LESSON XCVIII. DISTINCTION IN THE USE OF PARTICIPLES, RELATIVE CLAUSES, AND CLAUSES WITH CONJUNCTIONS. 551. Participles, Relative Clauses, and Clauses with Conjunctions, are in Latin kindred constructions, and must, accordingly, be used with care and discrimination. Thus, I. The Relative Clause is generally used when we wish to identify a person or thing by specifying some characteristic, or to call attention to some permanent and essential quality or habit. See Models I. and II. II. A Clause with a Conjunction is generally used when we wish to make the relation of time, cause, condition, concession, etc., particularly prominent. See Model III. III. The Participle may be used,— 1. Instead of the Relative Clause, when we wish to indicate only an accidental or temporary connection between a quality or an action and the noun to which it is referred; and, 2. Instead of a Clause with a Conjunction, when the relation of time, cause, condition, concession, etc., is not particularly prominent. See Models IV. and V. 552. MODELS. I. In the book entitled Laelius, Cicero wrote on the subject of friendship. II. The virtue which boldly meets coming evils is called fortitude. I. In eo libro qui inscribitur Laelius, Cicero de amicitia scripsit. II. Virtus quae venientibus malis obstat fortitudo nominā tur. 553. REMARKS. 1. MODEL I. — ENTITLED LAELIUS. This identifies the book thus entitled, and must therefore be expressed by the Relative Clause. 2. MODEL II. COMING. This does not identify the evils, and may therefore be rendered by the Participle. 554. SYNONYMES. To remember, to recollect, to recall to mind; memini, reminiscor, recordor. 1. Memini; TO REMEMBER, to retain in memory. See G. 297. 2. Reminiscor, i; TO REMEMBER, TO RECOLLECT, TO RECALL TO MIND, to recall by an effort of the memory. 3. Recordor, ari, ātus sum; TO RECALL TO MIND, TO CHERISH THE MEMORY OF, - to recall to mind and to dwell upon the recollection, generally with pleasure. 555. VOCABULARY. Advice, give advice, advise, suadeo, | All, all together, cunctus, a, um. ēre, suasi, suasum. Any, ullus, a, um. G. 149. Civil, belonging to the city, ur- Inscribe, inscribo, ĕre, scripsi, Excellent, good, bonus, a, um. G. Military, pertaining to war, belli 1. Do not philosophers inscribe their names in these very books which they write on the subject of despising glory? 2. Hippias, having come to Olympia, boasted, in the hearing of nearly all Greece, that there was nothing, in any art, which he did not himself know. 3. In the conversation held with Cato, Cicero said many things on the subject of virtue. 4. Isocrates wrote, in his ninetyfourth year, the book entitled Panathenaicus. 5. In the consulship of Lucius Crassus and Quintus Scaevola, Quintus Hortensius the orator spoke for the first time in the forum at the age of nineteen. 6. I remember what advice you then 7. I trust that gave me. wont to forget nothing except injuries, recall to mind many things in regard to this most excellent man, Marcus Cato. 8. Recall to mind those things which you learned when a boy. 9. Pericles, excelling in learning, in coun you, who are sel, and in eloquence, presided for forty years over Athens, both in civil and in military affairs. LESSON XCIX. EXPRESSIONS OF DUTY, NECESSITY. 557. The general meaning conveyed by the English word must is expressed in Latin in five different ways. These, however, must be carefully distinguished from each other. Thus, I. Debeo, I ought, denotes a moral obligation, I ought, or I must, because I ought: What ought we to do? Quid facere debemus? What ought we to have done? Quid facere debuimus? See Model I. II. Oportet, it behooves, also denotes moral obligation, but with the accessory notion of propriety. It also differs from debeo in expressing the obligation impersonally and abstractly, as a duty in itself considered: This ought to be said, Hoc dici oportet. See Model II. III. The Second Periphrastic Conjugation and the Participle in dus, denote (1) a necessity growing out of the circumstances of the case, and (2) propriety or desert: That plan must be commended, Illud consilium laudandum est. See Model III. IV. Necesse est, it is necessary, is the strongest and most unqualified expression of stern necessity: This must be done, Hoc fieri necesse est. See Model IV. V. Opus est, it is needful, there is need, denotes only a qualified necessity, and has reference to the attainment of an object: It is needful that this should be done, Hoc fieri opus est. See Model V. 1. MODEL I. 559. REMARKS. OUGHT TO HAVE AIDED, Latin idiom, were under obli gation (owed) to aid. See G. 541, 3. 2. MODEL II. - Factum esse is here used, instead of fiĕri, to emphasize the completion of the action. 560. VOCABULARY. Accomplish, efficio, ère, feci, fec- | Change, to alter, muto, āre, āvi, Admiration, a feeling of admira- Choose, select, elígo, ère, lēgi, lection, admiratio, ōnis, f. Admit, concede, concedo, ère, cessi, cessum. Amount, quantity, vis, vis, f. G. 88, III. 3. Attempt, tento, āre, āvi, ātum. tum. Depend upon, positus, a, um, esse, in with abl.; lit. be placed in. Evil, malum, i, n. |