Such a program will need incentives to encourage the members of the tribe to work toward competence. Fortunately, most of the members are young and will respond to educational encouragement. For some, the influence of family and friends will make them reluctant to use their educational opportunities. Where the home is so sadly disrupted and incompetent that progress is impossible, foster home placements may be necessary, or at least helpful. For most, social casework services by competently trained personnel will probably be adequate.

Some errors and failures must be anticipated, but under an adequate plan and program, significant progress can be expected even within 2 years, though some families will take many more. Whether such a comprehensive program can be attempted best by Federal agencies, or by agencies of the State of Oregon is a matter for discussion, perhaps; but it would be wise to assume that the Federal Government would bear the greatest part of its cost. Cooperation from all agencies should be urged and can be assumed to be forthcoming.

In the meanwhile, it seems necessary to provide some protection to members of the tribe who are not yet competent to withstand the currents of competition in our culture, and to safeguard them from being fleeced of their assets, and exploited to their cost and to the ultimate cost of the community which would have to sustain them if they became deprived of their resources and incomes. Legal_restraints with regard to guardianships, the amounts of legal and other fees charged for transitional processes, and restraints upon the sale of resources for inadequate prices will be necessary. Again, however, while these measures are needed to protect some members of the tribe, it would be an imposition and a slowing down of progress to require the more competent members to live under the same restrictions.

Second: A second objective should be to enable members of the Klamath Falls Tribe and other citizens of Oregon to cooperate in the fruitful use and conservation of the natural resources of the Klamath Falls region, for the mutual benefit of the people of the whole State and Nation. Several plans have been advanced for the attainment of this objective. There is a possibility that a cooperative economic enterprise might be established, such as that which the Zuni Indians attempted successfully some 10 years or so ago, or more. The divisions and differences of groups within the tribal members who reside on the reservation, and also those who have left the reservation in some cases, are very sharp, deep, and appear at the moment to be very difficult, if not impossible to reconcile to the extent necessary to make such a cooperative enterprise work successfully. I have some experience in this and it takes a good deal of agreement before you can make the process work effectively.

There is a clear necessity, for the welfare of all members of the tribe and other residents of the Klamath Falls region and persons engaged in the lumbering trade throughout the United States, that the magnificient forest of Ponderosa pine be continued to be developed under comprehensive, long-range, sustained-cut plans. This will bring the greatest profit to the members of the tribe (greater than would result from many sales in a short period of time to realize enough

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cash to pay off the claims of the members who want to terminate their tribal relationships), and at the same time prevent the clearcutting in a year or two of the majority of the stand of timber, and subsequent reduction of the Klamath Basin to a dust bowl. There is no good reason why every family of the tribe should not continue to receive indefinitely an income equal to what they now have from per capita payments from timber sales, if this resource is handled constructively.

As I understand it, Senate bill 2047 does this. It provides that the United States Government should add the forest lands to the National Forest area, paying those members who wish to withdraw in the form of bonds maturing in several successive years, perhaps, and encouraging members of the tribe to continue to maintain an interest in as large a part of the forest as possible, to be cared for by the United States Forest Service much as the Forest Service already cares for forest resources of Corvallis and other cities of Oregon. The proceeds from each successive year's cutting would be returned to the members of the tribe even as proceeds are paid into the Corvallis and other city treasuries.

Perhaps this isn't the basic plan of the bill; perhaps it might be a good idea to consider. I didn't really know. I haven't read the bill very carefully as yet.

A definite plan of this kind will do much to convince many members of the tribe that they will not ultimately lose everything if they do not take whatever they can get now. Some competent families, including those who no longer live on the reservation, will prefer to withdraw from the enterprise and take their assets anyhow, but the more secure and definite the plan worked out is, the more members will be willing to stay with the community enterprise possibilities, and extricate themselves at a slower rate.

In the long run, since the costs of operating the forest thus will necessarily include a long-time amortization of the cost of acquiring the forest as well as operating it, this plan would cost the people of the United States little, and would give them much in the form of a stabilized lumber production and market, maintenance of Klamath Falls Basin as a fertile and productive area, and lower taxes to support the members of the tribe who would need public assistance after losing their shirts to the not-so-Christian non-Indians who would be only too happy to elbow their way into a share of the prosperity and future prospects of the Klamaths, without giving commensurate services or value in return.

