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11/8¶ ZA PT70.5% 99 HT GREAT BRITAIN'S" THIRD VOYAGE.

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the drainage of Deeping Fens, concerning which we had given separate opinions, the principal difference of which consisted in my recommending the mother drain to be carried up, from the outfall, upon a dead level bottom, at least 2 feet below the low-water mark in the Wash, into which it is to issue its water; this Mr. Grundy can by no means approve of, because the 2 feet of water in the bottom, he says, will be dead water, and consequently useless to the drainage and further, that the expense will be considerably increased. The increase of expense I readily admit, but still strongly contend for the necessity of depth, on account of the smallness of fall, which, according to Mr. Grundy's Report, is not more than 4 feet in upwards of 18 miles; and I further beg leave to dissent from his opinion of such water in the drain as lies below his outfall, being absolutely dead water; however, in order to avoid contention as much as possible, we mutually agreed to beg your opinion of this matter."

Mr. Smeaton's Answer to Messrs. Grundy and
Tofield, March 27th, 1770.

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"I think myself much honoured by the reference of my brothers, Grundy and Tofield, in a matter of art. Messrs. Grundy and Tofield both agree that a canal or drain, dug in such manner that its bottom follows the natural slope of the country, and thereby naturally leaks itself towards the lowest point of natural drainage, is dug at less expense than if carried upon a dead level, from the said lowest point; and still less than if the whole canal is dug below the level of the said point; but the question remaining is, as I apprehend it, from both their statements, taken collectively, whether, when so dug, it is not better and more effectual for drainage, especially in some cases.

"The digging of drains, with sloping bottoms, in the manner specified by Mr. Grundy, and for the reasons assigned by him, is undoubtedly the common practice, but where level has been scarce it has been my practice to do them (or propose them to be done) in the manner assigned by Mr. Tofield. A proposition of which sort has occurred, where I have been concerned with Mr. Grundy, and also one with Mr. Tofield. The drains proposed for the country connected with the Foss Dyke,* done by desire of Mr. Ellison, were at least some of them of this kind; but as this scheme was never executed, Mr. Grundy will probably have forgotten this circumstance. The drains for Potterick Carr were also proposed, and in

• Vide Smeaton's Reports, I. 5 (4to, 1762.)

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part executed in this way, which Mr. Tofield cannot but remember, and not only with level bottoms, but proposed to be dug (if my memory does not fail me) 2 feet below the level of the water at the point of delivery.

"A drain may be considered as differing from a pipe only in having, but three sides, instead of four, or the not being compassed all round; and that, however deep the drain may be, like a syphon, it runs to the very bottom. Thus, if a canal was dug on a dead level, 10 miles long, and 10 or (if you please) 50 feet deep of water, and if a quantity of water enters one end, and passes off at the other, over a cascade of a quarter of an inch depth of water, yet the whole body will be in motion from one end to the other. Natural currency of water is in consequence of its falling, or moving from a higher place to a lower, the greater the fall (under equal circumstances) the greater will be the ve locity; and therefore (vice versa) the lesser the velocity given, or required, the less fall is required to produce it.

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"In a pipe, it is only necessary, that the end by which the water is to be discharged, be lower than the end by which it enters; for being inclosed on all sides, it cannot escape but by moving forwards, though the pipe itself should be below the level; but in a drain, which is open at top, the upper surface of the water forms a slope, from the upper end of the drain to the lower, which indeed cannot be otherwise, for if you suppose any part depressed too low, the descent being greater (in proportion) to this part than the rest, the water will flow in, till the whole, with the powers respectively acting upon each part, are in equilibrio. This principle forms the inclination of the upper surface of running waters in open canals, and that more or less inclined, in each particular part, according as the velocity required is greater or less; which required velocity depends upon the section in the place it holding always true, that an equal quantity must, in the same canal, or pipe, pass in a given time through every section thereof, and consequently, that the velocity will be inversely as the area of the section. (To be concluded in our next. 977 a

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voyage, did not reach New York till the 15th inst. She appears to have had a narrow escape from shipwreck. We extract the following from the Shipping Report:

"Left Liverpool 4 p.m., 27th September; the first 10 days experienced westerly winds, strong gales, and heavy sea at times, during which the ship behaved admirably. For a few hours of the 2nd of October, the wind was N.E., and in a heavy squall the foremast was carried away. On the 12th, at noon, found the ship had been set 36 miles to the northward in the preceding 24 hours; and on that night found by soundings that the ship again set to the northward 30 miles, from noon of the 12th to 2 a.m. of the 13th; and among the shoals of Nantucket a thick dirty night with very heavy rain; at daylight made signal for a pilot and ran into Vineyard Sound, stopped 10 hours and a half at Holmes' Hole, left it at half-past 2 a.m. of the 14th, and reached Sandy Hook at 11 o'clock p.m., and remained outside for want of water."

The following extract of a letter from one of the passengers, with an inspection of which we have been favoured, adds some interesting particulars.

