that ; from the "Leeds Intelligencer." I have Mr. Timothy Brown and Mr. Samuel written to Leeds on the subject, in order | Tipper, and of my beloved and kindest that (ifthis be correct) proceedings may of friends, the late Mr. George Rogers, be adopted there; and I beg you to of Southampton, who were almost the have the goodness to inform me whether only creditors to any amount; the same paragraph, or one containing these gentlemen carried on the whole the same, or a similar, assertion, have thing in their own manner; that the appeared in any Manchester, or in any Commissioners at Guildhall showed a Lancashire, paper. If that have been great deal of just feeling upon the subthe case, I request you to send me the [ject, putting not a single question to me, name of the paper; and also the date of and keeping me only a few minutes, merethat number of the paper in which the ly to comply with the forms of the law article appeared; and also a copy of that my certificate was given me almost the exact words of the paragraph; in immediately, and without my asking order that I may give instructions to for it; and that (a thing which I ought my attorney accordingly. to have mentioned long ago, but For thirty long years I have despised which I never did), when I went to the calumnies of the press. There is get my certificate signed by the Lord hardly an offence, moral or legal, of Chancellor, his secretary (in an outer which the conductors of that press have room) told me "that I was too late; not falsely accused me, and some of and that I must wait till the next term those calumnies have appeared under or next seal, or something. Wherethe actual signature of peers, and of upon I wrote my name upon a bit of clergymen of the church of England. It paper, and begged him to have the was, however, my own character only goodness to take that in to the Lord which was concerned; and, as I knew Chancellor, and tell him that I was that every soul who had any personal there with my certificate to be signed. knowledge of me, and that all my read-He told me that it was of no use; ers, would treat these calumnies as for that it was a thing that was never wicked falsehoods, I scorned a resort done. At last, however, he took the to any means of protection, other than bit of paper and carried it in; and he that given me by my conduct and cha-came out again directly, smiling, and racter themselves. said, "My Lord says he will do it." He But now the case is altered; now I then took it in, and brought it out belong to the people of Oldham; now again with (in nice little neat letters) I have their honour and their interest the word "Eldon," written at the committed to my charge; it is as their bottom of it! This took place on the representative that I am now calumni- 28. of November, 1820; and the comated, and I must take care that the mission issued on the 15. of July, in the wicked efforts made use of to prevent same year: so that I had my certificate, me from discharging my sacred duty actually signed by the Lord Chancellor, towards them with effect be not suffered in one hundred and thirty-six days after to pass with impunity. It is their mem- the issuing of the commission; and, as ber of Parliament who is now calumni- the certificate was gazetted on the 4. ated; and it is in their name, as well as November, it was but one hundred and in my own, that I now demand justice twelve days from the issuing of the on the calumniators. commission. My friends, the creditors, who had done all the rest themselves, not only sent their attorney with the certificate, but with a nice little tin-case to put it in, in which case it has been from that day to this. With regard to the facts, they are as follows. It is notorious, that I was driven to America with my family, and stripped of my all (which was a great deal), by the dungeon-bill and the gagging-bill of 1817; and I now inform you, that the bankruptcy took place at the suggestion of my generous friends, To Mr. I am, very sincerely yours, WM. COBBETT. Manchester. : N. B. I beg that some friend of jus- a farm in the country; and here am I tice, and enemy of oppression, at Aber-represented as an insolvent. Think, I deen, at Edinburgh, at Glasgow, Dublin, pray you all, of the monstrous wrong Cork, Belfast, Carlisle, Newcastle, Leeds, thus done me; and lend me all the aid Nottingham, Sheffield, Wolverhampton, you can in obtaining justice on every Birmingham, Coventry, Worcester, one of these wrong-doers, in every part Gloucester, Bristol, Bath, Reading, of the kingdom. Winchester, Salisbury (particularly these I have importations of goods, of some two places), Brighton, Maidstone, Bury sort, from America, very frequently. St. Edmunds, and Norwich, and any My correspondent there, purchases the other city or town in England or Scot-goods with the proceeds of bills, drawn land or Ireland. I beg that some friend on me, which he sells to some one who or another, not only in the towns and has money to remit to England; and cities here mentioned, but in any other these bills have generally been sold to place; I request such friend to write a correspondent of Mr. James Booth, of to me, tell me the name of the paper, Huddersfield, in Yorkshire, who sends and the date of the particular paper, in the bills to me for payment. Now, can which this article may appear, or any I continue to carry on this trade? Will assertion to the same or similar amount, any one buy a bill, drawn on me, while in any shape whatsoever. My friends this public assertion of my insolvency is will please to bear in mind what I have believed? And how is it to be othersaid above to my friend at Manchester; wise than believed, while it is thus pubthat these steps are called for by my lished? It is a wrong, greater than most sacred duty to maintain the honour ever was attempted to be done to any and the rights of the virtuous and pub-one by the means of the press, within lic-spirited people who have made me the recollection of the oldest man living. their representative; and when this And my friends may be assured, that shall reach the eye of the people of NOT ONE of the wrong-doers shall escape. OLDHAM, I trust that they will receive it as an earnest of my inflexible determination to maintain that honour and those rights. Observe, that it will be necessary, in every case, for me to have the paper in which the article is, or the paragraph cut out of it, and sent to me by post, at Bolt-court, Fleet-street. If this cannot be got, then send the name of the