553. b. 16. Mezzo voce, literally with half voice,-in deep low tones.

19. Lorelei. Heine's well known lyric has been set to a plaintive folk ballad air and is much sung by Germans.

RALPH WALDO EMERSON

554. Emerson died April 27, 1882. 555. a. 28. George Herbert, an English poet (15831633) author of many pieces of religious verse. 41. Memory somewhat failed. Emerson in his last years was afflicted with the disease aphasia, a partial loss of the memory.

557. a. 20. Dartmouth College address. On July 24, 1838, Emerson delivered the Phi Beta Kappa address at Dartmouth, taking as his subject 'Literary Ethics.'

39. Eulogy upon Adams, delivered in 1826. Adams and Jefferson both died on the same day, July 4, 1826.

THE LECTURE LYCEUM

Everett 558. a. 51. Purchase of Mount Vernon. with his oration on George Washington, delivered one hunin every part of America, earned over dred thousand dollars, all of which he gave to the Mount Vernon fund which made of the Washington estate a national possession forever.

ON A BUST OF DANTE

562. The text is from Poems by William Thomas Parsons. 1854.

11. Beatrice should be given here the Italian pronunciation, Bay-ar-tráy-che. She was the lady immortalized by Dante in his Divine Comedy.

13. Ghibeline's. Dante belonged to the aristocratic party in Italy and was opposed to the Guelfs or popular and papal party.

17. Cuma, a town ten miles from Naples supposed to be the location of the cave of the fabled Cumaan sybil.'

32. It is told of Dante that, when he was roama certain monastery, ing over Italy, he came to where he was met by one of the friars, who blessed him, and asked what was his desire; to which the weary stranger simply answered, thor's Note.

52. Latium Italy.

PARADISI GLORIA

pace."-Au

563. 1. O frate mio! O brother of mine, each one is a citizen of a true city.

THE OLD FOLKS AT HOME

564. In 1915 The Library of Congress published a complete Catalogue of First Editions of Stephen C. Foster. It is noted in the preface that it is significant that Foster was born on the Fourth of July, since his best music is still a living force in our national life.'

HANNAH BINDING SHOES

565.The little song "Hanna Binding Shoes "written immediately after my return from the West, -[Summer of 1852] was a study from life though not from any one life in my native town.'- A New England Girlhood.

FAREWELL ADDRESS AT SPRINGFIELD,

ILLINOIS

571. 'It was a stormy morning [February 11, 1861] which served to add gloom and depression to their spirits. The leave-taking presented a scene of subdued anxiety, almost of solemnity. Mr. Lincoln took a position in the waiting-room, where his friends filed past him, often merely pressing his hand in silent emotion.

Then

The

The half-finished ceremony was broken in upon by the ringing bells and rushing train. The crowd closed about the railroad car into which the President-elect and his party made their way. came the central incident of the morning. bell gave notice of starting; but as the conductor paused with his hand lifted to the bell-rope, Mr. Lincoln appeared on the platform of the car, and raised his hand to command attention. The bystanders bared their heads to the falling snowflakes, and standing thus, his neighbors heard his voice for the last time, in the city of his home, in a farewell address so chaste and pathetic, that it reads as if he already felt the tragic shadow of forecasting fate.'-Nicolay and Hay.

FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS

571. Only the last six paragraphs of the address are given here, or about one-sixth of the entire address.

ADDRESS AT GETTYSBURG

572. The orator of the day was Edward Everett, who was regarded as the most finished and scholarly speaker of his generation in America. He spoke for nearly two hours.

'Mr. Everett ended in a brilliant peroration, the echoes of which were lost in the long and hearty plaudits of the great multitude, and then President Lincoln arose to fill the part assigned him in the programme. It was a trying ordeal to fittingly crown with a few brief sentences the ceremonies of such a day and such an achievement in oratory; finished, erudite, apparently exhaustive of the theme, replete with all the strength of scholastic method and If there arose the highest graces of literary culture. in the mind of any discriminating listener on the platform a passing doubt whether Mr. Lincoln would or could properly honor the unique occasion, that doubt vanished with his opening sentence; for then and there the President pronounced an address of dedication so pertinent, so brief yet so comprehensive, so terse yet so eloquent, linking the deeds of the present to the thoughts of the future, with simple words, in such living, original, yet exquisitely molded, maxim-like phrases that the best critics have awarded

it an unquestioned rank as one of the world's masterpieces in rhetorical art.'-Nicolay and Hay.

SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS

572. The entire address is given.

RESPONSE TO A SERENADE

573. Lincoln was elected November 8, 1864. 'He received notice that on the night of the tenth of November the various Republican clubs in the District of Columbia would serenade him. Not wishing to speak extempore on an occasion where his words would receive so wide a publication, he sat down and wrote a speech which, while it has not received the world-wide fame of certain other of his utterances, is one of the weightiest and wisest of all his discourses. He read it at the window which opens on the north portico of the Executive Mansion, a secretary standing beside him lighting the page with a candle. 'Not very graceful," he said, "but I am growing old enough not to care much for the manner of doing things." There was certainly never an equal compliment paid a serenading crowd. The innermost philosophy of Republican government was in the President's little speech.'-Nicolay and Hay.

THE MEXICAN WAR

576. b. 20. In Taylor's command. General Grant served through the entire war. In September, 1845, he went with his regiment to join the forces of General Taylor in Mexico; there he took part in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma and Monterey, and, after his transfer to General Scott's army, which he joined in March, 1847, served at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Churubusco, Molino del Rey and at the storming of Chapultepec. breveted first lieutenant for gallantry at Molino del Rey and captain for gallantry at Chapultepec.'

THE BIVOUAC OF THE DEAD

He was

583. It is not known just how the John Brown song came to be written. It was probably put together by a quartette from the second Massachusetts battalion, and it was sung by the regiment as it marched through New York City, July 24, 1861. It has been attributed to H. H. Brownell of Hartford. Additional stanzas were improvised as the song spread through the army, and several versions resulted. Undoubtedly it was the most popular marching song of the war.

BATTLE-HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC

584. Mrs. Howe visited Washington in December, 1861, and while there saw much of the regiments quartered about the city. She heard the John Brown song everywhere sung, and impressed by the inadequacy of the words, even as Pike had been impressed by the inferiority of the early version of Dixie, she wrote before she left the city what she called The Battle-Hymn of the Republic. It was first published in the Atlantic Monthly, February, 1862, and has now taken its place as the American battle-hymn.

THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND MORE

584. First printed in the New York Evening Post, July 16, 1862, and as it was anonymous, attributed to William Cullen Bryant, who settled all conjecture as to its authorship by revealing the name of its author. It was written immediately following Lincoln's call for three hundred thousand volunteers.

STONEWALL JACKSON'S WAY

584. Written while the battle of Antietam was in progress, September 17, 1862.

585. 14. Banks, Gen. N. P. Banks, commander of

a corps in the Shenandoah in 1862.

22. In forma pauperis, like a poor man.

27. Hill, the Confederate general A. P. Hill. 37. Pope, the Federal general John Pope.

39. Stuart, General Jeb.' Stuart, the Confederate cavalry leader.

39. Ashby, General Turner Ashby, killed at the battle of Cross Keys, Va.

LITTLE GIFFEN

586. The poet Ticknor did take into his home a stricken young Confederate soldier just as the poem records and all the details of the story are literally true.

THE CONQUERED BANNER

588. First published in Father Ryan's paper, The Banner of the South, in 1868.

THE BLUE AND THE GRAY

589. First published in the Atlantic Monthly, September, 1867. To this first appearance of the poem was prefixed a quotation from the New York Tribune: 'The women of Columbus, Mississippi, animated by nobler sentiments than are many of their sisters, have shown themselves impartial in their offerings made to the memory of the dead. They strewed flowers alike on the graves of the Confederate and of the National heroes.' Finch was a native of Ithaca, N. Y., and was long prominently identified with Cornell University.

EUROPE

590. The poem deals with the revolution of 1848 in France which overthrew the corrupt Louis Philippe. The revolution as a whole was a failure. After insurrection and turmoil, gradually the monarchial forces gained control until by August, 1849, the old system had been completely restored.

FRANCE

591. Modern France was born from the French Revolution which is the subject of this poem.

MANNAHATTA

592. Manhattan Island, or New York City. 17. Trottoirs, French word for pavements.

CAPTAIN, MY CAPTAIN

594. This poem and When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd are without doubt the finest of all the elegiac verse called out by the death of Lincoln.

O STAR OF FRANCE

602. The poem was written during the dark days of the Franco-Prussian war, after the French armies had been crushingly defeated on the frontier and the commune had taken possession of Paris.

