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amat Berlin, I shall

tell you all about

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write long letters to you, and I will the streets and houses and palaces in

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that town. I wrote to my father and mother from Ostend, and I hope that they have received my letter. — I remain, your affectionate brother

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31. THE DEFENCE OF KARS.

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Francis.

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The defence of Kars presents rare examples of heroism. We have a faithful description of it from an eye-witness, Dr. Sandwith. The English officers, who directed the defence, have by their talents, activity and persevering energy gained the admiration of the world; the Turkish troops of the garrison have proved themselves 10 brave and faithful soldiers, and the inhabitants of the town have displayed an enthusiasm and devotedness to their cause, which even the most severe suffering could 11 not extinguish. Though the defence ended 12 in a surrender, it 18 merited and has won the honours of a victory.

32. PETER THE GREAT IN LONDON.

When 14 Peter the Great, emperor of Russia, was in London, he visited 15 one morning 16 the magnificent hospital of English sailors, and went afterwards to Court, where he dined 17 with King William III. This prince asked him, how

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he liked the sailors' hospital. 'If I had to advise your Majesty,' answered Peter, 'it would be to establish your Court there, and to cede this palace to the sailors.'

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33. THE COMMUNITY 5 OF THE ANCIENT GERMANS. The ancient Germans were divided into two great classes, the 'nobles' and the 'common freemen." The nobles were usually richer than the freemen, but their position did not altogether depend on their wealth. What their special rights and privileges were, we do not know; but they were held 10 in high esteem, and took 11 a foremost 12 place in public life. The freemen formed the great body of the people. Each was an independent member of the community, and enjoyed equal rights with his fellows. Both freemen and nobles had slaves. This class consisted for the most part of prisoners of war and their offspring, and of those condemned 13 to slavery on account of some crime. They were usually well treated, but they were the absolute property of their masters.

1 See p. 1 n. 5.

2 I. e. if I your Majesty to advise had (hätte); see p. 2 n. 5 and

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8 The auxiliary verb 'to do' with an Infinitive and 'to be' with a present Part. not being used in German, the verb takes the same tense as these auxil. verbs. Thus: did not depend on = depended not on, hing nicht ganz (altogether) ab von (dat.); I am learning = I learn, I was learning I learned.

9 I. e. know we not; see p. 2 n. 7 and p. 3 n. 1.

10 See p. 1 n. 1; 'held' (P. P.), gehalten.

11 Took, nahmen ein; Impf. of einnehmen; see p. 13 n. 2.

12 See p. 14 n. 5.

13 'Condemned to slavery' is to be expanded into a sentence beginning with a relative pronoun, viz. those who were condemned to slavery; see p. 1 n. 5.

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34. THE FORMATION OF THE BENGAL ARMY.

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The Bengal army was formed more than a hundred years ago. 1 In January 1757 Clive recaptured 2 Calcutta from Surajah Dowla, and erected here the first battalion of Bengal Sepoys from a detachment which he had brought with him from Madras. It consisted of 5 one European captain, lieutenant and ensign, of a native commandant and adjutant, with one subahdar and three jemidars to each of the ten companies. The company consisted of five havildars,9 four naiks, 10 two drummers, one trumpeter and seventy Sepoys. Each company had a colour, in the centre of which 11 the subahdar was allowed 12 to bear 13 his own device or badge. It was carried by 14 a havildar.

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35. CYRUS BY XENOPHON.

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If 15 we read the life of Cyrus, which Xenophon wrote, we easily conceive 16 an affection for this king. How beautifully he speaks to his sons of virtue, and of life after death! We wish that the life of Cyrus, written by 17 Xenophon, were the true one. 18 But this life is very fabulous, and not the

1 More than a hundred years ago; 'ago' may be translated by vor (dat.) preceding the noun, or by vorher (accus.) following the noun, as ‘ago' in English.

2 See p. 4. n. 5.

3 Sepoy, der Sepoye.

4 See p. 1 n. 5.

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real one.

If this life had been true, Cambyses, the son

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of Cyrus, would certainly not have been so cruel as he was. This cruel king killed his own brother.

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36. LORD CHESTERFIELD AND HIS SON.

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My dear Papa, I have been at Mr. M.'s 5 this morning, where I have translated English into Latin, and Latin into English, and so well that at the end of my exercise he has written 9 'optime.' I have likewise repeated 8 Greek verb pretty well. After this 11 I ran 12 home 18 like a wild little boy, and played till dinner-time. This was a serious task, for I ate 14 like a wolf; and by that 15 you may judge that I am in very good health. Adieu.

37. GREATNESS AND HAPPINESS.

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Cicero's son was not so 17 great as his father. Cicero, the father, was one of the greatest statesmen of his country. Cicero, the son, was not so diligent as his father; if 18 he

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4 Adjectives preceded by the indef. article or one of the possessive adjectives (my, thy, his etc.) take in the nom. sing. the termination —er (m.), -e (f.), -es (n.) and in the acc. -en (m.), -e (f.), —es (n.).

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At Mr. M.'s (house) is in German bei Herrn M.; 'Herr, Mister' takes throughout the whole singular -n (except the nom.) and throughout the whole plural -en.

See p. 1 n. 5.

7 Into Latin = ins Lateinische (in das being contracted).

* The subject stands in German immediately after the conjunction;

here after 'that', daß.

9 See p. 1 n. 5.

11 See p. 5 n. 3.

10 See p. 1 n. 1.

After this, hierauf, or darauf.

12 Laufen, to run, lief, gelaufen, see p. 4 n. 5.

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depending on a verb of motion is nach Hause; at home, zu

1 n. 5. 15 See p. 5 n. 3.

16 See p. 4 n. 5.

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18 See p. 2 n. 5 and p. 1 n. 5.

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had been more diligent, he would perhaps have become greater. The sons of great men are not always great themselves. The most distinguished man is sometimes the son of a beggar, and a beggar is sometimes the son of a most celebrated man. Great men are rare. Even the greatest are not perfect. But the highest good of man is not greatness, but happiness. He who wishes to be happy must be good, must love his fellow-creatures, who will love him again. Only the good3 are loved, the wicked are hated and feared.

38. SIR HUMPHRY DAVY AND THE BROTHER PHILOSOPHER.

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Retiring home" one evening, Sir Humphry Davy observed an ordinary man showing the moon and a planet through a telescope placed in the street. He went up and paid his penny for a look. But no such thing would the man permit. "That's Sir Humphry', ran among the people; and the exhibitor, returning 10 his money, said with an important air which exceedingly delighted him, that he could not think of taking 11 anything from a brother philosopher.

39. TIT FOR TAT.

A student once asked 12 one of his comrades to be so kind as to lend him a certain book.

1 See p. 2 n. 7.

2 See p. 4 n. 4.

The good, die Guten, pl.

But the latter did not

4 Retiring; see p. 14 n. 9 and p. 4 n. 6, i. e. when Sir H. . .

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7 Placed, i. e. which was placed.

8 He went up, er ging hinzu.

9 Ran, i. e. lief es.

10 Returning, see p. 14 n. 9; i. e. while (indem) he returned (zurückgeben).

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11 Of taking, see p. 14 n. 9, i. e. daran denken zu nehmen, to take. 12 I. e. asked once.

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