of a town in the fury of assault; to select the chiefs that they might be murdered in cold blood; to reserve the women for violation, and the children for slavery; and this warfare year after year, till they rested from mere exhaustion. The soldiers of Ferran Gonzalez complained that they led a life like devils.Our Lord,' said they, is like Satan, and we are like his servants, whose whole delight is in separating soul from body."" ANDREW HOFER AND HIS TIME. (Concluded from page 260.) WHEN the northern and interior part of Tyrol was delivered, Andrew Hofer went with Harmayr to assist the oppressed southern or Italian Tyrol, and drove out of it the inimical commander, Baraguay D'Hilliers. In the mean while the French, after the victory at Eckmühl and Ratisbone, advanced against Vienna, and at this very moment the Bavarians broke, also desolating Tyrol. The very day of the surrender of Vienna, (April 13, 1809,) General Chasteller, with his few fatigued and dismembered troops, was defeated at Moergel by the predominance of the enemy. He saved himself upon a high mountain called the Brenner, and fought his way afterwards through the enemy. Upon that mountain was not only the headquarters of the oppressed Austrians, with General Buol and the brave Ertel of Lusignan, but also Hofer with his determined adjutant Eirensteckeu. They deliberated what He prevailed upon the Austrian commanders to yield to to do. The bold Hofer was for another impetuous attack. his plan: at the head of their troops they hurried again and 29th of May. The Tyrolians, headed by Andrew upon the enemy, and fought two battles on the 25th Hofer, who presented himself always where danger was the greatest, performed wonders of valour, and forced the enemy a second time to leave Tyrol. On the 30th May, in the morning, at four o'clock, the Austrian outposts reached Inspruck, and about nine o'clock Hofer, at the head of his brave Passeyers, made his entrance, amid the acclamations of the inhabitants. down Encouraged by the success, the Baron of Harmayr formed at that time a bold and ingenious plan to deliver the whole interior of Austria, by taking away Klagenfurth, General Buol found this plan as practicable as it was the only fortress in possession of the enemy below Rurka. desirable. The co-operation of the enthusiastic Tyrolians could be accounted for; the auxiliary troops they could dispose of amounted to about 500 men. To make the concourse the greater, and the enterprise the more patriotic, Baron Harmayr prevailed upon Andrew Hofer to lead this army, consisting for the most part of exercised men. The commander asked the 9th Austrian corps d'armée for In this manner the execuassistance, but obtained none. tion of the plan was delayed. Meanwhile the famous battle of Wagram was fought. The armistice of Tuain followed (July 12,) and the plan of Harmayr remained unexecuted, and had no other consequences than the very disadvantageous one, to have united a numerous and very warlike body of people in the only way upon which the departure of the Austrians out of Tyrol could possibly be effected. The lamentations of the Tyrolians were indeed great, but, lonely and forsaken as they were, they did not despair. After the departure of the Austrian troops, Hofer's liberty and even life were in great danger; he concealed himself in a hut upon the mountains, and all the many orders he issued from thence were subscribed, " Andere Hofer, not knowing where." (Andere Hofer, nicht wissend wo.) hero, thinking only of his dear country, forgot all the But the French armies approached, and suddenly our dangers, and re-appeared upon the theatre of war. Again he fought bravely with his people; at last a great pitched battle near Inspruck decided the common fate of the Tyrolians. inimical armies in the plain near Inspruck, opposite each The first dawning of the 13th August, 1809, found the other; 25,000 men on the side of the French, all veteran troops, commanded by skilful officers, exercised in war; and only 18,000 men on the side of the Tyrolians, nothing but mountaineers and countrymen, but inspired by the holy cause of their country and liberty, and by the love for their hereditary prince, their dear Francis. Prayers ascended to heaven on one side, imprecations on the other. Arrogance of happiness will snatch away with violence from fate what it only bestows spontaneously. The French already derided the humble Tyrolians. It was now six o'clock; the sun had scattered the dew of the morning, and the day was bright enough for the bloody work of war. The guns began to thunder, the muskets and rifles to crack. The surrounding Alps reechoed a dreadful noise, pregnant with fate. No Tyrolian ball was sent away in vain-every one found the breast of an enemy. Hofer, with the rifle on his arm, two pistols in his girdle, was every where; he encouraged those who were in danger, consoled the wounded and dying, and, like the god of war, fettered victory on the standards of his fellow-citizens. He-the humble innkeeper and merchant-did what none of the most skilful and experienced generals of that time could do, he defeated those armies accustomed to victory in France, Italy, Egypt, Germany, and the Netherlands, and reminded Napoleon the very first that no earthly happiness is constant. The dark veil of night first separated the combatants, and the defeated French retired with enormous loss and great speed from both banks of the Iun. Tyrol was now delivered a third time from a far superior enemy, and indeed this time only by the heroism of its inhabitants, and the valour of the innkeeper on the Sandt. Hofer hastened his entrance into Inspruck, the capital of Tyrol, and was received with a gush of joy and the acclamations of thousands of his grateful countrymen. Wreaths of flowers rained down upon the noble commander and his brave combatants