through the probate judge. The patients are under the constant care of medical specialists, and their lives are made as pleasant as possible by the service of sympathetic attendants, and by cheerful surroundings. Not all insane persons are cared for in the State hospitals. A large number are to be found in the county infirmaries. In 1903 the secretary of the board of State charities reported that, besides the 8,359 insane then under hospital treatment, there were 963 in our infirmaries.1 67. THE CUSTODY OF DELINQUENTS correctional The custody of delinquents, or those who are offend- Municipal ers against the law and have to undergo sentence for penal and their misdeeds, is entrusted to municipalities, counties, institutions. and the State. Every municipality has its city prison for the safe-keeping of persons convicted in the municipal court of petty crimes and offenses against the local ordinances. In some cities there is also a work-house to which vagrants and other offenders are sent to work out the penalties imposed by the local court. These penal institutions are supplemented in certain cities by houses of correction and refuge, which are institutions of a reformatory type. To these local reformatories. children under sixteen years of age may be committed by the mayor or any judicial officer of the county on account of depravity or incorrigibleness, or lack of a proper home or livelihood.2 The county is required to provide a jail for the con- County finement of persons awaiting trial, or those condemned penal and correctional to imprisonment here instead of in the State peniten- institutions. Juvenile courts. State reformatories offenders. tiary. The jail is managed by the sheriff under rules prescribed by the court of common pleas. By popular vote the commissioners of adjoining counties may be authorized to erect a work-house as a place of punishment for certain classes of offenders from the counties concerned. In addition to these penal institutions many counties maintain a reformatory, known as a home of the friendless, for vicious and for helpless women. In these counties a woman convicted of certain offenses may be committed either to the State Industrial Home for Girls or to the county home, as the court may think best. Only women are received in this way, and those sent by the court must be over sixteen years of age and guilty of an offense punishable by imprisonment in the county jail. Helpless women and girls are sometimes admitted on application. Inmates may be bound out to service as apprentices or servants under the guardianship of the trustees of the home. Another reformatory agency is the juvenile court recently authorized for certain counties. It tries cases of destitute, neglected and incorrigible children who are under sixteen years old. When desirable it places its wards in private families or correctional institutions under the oversight of the probation officer of the court. The State maintains two industrial reform schools for for youthful youthful offenders, and a reformatory and a penitentiary for older criminals. Boys between the ages of ten and sixteen convicted of an offense against State law are committed to the Boys' Industrial School, and are kept there until of age unless earlier reformed. This institution is situated near Lancaster and has over eight hundred inmates. The boys do much of the mechanical and industrial work about the school farm, and are also taught the trades of shoe-making, printing, and telegraphy. A similar institution for girls, known as the Girls' Industrial Home, is situated near Delaware. Those sent to this institution are between nine and sixteen years of age, and have been guilty of an offense punishable by fine or imprisonment, except imprisonment for life, or they are known to be leading vicious lives. They continue in custody until they are twentyone, unless previously discharged or bound out to service. The home comprises eight cottages, a hospital, a library, and a large school building. Each cottage accommodates from forty to fifty girls, and is under the charge of a matron, and the entire home is managed by a superintendent. The girls are given regular instruction and employment. Those who receive an honorable dismissal are given a sum of money out of a fund accruing from the profits of the institution, and thus are not permitted to go out into the world empty-handed. State Re formatory. The State Reformatory receives all criminals con- The Ohio victed for their first offense, except those sentenced to imprisonment for life, or those whose youthfulness admits them to the reformatories described above. The primary aim of the institution is the reformation of the convicts, and to this end a milder discipline is practiced than in the penitentiary. The expenses of the reformatory are paid out of the funds derived by the State from the traffic in intoxicating liquors. Persons whose age and criminal record do not warrant their confinement in any of the reformatories or in a county jail are sent to the State's prison for such a term as the court may determine. Prisoners not sentenced for life may reduce their terms by good conduct, The Ohio Commutation of sentence. or be released on parole. The convicts are kept in close confinement, except when engaged at hard labor, and are not allowed to speak to each other unless granted the privilege as a holiday favor. They are employed in the manufacture of products for outside firms under the contract system, and of all articles used at the various State institutions. A share of each prisoner's earnings is set aside for him or his family, but twenty-five per cent. of this amount is reserved to be paid to the convict at the time of his release. The government of the penitentiary is vested in a board of five managers appointed by the governor for five years at an annual salary of $1,000 each. This board appoints the warden, prison guards, and other officers. It also makes contracts with manufacturers for the employment of prison labor at a rate of not less than seventy-five cents a day for each convict, but in so doing it must observe certain conditions in order to restrict competition between convict and outside labor. Inmates of the penitentiary who seek a pardon, commutation of sentence, or reprieve, must apply to the State board of pardons, which was established by statute in 1888. Before the year mentioned the pardoning power rested with the governor alone. The governor appoints the four members of the board, two for two years and two for four, giving equal representation to two political parties. At least three of the members. must sanction any recommendation of a pardon before it can be made by the governor, but the governor may act independently if he thinks public interests require it. The inmate of a reformatory may be recommended for pardon by its board of managers without the intervention of the State board. CHAPTER XI THE CONTROL OF ECONOMIC INTERESTS 68. REFERENCES Hart, Actual Government (American Citizen Series), Part IX., "Commercial Functions," pp. 480-534; Bullock, Introduction to the Study of Economics, chs. 11, 14 and 16; Hadley, Economics, chs. 12 and 13; Adams, Finance, Part I. chs. 2 and 3; Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, I. pp. 128-136, "The Public Lands of Ohio;" Ibid. pp. 100-110, Townshend on "The History of Agriculture in Ohio;" Burkett, History of Ohio Agriculture; Howe (as above), I. pp. 59-89, Orton on "The Geography and Geology of Ohio;" Ibid. pp. 110-118, Roy on "The Mines and Mining Resources of Ohio;" Adams, "Relation of the State to Industrial Action" (in Proceedings of the American Economic Association, I. No. 6); Jevons, The State in Relation to Labor; Levasseur, The American Workingman; Kelly, "An Effective Child-labor Law" (in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, May, 1903, pp. 96-103; Ibid., "Child-labor Legislation," pp. 104-109; Farrer, The State in Relation to Trade; Ely, Monopolies and Trusts; Ford, American Citizen's Manual, Part II. pp. 67-82, "Corporations;" Hobson, The Evolution of Modern Capitalism. Bates, Annotated Ohio Statutes, §§ 3107-59 to 3107-125, “Public Lands;" §§ 405 to 409, 4216 to (4221-6), (6968-1) and (6968-2), "Fish;" 88 6959-6968b, "Birds, Game and Fish;" 88 (409-15) to (409-19), "Forestry Bureau;" §§ (3691-25) to 3713-11, (4446-7) to (4446-15), 4210 to 4212, "Agriculture;" §§ 4364-62 to 4365, 6984, (6986-1), 307 to 310, "Labor;" §§ 142-146, 1054 to 1057, 1051, 1062, 4428 to 4446, "Weights and Measures;" §§ 2582 to 2596-9, 4277 to 4355c, "Inspection;" §§ (4227-1) to (4427-12), "Trusts; §§ 4615 to 4946, "Public Ways and Bridges;" §§ 218-66 to 218-304, "Canals;" §§ 4380 to 4385, "Navigation;" §§ 3141 to (3170-7), "Partnerships;" $ 3232 to (3884-6), "Corporations;" Constitution of Ohio, |