It may be argued that so much money-and I think the estimates are that it would take about a hundred million dollars could not be spared from the Federal Treasury at present. I doubt this greatly. Certainly the costs, if something of this sort is not done, will be terrifically greater, in terms of loss of fertile soil, loss of timber, loss of wildlife which rests and nests in the marshlands, and most important of all, the loss of the human personalities of Indians and non-Indian residents of the Klamath Falls Basin who will stand to lose their livelihood, the verdant greenness and freshness of the area as a desirable place to live and work, and their confidence in the government of Oregon and of the United States, particularly, to help them solve this problem with justice and humanity. It would be a regrettable calam

ity if these losses were permitted to occur because of the manner and timing of the termination of tribal status for the Klamath Falls Indians. It is something which the United States cannot afford to let happen. But it will happen unless a plan such as Senate bill 2047 is enacted and put into force before the termination of the tribal status of these people proceeds very much further.

I should like very much to see the marshlands and the forest of the Klamath Falls Reservation preserved for the use of all Americans, and preserved under conditions which will discharge our moral obligations to help every member of the Klamath Falls Tribe to accept a status of self-reliance successfully because we have given him the proper support and preparation to enable him to succeed. The goal is not to relieve the Klamath people of their assets and incomes in the mistaken belief that they would waste them in many cases anyhow, but rather to help them learn to use their resources constructively for themselves, and for others affected by the use of these assets, and to help them secure even more assets by using and developing their potential skills and their resources more effectively. The program proposed under point 1 above, together with Senate bill 2047, would go а long way toward doing this.

If this proves impossible, the State of Oregon bears a responsibility in this issue which it cannot evade even if the Congress fails to act in passing Senate bill 2047. In that case, it should be made one of the State's foremost aims to preserve intact the happiness of the people and the usefulness of the area. This could be done in considerable measure by investing some of the State's funds in this timber and land much as Senate bill 2047 proposes that the Federal Government should do, and under much the same kind of program, objectives and safeguards. Combined with the plan of the Management Specialists, this would preserve the most vital parts of the area for continuing revenue from sustained-yield management. The responsibility lies first upon the Congress, for this is a national treaty, but we must remember that we, as a state, have also responsibility to help ourselves and our Indian citizens in such a crisis.

The State has already accepted much of the responsibility and cost of this transition for education, law enforcement, public assistance, child care, health, and so forth. If it must accept much more of the costs, the investment of surplus State funds in the people and resources of Klamath Falls would be an exceptionally good way to do it.

I reiterate, however, I feel that it is definitely the responsibility of the Federal Government. This is its field; it should take care of it.

Senator NEUBERGER. Dr. Rademaker, thank you for that very excellent statement. I well know, and I think the record should indicate, that you were one of the moving spirits of a very valuable conference held on the campus of Willamette University under your auspices and that of Oregon Council of Churches last September 1956, I believe. If I am not mistaken, this conference brought forth some very helpful suggestions dealing with Indian matters in general and the fate and destiny of the Klamath Tribe and its resources in particular. I think many of the proposals which came forth under your leadership appear in this legislation and in other ideas that have been proposed at both the State and National level.

I want to make clear one thing: that my bill, our bill, Senate bill 2047, does not deal with one matter which you and Mrs. Platt and Mr.

Chandler have all raised in a very instructive manner, and that is with respect to how the assets should be distributed to the various tribal members and in what manner they should receive the reimbursement to which they are entitled.

Senate bill 2047 does not go to the heart of this. Perhaps it should; perhaps it shouldn't. It is a matter of judgment and of legislative strategy in a question such as this. I did state after Mr. Chandler's testimony and at the time of Mrs. Platt's testimony the reasons why it does not take up this further problem, but I am grateful to you, to Mrs. Platt, and Mr. Chandler for raising this issue, and grateful to you for the way you have pointed out the need to protect the personalities and the human values that are at stake in this issue. Mr. Wolf, do you have any questions?

Mr. WOLF. No.

Senator NEUBERGER. Mr. Gamble?

Mr. GAMBLE. No.

Senator NEUBERGER. Thank you, Dr. Rademaker, for a most helpful contribution. I think your considerations in favor of excluding this as one of the parts of S. 2047 seem to me very reasonable, and perhaps this is part of the legislative strategy that will help put it over.

Dr. RADEMAKER. I certainly hope so.

