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no further of the Cross until 1595. In that year the statue of the Virgin was fastened and repaired, and the next year a new sonne, mishappen, (as borne out of time,) all naked, was laide in her armes, the other images remaining broken as before." That these repairs were made reluctantly, was sufficiently evident by the ridicule attempted to be attached to them. Four years afterwards, further innovation was attempted to be made; a scaffold was employed to pull down the wood-work at the upper part of the Cross, which it was pretended had decayed, and substitute a pyramid instead of the crucifix; the Virgin, in consequence, was obliged to make way for the goddess Diana, a woman,' says Stowe, (for the most part naked,) and water conveyed from the Thames, prilling from her naked breasts, but oftentimes dried up*. Elizabeth disapproved of these attacks on the old religion: she thought that a plain crucifix, the mark of the faith of the country, ought not to be the occasion of any scandal, so directed one to be placed on its summit, and gilt. The city demurred, but afterwards complied. The Virgin was restored, the whole Cross cleansed, and its top finished as required. The Virgin, however, was an abomination, of which they were determined to show their abhorrence; for twelve nights afterwards she was worse used than ever, by plucking off her crown, and almost her head, taking from her her naked child, stabbing her in the breast,' &c. In this state the Cross remained until the next year (1600), when a fresh repair, or rather rebuilding, being judged necessary, the city consulted both universities whether the crucifix should be erected again. Dr. Abbot (afterwards archbishop), then Vice-chancellor of Oxford, was against it. The issue was, that the Cross was rebuilt, and surmounted by a plain crucifix, but without the dovet."

The celebrated "Paul's Cross," once the "great seat of pulpit eloquence," was demolished by order of Parliament in 1643. This Cross, which Stowe describes as "a pulpit crosse of timber, mounted upon steppes of stone, and covered with leade, standing in the middest of the

"*Stowe's Survaie, p. 252. ed. 1598.

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+ To prevent the new Cross from sharing the fate of its predecessor, it was surrounded by a strong iron railing, and was decorated in a style which could scarcely give offence, even to the most scrupulous. It consists of four stories, as the former structure did of three. All the objectionable and superstitious images, as they were termed, are superseded by the grave representations of apostles, kings, and prelates. The crucifix only is retained. As an architectural specimen, however, it is very defective, being erected in a style half Grecian and half Gothic; and it evidently falls short of the pure simplicity of the Cross which preceded it. The annexed plate shows this third, or last, Cross in a state of perfection, to be found in no other representation of it, the drawing having been made soon after it was finished,

churchyard, the very antiquitie whereof was to him vn knowne," was in existence as early as the reign of Henry the Third, and was then the common place for the assembling of the City Folkmotes.

This work promises to be a very valuable accession to the accumulated materials for the history of this distinguished city; and we are happy to learn through a private channel that a more complete account of the metropolis than has yet appeared is now in preparation, by a gentleman whose habits of composition and extended research seem peculiarly to fit him for such an undertaking.

The Arcanum of National Defence. By Hastatus. 8vo.

1808.

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ALL men are now deeply impressed with the importance of an efficient system of national defence; but very few have formed any just or practical plans for carrying it into effect. The ingenuity of our parliamentary orators has been exercised year after year, but not one improvement or re-. form in our military exercise has yet taken place. The absurd perseverance in old German discipline, the stupid waste of muscular power, and the contemptible formality of puppet-showmen's tricks, are more characteristic of female obstinacy than of rational men. Nay, such is our perverse and blind adherence to every thing German, that we have been recently told, as if to outrage the com→ mon sense of Englishmen, that the office of a German commander-in-chief "changed hands six times in fortyeight hours!" When we consider the admirable system which has long been adopted in the navy, the progress of promotion, and the prompt rewards of merit in all our naval departments, and contrast them with the actual state of our armies, we can scarcely persuade ourselves that they belong to the same nation and people. One minister could depend in nothing but a levy in mass. Another came and ridiculed all voluntary masses, and would have "nothing but soldiers;" yet made a law that he should only have seven-year apprentices to the trade of "killing off." A third followed, and appeared sufficiently obsequious to both the preceding. But none of them ever dreamt of any thing else than embodying men; they never inquired into the best means of employing those whom they talked of

embodying; -no: make soldiers! that is, form round numbers on paper by all the rules of art; but as to their discipline, leave that to custom and chance. Did we not know the political omnipotence of party-spirit, alias selfishness, we should be surprised that five hundred reasonable, but not always reasoning men, could deliberately debate, session after session, on the formation of armies, and never think of inquiring whether the actual method of handling the implements of war was the most effectual, or whether those implements were of the best possible construction for the purpose designed. Mechanicians have instituted comparisons on muscular power, have ascertained the relative quantity possessed by a man and a horse; have determined how much weight a man can raise by a pulley in a given time, how much he can carry for a certain distance, or what power he can employ every day for a series of years. But our soldier-makers, or rather lingua-facturers of armies (if we may adopt a turn), have not inquired whether a soldier's musket should weigh fifteen or fifty pounds; whether his bayonet should be four inches or four feet long; or whether he is able to march ten miles or forty miles a day. All these things have been reduced to scientific principles by the enemy. There is not an officer of any distinction in the army of Buonaparte, who does not perfectly know, although he is perhaps totally ignorant of Euclid or Archimedes, how far his troops can march in four hours, how far in six; and how many pounds of baggage his light infantry, his batta lions, or his grenadiers, can carry during the same time. He also knows how much food and repose are necessary to restore their exhausted strength; and he avoids all excesses with infinitely more care than he would the sword of his enemy. British officers could discuss much more learnedly the different qualities of wine, and tell with greater mathematical accuracy the difference between Port and Madeira than they could how far their men might march in a month, or what weight they could carry. The French indeed attempt to seize the sceptre of Jupiter with the shield of Mars, while the English, after sacrificing to Bacchus, endeavour only to purloin the martial helmet with the cestus of Venus. The ambition of the former aims at supremacy, that of the latter is sated with the most paltry ovation, But, without detaining our readers with any further preliminary remarks, we shall lay before them some extracts from the elegant, animated, and patriotic treatise before