THOU MOTHER WITH THY EQUAL BROOD 603. This poem was read by Whitman before the Literary Societies of Dartmouth College, June 26, 1872, and published the same year in pamphlet form. In 1876 it was included in Leaves of Grass. To the earlier edition were added later what are now the first thirteen lines of the poem in its present form, besides many other additions and changes. I have followed the latest text.

DEMOCRATIC VISTAS

606. In 1871, Whitman issued what unquestionably is his most notable prose work, Democratic Vistas. It is pitched in major key; it swells O'Connor's piping note into a trumpet blast. Boldly and radically it called for a new school of literature. The old is outgrown, it cried; the new is upon us; make ready for the great tide of democratic poetry and prose that even now is sweeping away the old landmarks. To the new era it was what Emerson's American Scholar was to the period that had opened in the thirties. It was our last declaration of literary independence.'-American Literature Since 1870. 607. a. 1. Promulge, coined by Whitman. Promulgate is the proper word.

609. b. 36. Haut ton, high tone. 614. b. 30. Con amore, with love.

THE PRAYER OF COLUMBUS

615. In the Preface to the poem in the collected edition of 1876, Whitman explained: 'It was near the close of his indomitable and pious life on his

1503

last voyage when nearly seventy years of agethat Columbus, to save his two remaining ships from foundering in the Caribbean Sea in a terrible storm, had to run them ashore on the Island of Jamaica where, laid up for a long and miserable year -he was taken very sick, had several relapses, his men revolted, and death seem'd daily imminent; though he was eventually rescued, and sent home to Spain to die, unrecognized, neglected and in want.

It is only ask'd, as preparation and atmosphere for the following lines, that the bare authentic facts be recall'd and realized, and nothing contributed by the fancy. See the Antillean island, with its florid skies and rich foliage and scenery, the waves beating the solitary sands, and the hulls of the ships in the distance. See the figure of the great Admiral, walking the beach, as a stage, in this sublimest tragedy, what poem so piteous and majestic as the real scene?-and hear him uttering-as his mystical and religious soul surely utters, the ideas followingperhaps, in their equivalents, the very words.'

It is believed by many that this poem has autobiographic touches. It is a picture of Whitman himself in his last years.

MY DOUBLE AND HOW HE UNDID ME 618. a. 17. Rasselas, a moralizing romance written by Dr. Samuel Johnson.

26. Sandemanian. The Sandemanians were a small religious sect founded by a Scotchman, Robert Sandeman, who came to America in 1764.

b. 21. Paraheliacal, sun-equaling, or dazzling like the sun.

619. a. 25. Richard Greenough, born 1819, American sculptor.

b. 25. Frederic Ingham, the pen name used by Hale for some of his early writings, notably The Man Without a Country.

620. a. 9. Thalaba, the chief character in Robert Southey's poem Thalaba the Destroyer.

13. Sanctissimum, a superlative coined by the author. An author's study is often called his tum,' meaning place sacred to him and his work.

sanc

MY OUT-DOOR STUDY

627. This is the tenth paper in Out-Door Papers, published in book form, 1863.

630. b. 8. William Wilkie Collins (1824-89) English novelist, had issued, when Higginson's essay was written, The Dead Secret and The Woman in White, titles that suggest the type of fiction to which they belong.

24. John Constable (1776-1837) English landscape painter.

51. Thoreau's Walden had appeared in 1854. 631. a. 44. Henry T. Buckle (1821-1862) English historian, author of History of Civilization in England, 56. Vishnu Purana, one of the eighteen Sanscrit works which deal with the doctrines of Brahmanism. b. 22. Brentano. German romantic poet and novelist (1778-1842).

633. a. 21. Subde caput, etc. Put down your head, at the same time put down your body, at the same time wash out your hair.

634. b. 33. De soir fontaines, etc. In the evening fountains; in the morning mountains.

L'ENVOI

635. This was the closing poem of Taylor's Poems of the Orient, a collection which he published after his tour through Egypt, Asia Minor, India, China and Japan and other lands during the years between 1851-53, a journey of over fifty thousand miles.

THE NATIONAL ODE

636. The National Ode' was delivered at the celebration of the Fourth of July at the Centennial ai Philadelphia in 1876. An immense platform had been built running the length of Independence Hall. A most distinguished gathering it was, resplendent in the midst of it Emperor of Brazil and his suite. At last Bayard Taylor's part came. He stood upon the speaker's stand, without manuscript or notes of any kind, and in his full, strong voice began,"Sun of the stately Day."