"Holme's Hole, Martha's Vineyard, Monday, about 8 P.M, Oct. 13, 1845, On board the Great Britain, at anchor. "Here we are, after a voyage so far, which has been most tedious, and not without danger. Fuel nearly exhausted, though we are still 200 miles from New York. Our foremast is gone; three arms also of the propeller, (as the captain informs us,) and all on one side, which last, however, is scarcely credible, as I have not been able to detect any irregularity in the engines, which such a state of things must, I think, have produced. It appears, by the captain's account, that after Saturday a strong current carried

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among the breakers off Nantucket Island; they are called the Rips, and might have proved themselves of the worst kind (of rips) had anything but fine weather accompanied us in our excursion among them. The natives here express their astonishment at our not being wrecked among them, and no doubt the danger has been most imminent. The captain called several of us into his cabin before breakfast this morning, and informed us that he had not coal for more than eighteen hours' steaming; that three arms of the propeller, all on one side, were gone (?), that he was afraid of steaming out to sea, lest any accident should happen to the propeller, and disable him from beating (or clawing) off shore, when a gale might carry him again among the breakers; in which case, of course, there would be great danger of being wrecked. I should tell you that we had long before this fired guns and hoisted signals for a pilot. We had taken a farmer pilot on board who advised to go round a point within the breakers, on the east of Nantucket I think it must be; but another pilot came off the island and would not carry us through, but advised passing through the Sound, between Martha's Vineyard and Rhode Island, and here we are taking in coal. We had on board at starting, 1050 tons, so that we have consumed about 631 tons per 24 hours. Condenser, 26 in. boiler, 3 in.; cut off at 16in. to 13 generally, making about 13 strokes per minute.

"Now for the log. (for this see next page.) The last voyage was about 3147 miles; it is sometimes less than 3000, but usually 3100. After leaving Halifax, we must have gone wrong, or soon after. I have no map, but you will find that we must have had a narrow escape soon after leaving Nova Scotia. Two inches had been riveted to each arm before leaving Liverpool, making the disc of the propeller 4 inches more. It was a clumsy job, and was, no doubt, the cause of the breakage."

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LIST OF ENGLISH PATENTS GRANTED BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 25 and OCTOBER 10, 1845. (Concluded from page 288.)

Frederick Harlow, of Paradise-street, Rotherhithe, carpenter, for certain improvements in atmospheric railways. October 10; six months.

Charles Nossiter, of Lyndon End, near Birmingham, for improvements in the manufacture of leather. October 10; six months.

James Hardcastle, of Firwood, Bolton-le-moors, Lancaster, esquire, for certain improvements in the method of conveying water. October 10; six months. Charles Hansom, of Huddersfield, watch-maker, for certain improvements in clocks, watches, or time keepers. October 10; six months.

James Knowles, junior, of Bolton-le-moors, coalmerchant, and Alonzo Buonaparte Woodcock, of Manchester, engineer, for certain improvements in machinery or apparatus to be employed for raising coal or other matters from mines, which improvements are also applicable to raising or lowering men or animals, or other similar purposes. October 10; six months.

William Hodson Greatrix, of Nuneaton, Warwickshire, ribbon weaver, for certain improvements in looms for weaving ribbons and other fabrics. October 10; six months.

James Taylor, of Lochwinnoch, Renfrew, carpet and rug manufacturer, for certain improvements in the manufacture of carpets, rugs and piled fabrics. October 10; six months.

Edmund Barber, of Tring, Herts, decorative painter, for certain improvements in graining and decorating in oil, distemper, and other colours, and in imitating marbles, granites, fancy and other

woods, and in the apparatus and instruments to be used therein. October 11; six months.

Benjamin West, of Saint James's-walk, Clerkenwell, book-binder, for certain improvements in covering or stoppering the tops of bottles, jars, pots, and other similar vessels. October 16; six months.

Stephen Reed, of the town and county of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, gent., for certain improvements in railway rails and chairs. October 16; six months.

William Elliott, of Birmingham, button manufacturer, for improvements in the manufacture of buttons. October 16; six months.

John Barsham, of Long Melford, Suffolk, manufacturer of bitumen, for improvements in the manufacture of mattresses, cushions, brushes and brooms, and in machinery for preparing certain materials applicable to such purposes. October 16; six months.

John Marshall, of Southampton-street, Strand, tea dealer, for improvements in preparing cocoa and chocolate. October 16; six months.

William Betts, of Smithfield-bars, distiller, for improvements in the manufacture of brandy, gin, and rum, and other British spirits and compounds. October 16; six months.

James Webster Hall, of Fitzroy-square, gent., for improvements in machinery for cleaning or freeing wool and certain other fibrous materials of burrs and other extraneous substances. October 16; six months.

Hippolite Pierre Francois Desgranges, 1, Skinner's-place, Size-lane, gent., for an improvement or improvements in the mode of manufacturing

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corks. (Being a communication.) October 17; six months.

William Henry Stephenson, of Nottingham, merchant, for certain improvements in machinery or apparatus to be used in dyeing or staining. October 17; six months.