paper and the date, and also the exact words copied out of the paper. The words must be all of them, and the exact words. I trust that my friends will be vigilant and active in this case: they have long been calumniated through me: there has been no more justice for any of us than if we had been so many outlaws and excommunicated persons: it is time, now, that we put forward our claims to be treated like other people, and to convince this monstrous combination of the press, that I, and you (my sensible and faithful friends), through me, are no longer to be slandered with impunity. I am carrying on great business as a bookseller; I rent two houses in town, and TO THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF RADNOR. On the Resistance of the State of South Carolina to the Custom-house Laws of the Government of the United States. Bolt-court, Fleet-street, Jan. 11, 1833. MY LORD, I have this moment read the proclamation of the President of the United States, relative to the affair stated at the head of this letter, which is an affair of the greatest importance to the United States themselves, and of not [much less importance to our own country. I happen to have been placed in circumstances which have given me a greater portion of knowledge with regard to the causes of the resistance of the Carolinians, and that have also enabled me more accurately to foresee and to estimate the consequences thereof, than it has fallen to the lot of the greater part of Englishmen to have been able to acquire, and to be able to do. I, therefore, think it my duty to publish my opinions with regard to this great matter; in the doing of which I have taken the liberty to address myself to you by name, first, because it will necessarily cause that which I write to be read with more attention and more respect; and next, because, having constantly in my mind the recollection of whom I am addressing myself to, I shall be more scrupulous with regard to my statements, and more careful with regard to my language. has; each state has two houses of assembly; each passes its own laws, and carries on its own affairs; and the expense of the government of each state is, on an average, less than the amount of the county-rates in any one of the greater counties of England. But the government of the United States, or general government, can alone make war, make peace, make treaties, or do any other thing relating to commerce, or other relationships with foreign nations, in which respect the CONGRESS is endued with all the powers of the English Government, consisting of King, Lords, This affair will be eagerly laid hold and Commons; and the Congress conof by the enemies of parliamentary re- sists of the President, a Senate, and a form; that is to say, the enemies of House of Representatives. The Concheap government, as an argument gress can impose taxes of all sorts on against the reform which has taken the people of the whole country; and place; against the extension of suffrage; though it has no municipal jurisdiction, against the ballot; against short par- except over a space ten miles square in liaments; and against, in short, every-the place of its sessions (which is at thing savouring of liberty enjoyed by present in Maryland), it has a jurisdicthe great mass of the people. I, there- tion extending over the whole country fore, make use of the True Sun evening with regard to all matters relating to the newspaper, in order that no time may taxes imposed by it; relating to all be lost in anticipating, as far as I am matters on the high seas; relating to able, this argument, which I shall prove, all matters connected with commerce, not only to be worth not a straw; but, with war, and with everything arising I shall also prove, and that too, I trust, out of treaties. It has its judges, who as clearly as daylight, that this event in go the circuits regularly all over the the United States, furnishes the strongest country; it has its law-officers; and its possible argument in favour of a courts take cognizance of the violation thorough reform of Parliament, and in of any law of the United States; and, favour of that cheap and just govern-in matters of common law, its courts ment which is, I trust, to be the fruit of our reform. take cognizance of all offences against the United States, just as our gentleTo do this in a manner in which it men of the long-robe do ; and, though ought to be done, I must first of all ex-officio informations are not in use, enter, pretty much at length, into a his- the attorney-generals make out bills of tory of the causes of the Carolinian re-indictment in most abusive and thunsistance, some of which are of distant dering style, always concluding (not bedates. I must begin, in order to give ing able to put in the word " King") your Lordship a full view of the matter, with " to the evil example of all others with a statement of a statistical nature. in like case offending, and against the There are now twenty-eight states, peace of the said United States, their including three, which are as yet called sovereignty and dignity." I used to tell territories, not yet having population them that their abuse was not half so sufficient to send members to the Con- sonorous and sublime as that of my nagress, agreeably to the constitution of the tive country; and that they ought to United States. Each state has its own se- get a king again as soon as they could, parate government. At the head of which were it only to give a harmonious is a governor, who has his secretaries, rounding to the conclusion of their bills law officers, &c., just as the PRESIDENT of indictment. I remember seeing a -man in jail in the little state of NEW SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. Kentucky. JERSEY (and he lay in that jail, a good while) for his hostility to the peace, sovereignty, and dignity of the state of New Jersey, which hostility he had exercised in preaching an Unitarian sermon; such sermon being a breach of the common law, and also of the statutes of William the Third, some time King of the said state.". Tennessee. Now, if your Lordship will please to look at the map, which you will find at the head of my Year's Residence in America, which (as Lord MOUNTNORRIS Not to wander further, such is the used to tell his friends in his anonydivision of the governing powers of that mous pamphlets), is the best thing you great country and now, as to the divi- ever read in your life; and “if you sion of its territory, its resources, and