for God, liberty, and country. Andrew Hofer took up his residence, as chief commander of Tyrol, in the imperial castle at Inspruck; and as the drowning snatches after a straw for his preservation, so the whole of oppressed Germany directed hopeful looks to him. But he did not enjoy long his happiness. A very large French army entered the south of Tyrol from Italy, and bloody scenes would have stained the soil of this small mountainous country, had not the peace of Vienna (Oct. 14, 1809) ended the war. Tyrol was torn in three pieces, which were incorporated into three different kingdoms. The Emperor Francis exhorted, with an aching heart, the unfortunate Tyrolians to a quiet resignation to their hard fate, and Hofer supported his beloved prince. He' dismissed his countrymen with the tears of sorrow and pain. They went home, and they henceforth no more agreed together. Hofer, forced by a part of his friends, (Nov. 15, 1809,) called the inhabitants of Vietschgau and Obern again to arms; but the star of his fortune had gone down. The French overflowed the country, and put a large premium upon the head of Andrew Hofer and some of his followers and friends. Hofer was obliged to flee for refuge to a hut high up the Alps, called the Yoke, about ten miles from the Passeyr. He could not be prevailed upon to leave his country for his safety; it was too dear to his heart, and contained all-all that the tender husband and father loved upon earth. receive orders and instructions from the head quarters in Milan: the family of Hofer was set at liberty. He saw and embraced his beloved wife and son the last time upon earth; but he did not know, nor anticipate it by a secret feeling. Hofer himself they pretended to convey to Milan; but they led him to the fortress of Mantua, where he was tried by the law of war. Even his partial judges could not find him guilty of the crime of high treason, of which he was accused, and the votes were divided, when at once the order went from Milan to shoot him in twentyfour hours. Hofer, although not at all expecting the sentence of death, thinking that nobody could condemn his sacred feeling for the holy cause of his country, heard it as a man-as a hero- with perfect calmness and resignation; not a sigh, not a glance of his eye, not a lineament of his face, betrayed a single weakness. The 20th of February, 1810, was the day of his execution. Twelve soldiers were commanded to shoot him. There stood the hero, erect in his good cause, and with a free conscience, not ten steps from the muzzles of the death-carrying muskets. He had but one short step to an awful eternity, and he must make it, for there was no grace for him upon earth. One thought more of his dear country, whose high moun tains were visible in the back-ground-of his beloved wife and son-and he was ready to take that important step. The fatal moment approached. The soldiers, though they had seen in many battles death in a thousand forms, could not behold his quiet and serene face, the image of interual peace, without the utmost pity;-they trembled—Andrew Hofer trembled not. The last command was given-the muskets cracked; twelve balls pierced the body of the hero. He sunk without emitting a sound of pain; his blood streamed out of twelve wounds, but he was not dead-the trembling soldiers had aimed badly. A compassionate under-officer left, at last, his file, put the muzzle of his musket on Hofer's head, and killed him with a thirteenth ball. a So died one of the noblest men of his time. He was sacrifice to the delight for murder of him who stained the page of his history some years before in the same manner, with the blood of the innocent and unhappy Duke d'Enghien, and who killed in cold blood about 4000 Egyptians taken prisoners in Syria. Nevertheless, the indulgent world calls him "the great," who had at least as many crimes as virtues. He was a great general, but was he more than that-a great man? His memory is too recent-we are not yet free enough from prejudices; posterity must judge of him! The dead body of Andrew Hofer was buried solemnly, and this was the only satisfaction for his murder, and that of justice. His family was permitted to emigrate to Austria, where the emperor Francis II. had accorded to his wife 2000 florins (about £250,) as an annual revenue, and 50,000 florins as a present to purchase a property. But the widow was as good a patriot as her beloved husband had been. She refused to leave her country, the theatre of the actions of the father of her child, where every corner re-echoed with his glory, and every body esteemed her grief, and where she could yield herself without restraint to the sweet and sacred feeling of deep grief, which is for the true mourning heart the most welcome pleasure. There the unhappy man lived, secluded from all the world, in the ice-fields of the inhospitable Alps, until the most ignominious treason delivered him into the hands of his cruel executioners. Some say a certain Wild; others, the priest Donai had whispered to the French general the name of Stoffel, who was till then the faithful messenger of Andrew Hofer. Promises and terrors of the anguish of death moved this unhappy man to lead the French to the residence of Hofer. On the 20th of Janu- A monument reminds the traveller in Tyrol of the ary, 1810, he was taken prisoner, put in irons, and brought, magnanimous and honest Hofer, and the shame of his as it were, in triumph, with his son, only twelve years murderer; but the best of monuments he erected himself of age, his wife, and his adjutant, through the towns of in the hearts of his countrymen, and of every liberalMevan and Botzen. The French shouted with joy-minded man whose breast glows for God, liberty, and the Tyrolians mourned, having lost their last hope. In country. Botzen the French left their prisoners several days, to |