profui. G. 290; 385. To render a greater service, plus Some time, at some time, aliquan- instruct, erudio, tre, ivi or ii, itum. That, expressing purpose, when the dependent clause contains a comparative, quo, conj. State, commonwealth, res publica, Without, be without, careo, ère, ui, rei publicae, f. Teach, doceo, ere, docui, doctum; Work, memorial, monument, mon itum. G. 425. umentum, i, n. 607. EXERCISE. 1. When Demosthenes was expected to speak, multitudes assembled from the whole of Greece for the purpose of hearing him. 2. Men do not wonder at what they frequently see, even if they do not know why it happens. 3. When I was praised by Cato, I could easily bear even to be censured by the others. 4. Philosophers have taught many to be better citizens and more useful to their states, as Lysis taught Epaminondas of Thebes; Plato, Dion of Syracuse; Aristotle, Alexander of Macedon. 5. And not only while alive do they instruct and teach those who are desirous of learning, but they also accomplish this same thing by their literary works even after death. 6. How long, indeed, shall he who has surpassed all enemies in crime be without the name of an enemy 7? 7. I shall not be able to disguise the fact that those things which have been done thus far displease me. 8. Solon pretended to be mad, both that his life might be more secure, and that he might render a greater service to the republic. 9. They have invented many accusations against the consul. 10. The Athenians were wont to say that every land which produced the olive tree was theirs. CHAPTER III. STRUCTURE OF LATIN SENTENCES. LESSON CVI. COMPACTNESS OF STRUCTURE. .608. The Latin in the form and structure of sentences differs widely from the English. Accordingly, in translating from the vernacular into that language, it is often necessary to reconstruct the sentence to adapt it to the Latin idiom. 609. But the true type of the Latin sentence, with its compactness, symmetry, and beauty, cannot be learned from rules. It can be acquired only by a careful study of the best models. On this point, therefore, the learner must turn for instruction and guidance to the pages of Caesar and Cicero, those great masters of Latin style. It is only necessary, therefore, in this chapter, to call his attention to the leading characteristics of the Latin sentence, and to guard him against certain errors into which he is liable to fall. 610. Compactness of structure is a prominent characteristic of the Latin idiom. Accordingly an English sentence which is to be translated into Latin, if not already concisely expressed, must first be thrown into a compact form, preparatory to a literal rendering. Thus, I. English sentences beginning with the impersonal forms, it is said that he, they, etc., it is reported that, etc., it is thought that, it seems that, the order is given that, and the like, may be more compactly expressed in the personal form, and must, accordingly, be so changed to adapt them to the Latin idiom. The corresponding personal forms are, he is said, he is reported, he is thought, he seems, he is ordered. See Model I. II. English sentences beginning with it is, it was, before a predicate noun and a relative clause, must be so reconstructed that the thought contained in the two clauses, the antecedent and the relative, may be expressed in one. Thus: It was he who did it, becomes, He did it. See Model II. III. In English, with verbs of thinking, saying, knowing, and the like, the subject of discourse is sometimes introduced with a preposition, as, concerning, in regard to, in respect to, of, and then repeated in the form of a pronoun in a clause with that; as, In regard to Socrates, we know that he was wise. This construction, though admissible in Latin when the subject of discourse is especially emphatic, should in general be avoided. The above sentence when adapted to the Latin idiom becomes, We know that Socrates was wise. See Model III. 612. REMARKS. 1. MODEL I. - IT IS SAID THAT EPAMINONDAS, Latin idiom, Epami nondas is said. 2. MODEL II. - IT WAS PISISTRATUS WHO FIRST, Latin idiom, Pisistratus first. 3. MODEL III.-IT IS RELATED OF ROMULUS THAT, Latin idiom, Romulus is related. Achievements 613. VOCABULARY. are accomplished, | Live, alive, living, vivus, a, um. Milo, Milo and Milon, ōnis, m. res geruntur. Admitted, it is admitted, constat, Money, sum of money, pecunia, constitit. Apollo, Apollo, inis, m. ae, f. Open, apĕrio, īre, ui, pertum. that which, a thing which, id Ox, bos, bovis, m. G. 90, 2. quod. G. 445, 7. Authority, auctoritas, ātis, f. Banish, expel, expello, ĕre, pŭli, pulsum. Relate, trado, ĕre, didi, ditum. Say," they say," subject indefinite, ferunt. It is said, fertur, etc. Shoulder, humèrus, i, m. Bear, support, sustineo, ere, ui, Stadium, stadium, ii, n. tentum. Syracuse, Syracūsae, ārum, f. pl. Become acquainted with, cognosco, Tarquinii, Tarquinii, ōrum, m. pl. ĕre, novi, nitum. Through, per, prep. with acc. Bring to, adduco, ère, duxi, ductum, Unable, to be unable not to be ad with acc. = able, non possum, posse, potui. Confirm, confirmo, āre, āvi, ātum. Walk, go along, ingredior, i, gres Cypselus, Cypsělus, i, m. Delphic, Delphicus, a, um. Endure, fero, ferre, tuli, latum. sus sum, dep. Withdraw, call off, avoco, are, āvi, ātum. Without a nomination from the people, injussu populi. G. 414, 2, 3). 614. EXERCISE. 1. It is related of Servius Tullius that he was the first who reigned without a nomination from the people. 2. It is said that Demaratus, the father of king Tarquin, having been unable to endure the tyrant Cypselus, fled with a large sum of money, and betook himself to Tarquinii, a very flourishing city of Etruria. 3. It is not by force, but by wisdom, that great achievements are accomplished. 4. It is not with the eyes, but with the mind, that we perceive those things which we see. 5. It was Lycurgus who confirmed his laws by the authority of the Delphic Apollo. 6. It is said that Milo walked through the stadium at Olympia, bearing upon his shoulders a live ox. 7. It was Socrates who first brought philosophy to common life. 8. It seems to me, as is admitted among all, that Socrates was the first to withdraw philosophy from occult subjects, and to bring it to common life. 9. They say that Plato came into Italy to become acquainted with the Pythagoreans. 10. It is said that Dionysius the tyrant, having been banished from Syracuse, opened a school at Corinth. LESSON CVII. UNITY OF THE LATIN SENTENCE. 615. Unity, though important in the English sentence, is still more so in the Latin. All the various parts of the sentence should be nicely adapted to each other, and made to unite harmoniously in one complete organic whole. Thus, |