FIRST CLASS.

1. MILTIADES.

The Greeks were (have been 1) the instructors of the Romans. Miltiades was (has been) a celebrated general of the Greeks. None of the Greek generals was (has been) greater than Miltiades. The fame of this general is eternal. He conquered the Persians in the famous battle of Marathon. The severe punishment of this general was unmerited. His fellow citizens were ungrateful.

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2. VIRTUE IN LIFE.

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if it has always

All kings are mortal, for they are men. He who 2 is man, must die once. The youth is as mortal as the old man. The life of an old man is pleasant, been virtuous. The life of an old man who has been wicked, cannot be agreeable. An industrious life is more pleasant

1 Past participles and Infinitives stand at the end in a principal

sentence.

2 He who =

derjenige or der welcher; in the plural: die welche; if speaking in general, only wer may be used for both.

3 Man = Mann, in opposition to woman, but Mensch, if meaning mankind as here; plural is then Menschen or Leute.

5 The verb in a sentence beginning with a conjunction or a relative pronoun comes last, and when the verb is in a compound tense, the auxiliary verb comes last. Only denn, for; und, and; aber, sondern, allein, but; sowohl als auch, both and, do not alter the construction of the

sentence.

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than an idle one. Idle men are not happy. Idleness is the beginning of every vice. The beginning of every vice is small. The most happy of all men is he, whose 2 life has 3 always been virtuous. A virtuous life is the best. No life is so happy as a virtuous one. If 5 all men 6 were virtuous, nobody would be unhappy.

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3. HOMER AND VIRGIL.

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Imitators have always been, and will always be. A good imitator is not to be blamed. If all imitators were to be blamed, Virgil would be blamable, who 10 is 11 an imitator of Homer. Homer is said 12 to have been blind, but 13

and

(N. and A.

1 'An idle one' = ein träges; 'one' after an adjective not being translated, the gender of the noun to which it refers is to be observed, whether the adjective should be in the Nominative or Accusative. Thus: A severe one Nom. ein streng-er (m.),(, eine streng-e (f.), ein streng-es (n.)} =Acc. einen streng-en (m.),( The severe one=Nom. der streng-e (m.), (die streng-e (f.), das streng-e (n. Acc. den streng-en (m.),{"

alike. (N. and A.

alike.

2 Who = welcher, welche, welches, has for the genitive the enlarged form of der, die, das, i. e. deffen, deren, deffen, for the three genders. 3 See p. 1 n. 5 on the position of the verb. 4 See p. 2. n. 1.

5 'If'

expressing a condition is wenn, with the Subjunctive. Here

wenn . . . . wären.

6 Men; see p. 1 n. 3.

Here,

The subject follows the verb in the second clause, if the first clause begins with a conjunction or an interrogative pronoun. würde niemand . . . sein.

8 Is to be blamed; the Infinitive of the Passive Voice after the verb 'to be' is translated in German by the Infinitive of the Active voice. Here= zu tadeln.

9 See n. 5.

10 'Who' being a relative pronoun is welch-er,-e,-es (decl. like, der, die, das); but wer, if used as interrogative pronoun; as wer hat es gesagt, who said so?

11 See p. 1 n. 5.

12 Is said

in German.

foll, with following infinitive, 'to' before which is left out

13 See p. 1 n. 5.

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we do not know whether he was really blind. The poems of Homer are written in Greek, the poems of Virgil are written in Latin. The poems of Homer are not more difficult than the poems of Virgil, but they are much more beautiful.

4. JUSTICE AND SEVERITY.

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Every judge must be just and severe. A severe judge is to be blamed, but the just and severe one is to be praised. If thou hast always been just, thou shalt be my friend, for the just man is my joy. Not only the judges, but also the legislators must be humane. Solon, the

celebrated Athenian citizen, was a humane legislator; but Draco, another legislator of Athens, is said to have been too severe. The laws of Draco were very severe and unjust. If they had only been severe they would not have been blamable, for laws must be severe.

