Egypt, he had the sole command of the praetorian guard, and gradually became the second personage in the state. His daugh ter was betrothed to a son of Claudius, afterwards emperor Tac. an. III 29. IV 7. Suet. Claud. 27. DCass. LVIII §.In his way to the throne stood Drusus son of Tiberius and the children of Germanicus nephew of Tiberius. Having seduced Livia, wife of Drusus, he poisoned her husband A.D. 23 Tac. IV 3. 8. Suet. 62. DCass. LVII 22 § 2; and afterwards sued for her hand, but Tiberius discouraged the suit, as exposing S. to envy Tac. IV 39 40. He fell 18 Oct. 31, when apparently at the summit of his greatness. See the character of him in Tac. IV 1-3. VI 8 (where he is called 'son in-law' of Tiberius). Sen. de tranq. an. 1 § II 'you have filled the highest offices of state: have you filled offices as great or unexpected or as universal as S. did? yet on the very day on which the senate had escorted him, the people tore him to pieces. Of him, on whom gods and men had bestowed all gifts that could be brought together, of him, I say, nothing remained for the executioner to drag away.'

EX FACIE TOTO ORBE SECUNDA for the expression cf. Stat. s. 146 7 of the praef. urb. proxima cervi ponderis immensi. ib. V 2 47 ille secundus apex bellorum et proxima cassis. AV. Caes. IX § II Titus after his defeat of the Jews was made praef. praet. Thus honos is, ingens a principio, tumidior atque alter ab Augusto imperio fuit The praefectura praetorii 'wanting little of imperial authority and power' (Hdn. v 1). Eunap. p. 490 39 Didot 'royalty without its purple.' On the power of S. as praefectus see Tac. an. IV 2 he first made the office important by bringing the cohorts before dispersed through the city into one camp. ib. 7 Drusus, son of Tiberius, complained incolumi filio adiutorem imperii alium vocari et quantum superesse ut collega dicatur? Suet. Tib. 35 S. raised by Tiberius ad summam potentiam not from good will, but as an accomplice of his plots against the family of Germanicus.

64 FIUNT URCEOLI PELVES SARTAGO MATELLAE Plin. pan. and Suet. Ner. cited on 58. Tac. an. III 70 A.D. 22 L. Ennius an eques was charged with treason quod effigiem principis promiscuum ad usum argenti vertisset. Prud. perist. x 299-300 from Iuv., speaking of idols quos trulla pelvis cantharus sartagines | fracta et liquata contulerunt vascula.

URCEOLI III 203. Jugs or ewers, with one handle, to hold gelida or calda for drinking (Mart. XIV 105 u. ministratorii; ib. 106 an earthenware urceus. cf. Petron. 74); of copper (Cat. r. r. 13 § 1) or earthenware (ib. § 3 in both places urceus. Petron. 95); used for preserving service-berries (Colum. XII 16 § 4), medlars (Pallad. IV 10 § 22), and melimela (ib. XIII 4 § 2); some

times of silver (dig. XXXIV 2 21 pr. 'decanters'). Many are preserved in the museo Borbonico. Lob. paralip. 34 and Curtius derive the word from ὕρχη.

PELVES III 277 schol. VI 441. a foot-pan, one of Corinthian bronze in Orelli inscr. 3838. one of silver, containing ointment for the feet, in Petron. 70. Varr. 1. 1. v § 119 PELVIS, pedelvis, a pedum lavatione: also used for washing up cups Non. XV 4 sinus aquarius, in qua vasa perluuntur.

SARTAGO a frying-pan, such as has been found at Herculaneum, of the same shape as those now in use (Rich s. v.); dig. XXXIV 2 19 § 12 of silver; used for melting rosin Plin. XVI § 55.

MATELLAE cf. 1 131 n. Plut. praec. ger. reip. 27 p. 820f 'of the 300 statues of Demetrius Phalereus none suffered from rust or mould, but all were overthrown in his life-time; the statues of Demades they melted down εἰς ἀμίδας.

65 PONE DOMI LAURUS as at a wedding VI 79 ornentur postes et grandi ianua lauro. ib. 227-8. or on any occasion of rejoicing ib. 51-2 (cf. 47—8). Ix 85. XII 91 n.