Joseph Orsi, of Pimlico, gent., for improvements in sleepers, or blocks for supporting railways. October 23; six months.

Thomas Taylor, of Manchester, cabinet maker, for certain improvements applicable to machinery or apparatus employed for sawing timber. October 23; sx months.

Thomas Worsdell, jun., of Stratford, Essex, railway-carriage builder, for certain improvements in apparatus to be attached to and employed in connexion with railway carriages. October 23; six

months.

Arthur Smith, of Saint Helen's, manufacturing chemist, for certain improvements in the manufacture of soda ash. October 23; six months.

William Coles Fuller, of Brownlow-street, Holborn, cabinet maker, for improvements in the construction of carriages for railways. October 23; six months. William Thomas, London, merchant, for certain improvements in the construction of umbrellas and parasols. October 24; six months.

LIST OF PATENTS GRANTED FOR SCOTLAND, FROM THE 22ND OF SEPTEMBER TO, THE 22ND OF OCTOBER, 1845. Charles Murland, of Castlewellan, in the county of Down, and kingdom of Ireland, flax-spinner, and Edward Lawson, of Leeds, in the county of York, machine maker, for certain improvements in machinery for preparing and spinaing flax, and other fibrous substances. Sealed, September 23.

John Kershaw, of Ramsbottom, Lancaster, cotton spinner, for certain improvements in machinery or apparatus used in the preparation of cotton or other fibrous substances for spinning. September 24.

Joseph Francois Larbereau, of Paris, in the kingdom of France, gentleman, for improvements in obtaining power. September 24.

Charles Pooley, of Chorlton-upon-Medlock, Lancaster, cotton spinner, for improvements in certain machines used in preparing to be spun, and in spinning cotton, wool, and other fibrous substances. September 24.

Moses Poole, London, gentleman, for improvements in rails for railways. (Being a communication from abroad.) September 24.

Bennet Woodcroft, of Manchester, engineer, for improvement in propelling vessels. September 24. William Cormack, of Dalglish-street, Commercialroad, Middlesex, chemist, for improvements in purifying gas. September 24.

James Taylor, of Lochwinnoch, Renfrew, carpet and rug manufacturer, for certain improvements in the manufacture of rugs, carpets, and other piled fabrics. September 25.

James Murray, residing at Garnkirk, Scotland, partner of and acting for his co-partners of the Garnkirk Coal Company, for certain improvements in the manufacture of bricks, tiles, pipes, or other articles made of ground or pulverised fire clay, or other clay, by pressure. October 1.

William Henry Ritchie, of Lincoln's-inn, Middlesex, gentleman, for improvements in carding engines. (Being a communication from abroad.) Oc

tober 2.

James Knowles, junior, of Bolton-le-Moors, Lancaster, coal merchant, and Alonzo Buonaparte Woodcock, of Manchester, engineer, for certain improvements in machinery or apparatus to be employed for raising coal or other matters, from mines, which improvements are also applicable to raising or lowering men or animals, or other similar purposes. October 6.

John Mercer, of Oakenshaw, Lancaster, calicoprinter, and John Barnes, and John Greenwood, of Church, in the same county, manufacturing chemists, for certain improvements in the manufacture of certain chemical agents used in dyeing and printing cottons, woollens, and other fabrics. October 7.

William Henry Fox Talbot, of Lacock Abbey, Chippenham, Wilts, Esq., for improvements in obtaining motive power, and in the application of motive power to railways. October 7.

William Lykes Ward, of Leathley Lodge, Hunsletlane, Leeds, gentleman, for improvements in exhausting air from tabes or vessels for the purpose of working atmospheric railways and other purposes, and improvements in the valves and tubes of atmospheric railways. October 7.

Dalrymple Crawlord, of Stratford-on-Avon, Warwick, gentleman, for an improved dibbling machine. October 7.

Paul Ackerman, doctor of medicine, of No. 1, Skinner's-place, Size-lane, London, for certain improvements in harpoons, and other similar instruments. October 9.

Giacomo Silvestri, doctor of medicine, of No. 87, Piccadilly, for certain improvements for the conservation of animal or vegetable organic matter. October 9.

Stephen Hutchinson, of the London Gas Works, Vauxhall, Surrey, engineer, for certain improvements in gas meters. October 9.

Richard Archibald Brooman, of the Patent-office, 166, Fleet-street, London, gentleman, for a thread made from a substance not hitherto applied to that purpose, and also the application of it to the manufacture of piece goods, ribands, paper, and other articles. (Being a communication from abroad.)

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LONDON: Printed and Published by James Bounsall, at the Mechanics' Magazine Office,
No. 166, Fleet-street.-Sold by A. and W. Galignani, Rue Vivienne, Paris;
Machin and Co., Dublin; and W. C. Campbell and Co,, Hamburgh,

MR. R. MALETT'S NEW LONG VALVE AND MAIN FOR ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAYS.

Mechanics' Magazine,

MUSEUM, REGISTER, JOURNAL, AND GAZETTE.

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VOL.

XLIII.

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