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5. THE SOURCES OF HUMAN MISERY.

The destiny of man 10 is not one and the same; some (these) men are the most happy, others (those) the most unhappy. Although 12 the fate of men is very different, all 13 could be happy, if they would be contented. 14 A contented mind is the highest bliss. A man who wishes to

1 'To know' in German, wissen, if it stands by itself (followed by a sentence) or with a neuter pronoun as das, dies, es; but 'to know' is kennen, in connection with a personal pronoun or a substantive (person or thing).

2 'Whether' is ob, with the verb at the end of the clause.

3 Written, geschrieben, P. P. of schreiben.

be happy, must neither be avaricious nor prodigal, nor envious. Avarice, prodigality, and envy, have always been inexhaustible sources of human misery, and will be so for the future. The saying is true: Avarice is the root of all evil. A spendthrift, however, is as much to be blamed as a miser. Avarice and extravagance are two almost equal faults.

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6. THE DANGER OF A STATE.

Bad men are the greatest evil of [the] human society. If there 2 were no bad men, human life would be more agreeable than it is now. Many men amongst us are not so good as they might be. There have always been bad men. Bad men are enemies of the good. Bad men act against the laws of the state. He who acts against the laws must be punished. If the authority of the laws is lost, the state itself will be lost. Good laws are the foundations of a state. Whoever shakes these foundations, endangers the entire state; therefore thieves and robbers endanger the state.

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7. THE STUDY OF HISTORY.

History is the best teacher of men.

From the oldest times men have always been the same. There have always been jealousy, hatred, avarice, honesty, bravery, friendship and glory. The bad have always been against the good, and will be so in future. When we read the history of

1 The saying, das Wort.

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2 There is, there are, es giebt; Ipf. Ind. es gab; Ipf. Subj. es gäbe, as here.

3 See p. 1 n. 4.

4 Itself, selbst, the personal pronoun being dropped in German before 'self, selbst'; when added to a personal pronoun or noun.

5 If a sentence begins with an adverb, an adverbial expression (noun with preposition), or any other word of the sentence, not being the subject, the subject comes after the verb. Thus here: endanger thieves and robbers the state (accus.).'

'therefore

6 'When, if' are translated by als, if followed by an Imperfect or

past centuries, we fancy we read that 2 of our time. He, therefore, who will become acquainted with men, must read history. The study of history is not only very useful, but also very interesting and agreeable.

8. THE ISLAND OF SICILY.

Sicily is rather a large island. The rulers of the island have not always been one and the same. In ancient times the Greeks, Carthaginians and Romans were masters of it;3 in modern times the French, Spaniards, Germans and others have had it. There are many large towns in this island. (The) Etna also, a volcanic mountain, is in it. This mountain is higher than Vesuvius. The island is now in the possession of the Italians.

9. THE GREATNESS OF THEBES.

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Epaminondas was the greatest general of the Thebans. He was the son of poor parents, but his fame was very great and just. He and Pelopidas, who was his friend, made Thebes during their life the greatest town of Greece. Both generals conducted great wars. These wars were fortunate. The country of Epaminondas was liberated by 6

Pluperfect, but by wenn, if followed by any other tense. wenn wir ... lesen, the verb coming last.

1 See p. 2 n. 7.

Thus here,

2 'That' may mostly be translated by der, die, das, in the Nom., and by den, die, das, in the Accusative, if it is a pronoun; but by daß, if it is a conjunction. Here, die.

3 Of it; prepositions with it' in English are in German mostly translated by, there, da', compounded with the preposition, as 'there of, da von.' Prepositions with 'which or what' are rendered by 'where' with a following preposition, as 'from which' where from, wovon; the old forms are used, if the preposition begins with a vowel, as

dar and wor woraus, out of which.

4 'In it' viz. island, is translated in German by 'on it', darauf, dort. See p. 1 n. 5.

6 'By' with the Passive Voice must be translated in German by von (with dat.), if in connection with a person, but by durch (with acc.), if in connection with an inanimate object. Here durch.