II. The first person plural is used when the speaker wishes to include himself in the general statement; we ought, every one ought. The third person plural is used in such general expressions as they say, they report, they think, etc. See Models I. and II.

III. But in such general statements, the third person singular of the passive voice is often used in Latin. See Model III.

1. MODEL II. -For the position of dicunt, see Remarks 304, 1. 2. MODEL III.—YOU SHOULD CONSULT FOR one should consult for, consulendum est.

503. SYNONYMES.

Knowledge, foresight, wisdom; scientia, prudentia, sapi

entia.

1. Scientia, ae, f.; KNOWLEDGE, SKILL,- knowledge both theoretical and practical.

2. Prudentia, ae, f.; FORESIGHT, PRUDENCE, SAGACITY,

SOUND JUDGMENT.

3. Sapientia, ae, f.; WISDOM,-involving both discernment and culture.

504. VOCABULARY.

Adversary, adversarius, ii, masc. | Openly, palam, adv. An open adadj. used as substant.

versary, palam adversarius. Author, adviser, auctor, ōris, m. Possess, have, habeo, ère, ui, itum. Quickly, celeriter, adv.

and f.

Know, understand, intelligo, ère, Undertake, suscipio, ĕre, cēpi, cep

Live, one lives, men live, vivitur, Unharmed, sine injuria, lit. with

lit. it is lived.

Magian, pl. the Magi, Magus, i, m.

Mother, mater, tris, f.

Muse, Musa, ae, f.

out harm, according to connection, without doing or without suffering wrong.

Xerxes, Xerxes, is, m.

505. EXERCISE.

1. They say that he is the wisest who most quickly perceives in cach instance what is true.

2. We have con

fidence in those whom we think to know (understand)

more than ourselves. 3. By being on your guard, you would easily avoid him who is an open adversary. 4. It is said that Xerxes, at the suggestion of the Magi, set fire to the temples of Greece. 5. There are certain duties to be observed even towards those from whom you have received an injury. 6. Wars must be undertaken that men may live in peace unharmed (without injury). 7. Although the results of war are uncertain, yet one should contend for liberty at the peril of life. 8. While we sleep the Muses will not give us the knowledge of writing, reading, and the other arts. Cicero says that wisdom is the mother of all good arts. 10. The knowledge of the liberal arts is more useful than money. statesmen ought to possess the highest prudence.

9.

11. All

LESSON XCII.

VERBS.-TENSES.

506. In English the Present tense is sometimes used of an action which is really future, and must therefore be rendered into Latin by the Future tense. See Model I.

507. In English, the Present, the Future, or the Perfect, is sometimes used of a future action which must be completed before some specified event. In such cases it must be rendered into Latin by the Future Perfect. See Model II.

508. When the English Imperfect or Past tense simply states an historical fact, without any reference to the continuance of the action, it must be rendered into Latin by the Perfect; but when it pictures a scene, or represents the action as continuing, it must be rendered by the Imperfect. See Models III. and IV.

509. The Imperfect with while is often best rendered by dum with the Present. See Model IV.

510. The Perfect with have, when used of an action which has been going on for some time, is best rendered by the Present, generally with jamdiu. jamdūdum, etc. See Model V.

511. MODELS.

I. If we follow nature, we shall not go astray.

II. When I reach Rome, I

will write to you.

III. They saw the gleaming swords.

IV. While our soldiers were collecting these things, the king himself escaped from their hands.

V. I have not known for a long time what you are doing.

I. Naturam si sequemur, non aberrabimus. II. Romam quum venero, scribam ad te. III. Fulgentes gladios videbant.

IV. Haec dum nostri colligunt, rex ipse effugit e manibus.

V. Jamdiu ignoro quid agas.

512. REMARKS.

1. MODEL I. IF WE FOLLOW, action really belongs to the future.

Latin idiom, if we shall follow. The

2. MODEL II. -WHEN I REACH, Latin idiom, when I shall have reached, - a future action to be completed before the time of writing. 3. MODEL IV. - WHILE OUR SOLDIERS WERE COLLECTING, Latin idiom, while our (soldiers) collect.

4. MODEL V.-I HAVE NOT KNOWN FOR A LONG TIME, Latin idiom, for a long time I do not know.

513. SYNONYMES.

Innocence, honesty, integrity, virtue; innocentia, honestas, integritas, virtus.

1. Innocentia, ae, f.; INNOCENCE, BLAMELESSNESS, dom from guilt.

2. Honestas, ātis, f.; HONESTY, MORAL WORTH, — especially as shown in character and intention.

3. Integritas, ātis, f.; INTEGRITY, UPRIGHTNESS, — involving the idea of soundness and completeness of moral char

4. Virtus, ūtis, f.; VIRTUE, MORAL WORTH, as shown both in life and in character, more comprehensive than either of the other three words.

514. VOCABULARY.