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"During the last fifteen years, great and extraordinary events have crowded on each other in such rapid succession, that the human mind, untutored for the convulsive scene, with difficulty developes the main spring of this new era, and estimates the existing state of the civilised world. In this. short period we have seen empires, which, in their antiquity aud greatness, seemed to indicate a duration equal to that of the soil whereon they were implanted, obliterated from the map of Europe-princes and potentates brought to the scaffold, or driven from sovereign authority to a wretched dependence-families distinguished by titles and possessions, the inheritance of illustrious ancestors, reduced from their lofty stations to mendicity; while their domains have been usurped by lawless ruffians, and their rank affected by the basest of mankind-systems of jurisprudence, the result of many centuries' practical wisdom, overthrown and supplanted by demagogues and tyrants; nay, religion itself insulted, its temples pilTaged, and its holy ministers forced from their pastoral charge with mockery and violence. A cruel warfare, accompanied by coldblooded murders and massacres, rapine, and spoliation, has defaced the fairest portion of the earth: and Europe has exhibited the disgusting spectacle of such multitudes of armed men, arranged for the destruction of each other, as until the present iron age never afflicted the Christian world.

"With the faith and honour of governments, and the allegiance of the people, the accustomed relations of social intercourse between man and man have been broken asunder; and that nation in particular, whose utopian schemes of political perfection, liberty, and equality, gave date to these calamities, presents the melancholy picture of an enlightened and ingenious people reduced, by the furious edicts of a foreigner who has usurped their government, from a state of comparative happiness to be the veriest slaves beneath the sun; denied the transmarine supplies necessary to the comforts of life-shut out from information on the passing events of the world, with death denounced against those who dare to reveal truths unpleasant to the tyrant, or presume to reason on the true state of their condition-their persons subject to incessant conscriptions, dragged from their homes, and goaded to fields of slaughter, wherever his ambition directs, wherever a germ of pa triotism yet unsubdued may be found, or a semblance of an independent force exists, to alarm his guilty fears. To this condition. are the once gay and cheerful French reduced, the lowly instrument of a foreign master; with this miserable consolation, that they form so vast a military machine as to be dreadful to Europe, and to be enabled to assimilate the condition of surrounding nations to their own level of degradation and wretchedness."

The author proceeds to state the national energy acquired by revolution, and its necessary effects in producing a martial people.

"Alas! statesmen had yet to learn, that an extensive population, capable of martial enthusiasm, converging their views to military

achievement, may be at once formidable combatants, and acquiring an ascendancy, although bankrupts themselves, may enjoy the benefit of plenty from the ill-defended stores of their neighbours. France has taught this lesson: — a military spirit was excited throughout the country; to this all civil and commercial relations were sacrificed; the field of Mars became the only theatre of glory; thither the enterprising rushed; and the gradations of rank became determined, not according to a scale of prices, not according to family influence, but according to the relative abilities of the candidate for command, their genius, courage, and energy. Frequently, indeed, do we find the leaders of the revolutionary armies to be men of the vilest moral character, and indebted for their advancement to acts which disgrace human nature; still, however, their qualities are all of the powerful cast, and such as acquire, although they may not deserve, the dominion of mankind. Thus radically constituted, with scarcely any military training, and almost without arms, the French levies soon gained an ascendancy over the confederated and veteran armies of Europe. It was then vainly hoped, that the career of French victories would subside with the influence of the faction which assumed its government, or the good fortune and reputation of its generals; but it remained to be shown, that a military people so constituted, must prove terrible to their adversaries, notwithstanding the errors of their government, and could never be in want of able leaders, even if deprived of their favourite generals. Robespierre, Carnot, Barras, Rewbell, and Buonaparte, successively entered into the black catalogue of its rulers; but the military prowess of France continued entire ; and its armies were hailed by victory, whether led on by Dumourier, Pichegru, Moreau, or the Corsican."

"A military creation, so vast, would prove formidable to the liberties of Europe, even under the sway of a mild and beneficent prince; how much more so, then, must it be at the entire disposal of a desperate adventurer who delights in bloodshed, whose aspiring soul the dominion of the world would not satiate, and to whom rest is torment?-an unprincipled wretch, to whom no means are objectionable than can further his purpose: at one time a canting hypocrite; then a remorseless executioner;a fawning sycophant; an abusive ruffian;-an artful prevaricator, or shameless liar; an atheist, mussulman, catholic, or jew, as may serve his turn, he combines the arts of the most depraved swindler with the arms of an Alexander. That such a man, with such means, should be able to extend the work of devastation far and wide is not surprising; indeed, until the gleam of returning freedom which the events of the last few months have afforded, so effectually were the powers of the continent subdued, and the other governments of the earth intimidated, that it seemed as if the arch tyrant had only to choose the order in which he would command nations to surrender their remnant of independence, and take their allotted stations in his plan of univeral empire. But happily for human nature, the domination that depends on the sword is as mutable as it is odious. The glorious efforts of Spain have shown the secret

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