There was something in his presence, erect, impressive, filled with a solemn sense of the moment, something in his voice, clear, penetrating, sonorous, and charged with profound emotion, which stilled the noise and tumult of those before him, hushed even the lively creatures in the branches, and made the vast audience listen. He had mastered the situation in a moment, and filled with his theme, he poured out his ode with a majesty of expression which held the people to the close. It was a real victory for Poetry.'-Taylor's Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor.

THE DIAMOND LENS

652. b. 37. Leeuwenhock, Antonius von, Dutch microscopist, born 1632. He discovered among other things the red corpuscles of the blood. Williamson and the others mentioned in the list were noted naturalists and microscopists.

653. b. 19. Camera-lucida, an apparatus for project ing a microscopic image upon paper so it can be sketched.

654. b. 17. Argus, in Greek mythology the hundredeyed creature slain by Hermes.

47. Caballero, a Spanish knight or cavalier.

50. Cellini, Benvenuto, born 1500, Italian sculptor and silversmith.

655. a. 11. Ah! mon ami, Ah! my friend.

17. Le renard is French and vulpes Latin for fox. b. 7. Palissy, Bernard, born 1510, French potter. 656. b. 23. Inter se, among themselves.

44. Rapport, harmonious relation.

657. a. 24. Carcel lamp, a lamp invented by Carcel, a Frenchman, which is fed by oil pumped to it by a mechanical device.

658. a. 16. Chansons. The chanson is a French lyric form of poetry primarily to be sung.

660. a. 28. Alexander, according to tradition, wished for new worlds to conquer.

661. a. 29. Hybla, a city of Sicily celebrated for its honey.

36. Naiad, a water nymph.

662. a. 54. Salmacis, in Greek mythology the nymph of a fountain in Caria. She and Hermaphroditus

Poe had written, 'With me poetry has been not a purpose, but a passion, and the passions should be held in reverence.'

b. 10. In 1880, Richard Henry Stoddard' wrote a Memoir of Poe for the reissue of Griswold's edition of the "Select Works.'

683. b. 14. John Martin (1789-1854) an English painter and engraver. Among his chief works are 'Belshazzar's Feast,' 1821, and The Last Man,' 1839.

685. b. 46. Reliquiæ, remains, fragments.

686. a. 29. In 1837 Walter Savage Landor issued The Pentameron,' a prose work, purporting to be conversations between Boccaccio and Petrarch. It is a part of his series entitled 'Imaginary Conversations.'

42. Post facto,-after the deed is done-an analysis of the poem after the poem was written.

b. 2. Thomas Holley Chivers (1807-58) a Georgia physician, has been often mentioned as a source from which Poe plagiarized. Poe in his 'Chapter on Autobiography' called him one of the best and one of the worst poets in America. His productions affect one as a wild dream-strange, incongruous, full of images of more than arabesque monstrosity, and snatches of sweet unsustained song. Even his worst nonsense (and some of it is horrible) has an indefinite charm of sentiment and melody. We can never be sure that there is any meaning in his words.' The poem which Taylor and Swinburne made merry over was undoubtedly Rosalie Lee with stanzas such as these:

'Hang mellow Cydonian Suckets,

Sweet apples anthosmial, divine, From the Ruby-rimmed Beryline Buckets Star-gemmed, lily-shaped, hyalineLike that sweet, golden goblet found growing On the wild emerald cumumber tree, Rich, brilliant, like Chrysopraz blowing, I then taught to my Rosalie Lee

To my lamb-like Rosalie Lee

To my Dove-like Rosalie Lee

To my beautiful, dutiful Rosalie Lee.'

Taylor has parodied the poem in his Diversions of the Echo Club.

687. a. 3. Mr. Miller,-probably Joe' Miller, the joker.

51. William Beckford, whose romance Vathek

novelist

appeared in 1784, William Godwin, whose Caleb Williams appeared in 1794, the Irish Charles Robert Maturin, whose The Fatal Revenge appeared in 1807, the German romancer Ernst Hoffman, whose first romance, Phantasy Pieces in Callot's Manner, appeared in 1814, and the German romancer Friederich Fouqué, whose Undine appeared in 1811, may be taken as representatives of the ultra-romantic school of fiction of the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries.

56. John P. Kennedy, the Southern novelist, author of Swallow Barn, was one of the board of judges that in 1833 awarded the prize to Poe for the best tale submitted to the Baltimore Saturday Visitor.