its "have not got it, I advise you to get it interests. I observed before, that there directly," which you can do at the were eight-and-twenty states, including price of only five shillings; if your territories. Ten of these states, lie be- Lordship will be pleased to look at that tween 39 and 45 degrees of north lati- map, you will perceive in the first tude; with some little exception, the place, that the northern states are a rest between 39 and 29 degrees of mere little patch, compared with north latitude. The former I will call the whole of the territory of the the northern states, and the latter the United States; and then, you will southern states, though some parts of be pleased to bear in mind, which them are more northern than 40 de- will be more fully hereafter exgrees; but then they have the same plained, that the TARIFF-LAWS, interest with the southern states, hav-which have stirred up the present reing no maritime outlet, except the Mis-sistance, are advantageous to SISSIPPI and MISSOURI, down their several branches, and out of the mouths of the monstrous MISSISSIPPI, which empty themselves into the Gulf of MEXICO. The following is a list of the states, taking them in their order from north to south. those northern states only; and that the burden which they impose falls principally upon the rest of the Union. If you Such is the division of the mere territory; but your Lordship will now please to observe, that the products of the northern states amount to a mere nothing compared with those of the southern and western states, look into Mr. MELISH's description of the United States, which is a very useful book (which I sell too), you will find a vast deal of useful information, which that indefatigable Scotchman collected together, by actually going himself over the whole country. I forget how many thousand and thousands of miles,he told me that he travelled, in order to get his information. He got a great deal, at any rate, and if your Lordship will look at page 447 of his book, you will find, that this SOUTH CAROLINA, which is now in a state of rebellion, and, which contained, when Mr. MELISH wrote his book, a very little more than half a million of people, exported to Britain (for a Scotchman very properly never says England,) in the year 66 no 1821, domestic produce to the amount | drinkables, must go in at the mouths of 6,868,000 dollars; while the great of that river; and your Lordship will, state of PENNSYLVANIA, which is larger therefore, see, that all these southern than six of the other northern states out of and western states, are, commercially the ten, exported of domestic produce, speaking, closely connected with BIRto the same Britain, to the amount of MINGHAM, SHEFFIELD, MANCHESTER, only 2,832,000 dollars. Cotton, one of and LEEDS; that they have the great products of the southern such connexion with the northern states, has increased most enormously states; and that there is no tie whatsoin its exports to this kingdom; and ever to bind them together, except that your Lordship is aware, I suppose, that which is of a mere political nature. of the total exports of the United States, For, that, as to defence, in case of war, of domestic produce, about three-fourths the western states can receive no aid come to this same Breetan," and her whatsover from the northern states; West India colonies. All the cotton they must rely entirely upon their own comes, at any rate. So that the pro- arms; and we remember, very well, ducts of the Atlantic southern states, that it was the militia of TENNESSEE, cotton, tobacco, rice, almost all come and, under the command of this very hither; for, in the other countries of President, too, who defeated our army Europe, they grow tobacco themselves. at NEW ORLEANS, and drove them back Now, then, if you would please to look into the sea. The predominant inte at the map again, you will see, that rests of these states, therefore, is wholly MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH and different from that of the northern SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, and the states. FLORIDAS, are all to the south of the These latter have a much greater r line above-mentioned, and all lie upon population in proportion to their extent;) the Atlantic. While the north-western their soil, generally speaking, is, beyond. and south-western states, have the great all measure, inferior to that of the other rivers for their outlet into the Atlantic. states; their climate more variable and Next, we are to consider the interests less certain as to the crops. In the five of the states; and your Lordship will New England states, New York, Vérsoon find how the tariff-laws operate mont, and even New Jersey, the sumin favour of the northern group, while mers are sometimes too cold for ather they are prodigiously injurious to all the thorough ripening of Indian corn; rest. The Southern-Atlantic states have whereas, in the southern cand southall their fine ports and harbours; and western states there is no such disadthe sea always open to convey away vantage; the cultivation is carried on their produce. With regard to the at a great deal less expense of labour, north-western and south-western states and the products are beyond all meaand territories, their outlet is the mouths sure finer, even of the same sorts of of the MISSISSIPPI; and your Lordship grain. But the great difference in ther will perceive that they have no other interests of the two sets of states arises outlet. You will perceive that the OHIO, from these circumstances; that the the ILLINOIS, the Missouri, the Arkan- northern states are already sufficiently sas, the WHITE, the RED, and all the peopled; that the good land is every-1 other innumerable rivers that run where settled and cultivated; that they through these western states and terri- are cultivated almost entirely by white tories, all fall into the Mississippi; and people, and without slavery; that thei that every ounce of produce raised in capital of rich men is employed in ship➡ these states must come out of the building, navigation, and external com mouths of the MISSISSIPPI, if intended merce; that they are the carriers for ther for exportation, and that every article southern, south-western, and northof clothing, every lock and key, every western states, as far as that work is knife and fork; and, in short, every carried on on the seas; that, having necessary of life, except eatables and hands to spare for such purposes, they, |