Senator NEUBERGER. Well, I just don't know whether it will help put it over or not. It faces a long struggle and there are difficulties ahead and before it ever is considered we are going to consider collateral and alternative suggestions such as that made by Mr. Weyerhaeuser and his associates, but we are grateful to you for your very fine contribution and very thoughtful statement.

Dr. RADEMAKER. Thank you for the opportunity to be here.

Senator NEUBERGER. Our next witness is Mr. Glen A. Wilkinson, who, I believe, is the attorney for the Klamath Indian Tribe. Mr. Wilkinson was not originally listed as a witness but indicated to me during the noon recess that he would like to make a statement which he believes would be helpful for the subcommittee and for the record. Is that correct, Mr. Wilkinson?

STATEMENT OF GLEN A. WILKINSON, ATTORNEY, KLAMATH INDIAN TRIBE

Mr. WILKINSON. Mr. Chairman, that is correct. My name is Glen A. Wilkinson, Washington, D. C. With Mr. J. C. O'Neil, of Klamath Falls, my firm represents the Klamath Tribe.

As you have indicated, Mr. Chairman, I felt that although this is a collateral issue, and I apologize for taking time, I felt that perhaps I owe it to the subcommittee to give my version of the events which transpired prior to the enactment of Public Law 587 in view of the fact that that subject has come up on several occasions during this hearing.

Our firm was retained on June 1, 1954, by the Klamath Tribe. We had previously represented the tribe for a number of years, but had not done so from approximately 1950 until June 1, 1954. At that time S. 2745 was pending before the Congress. The bill was then before the House committee, or reached the House committee shortly thereafter.

At that time Mr. Boyd Jackson and Mr. Jesse L. Kirk, Sr., were representing the Klamath Tribe in Washington. Likewise, Mr. Wade Crawford, a member of the tribe, now a member of the executive committee, and I believe a member of the executive committee at that time, was likewise in Washington doing work with respect to the Klamath Termination Act.

Commencing mid or late June of 1954, Mr. Jackson, Mr. Kirk, and I met in a series of conferences with officials of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Department of the Interior, and representatives of Senators and Congressmen involved in work of the two Interior and Insular Affairs Committees. The conferences nearly always involved what I shall designate as the Klamath official delegation, namely, Messrs. Jackson and Kirk, and Mr. Crawford, who likewise was represented by counsel. We were not able over a period of perhaps 2 or 3 weeks to come to complete agreement on a revision of S. 2745, which at that time seemed unsatisfactory to both factions then represented. We had a final conference in an anteroom off the House committee hearing room during the morning on which the House committee was having its final meeting of the session. In that conference were several representatives of the Department of the Interior, Congressman Coon, Dr. Taylor of the House committee staff, Mr. Jackson, Mr. Kirk, Mr. Crawford, myself and, as I recall, Mr. Littell and Mr. Alexander, who were counsel representing Mr. Crawford and his viewpoint. At that meeting the version which became Public Law 587 resulted.

Senator NEUBERGER. It had not previously been in the bill?
Mr. WILKINSON. No, sir.

Senator NEUBERGER. The version providing for the withdrawal and the liquidation of assets to compensate the withdrawees? Is that to what you are referring?

Mr. WILKINSON. That is correct; yes, sir. I must be fair, however, and state that that provision had been included in one form or another in several drafts which had been prepared over a matter of approximately 2 weeks prior to that meeting and which drafts had been considered by members of the tribe, their attorneys, officials of the Department of the Interior, and others.

Senator NEUBERGER. But it is correct, as was claimed by certain witnesses at Klamath Falls, that that particular provision relating to sale of assets and withdrawals had not been included in the version which was made the subject of hearings at Klamath Falls and elsewhere regarding termination?

Mr. WILKINSON. That is correct; yes, sir. That first appeared in the act, a copy of the bill which is dated July 23, 1954, and which was reported by the House committee on that date.

Now, because of the conflicting viewpoint within the tribe as represented by the delegates, this was a compromise. However, and as has been stated, the official Klamath delegates and I did accept the version and so advised the House committee on the day the House committee took its action.

Many people have asked why we did this, and there were 2 or 3 strong motivations which I think the subcommittee should know. First, beginning approximately 1948, the Klamath Tribe officially had supported a voluntary withdrawal bill. We were never able to