DUC IN CAPITOLIA MAGNUM CRETATUMQUE BOVEM VI 47 (cl. 51-2). From Lucret. [? Lucil.] in schol. cretatumque bovem duci ad Capitolia magna. Ov. ex P. IV 9 49-50 'now to decree thanksgivings to the gods for Caesar, albave opimorum colla ferire boum.' Arr. Epict. I 19 § 24 'has a man been honoured with the tribunate? all who meet him congra tulate him: he goes up to the Capitol and offers victims.'

66 CRETATUM tauntingly said; the napkin dropped by the praetor as a signal for starting in the circus was also cretata Mart. XII 29 9: so too the toga of a candidate. Dark spots in the victim were rubbed over with creta ['creta seems to have been a kind of pipe-clay, as our chalk appears to be quite un known in Italy, as well as our flint.' H. A. J. M.].

SEIANUS DUCITUR UNCO ducitur=åπáyeтal Sen. ad Helv. 1387 ducebatur Athenis ad supplicium Aristides. Iuv. XIII 245 nigri patietur carceris uncum. Uncus is the hook or drag, fastened under the chin, by which the corpses of convicts weredrawn from the neighbouring carcer, where they had been stran gled, to the scalae Gemoniae. Suet. Tib. 61 every one executed under Tiberius was cast out uncoque tractus; in one day twenty, including women and boys. ib. 75 some threatened the corpse of Tiberius with the uncus and the Gemoniae; some who had been left for execution on the day of his death, were strangled by their guards and exposed at the Gemoniae. Sen. ep. 82 §3 he who lies on perfumes is no less dead than he who rapitur unco. ib. 92 § 35 the sage fears no threats of outrage to his lifeless limbs; non conterret, inquit, me nec uncus nec pro

var iecti ad contumeliam cadaveris laceratio foeda visuris. DCass. Cur. LVIII II §§ 4-6 in the first instance, after the reading of the

verbosa epistula, S. was led to the carcer: the same day the thian senate met in the temple of Concord near the carcer, and seeing ment the temper of the people, and the quiescence of the praetorians, his sentenced him to death; so he was executed and cast down the XV steps. . . . . His children also were slain in accordance with a decree, the daughter, who was betrothed to the son of Claudius, cul having first been violated by the executioner, because a virgin could not without impiety be killed in the prison [cf. Suet. Tib. 61. Tac. an. VI I § 4]. His wife Apicata was not indeed condemned, but when she heard that her children were dead, and T saw their carcases on the steps, went home, and put an end to 250 her life. Tac. an. VI 25 death of Agrippina, 18 Oct. 33, on which day two years before S. had died; the senate decreed a yearly offering to Iuppiter Capitolinus on the day, and Tiberius boasted that he had forborne to strangle her and cast her out on the Gemoniae cf. Suet. Tib. 53.

67 SPECTANDUS DCass. LVIII II § 2 (cited on 99). Plin. pan. 33 § 3 contrasting Trajan's reign with Domitian's nemo e spectatore spectaculum factus miseras voluptates unco et ignibus expiavit.

QUAE LABRA, QUIS ILLI VULTUS ERAT Bentley on Phaedr. IV 63 seems rightly to understand labra of the scorn habitual to S. in his greatness (Iuv. XIV 325).

QUIS as in quis furor est etc.

68 NUMQUAM AMAVI HUNC HOMINEM 81 n. Tac. an. IV 74 A.D. 28 those whom S. condescended to notice were male alacres, quibus infaustae amicitiae gravis exitus imminebat. VI I SI A.D. 31 a friend of S., on the point of dying by his own hand, says: he [Tiberius], who had taken S. as his colleague and sonin-law, forgives himself; ceteri, quem per dedecora fovere, cum scelere insectantur. miserius sit ob amicitiam accusari, an amicum accusare, haud discreverim. ib. 8 M. Terentius in like manner confessed his friendship for S. ea tempestate qua Seiani amicitiam ceteri falso exuerant. DCass. LVIII 10 § 4 when the verbosa epistula was read, some of those who sat near S. rose up, not caring to share the same seat with him, whose friendship they had but just before prized. § 7 after the whole was read they railed at him, some from fear and to cloke their friendship. ib. 12 §§ 2-3 the soldiers seeing' themselves suspected in regard of their devotion to S., fell to arson and pillage ...Nor was the senate calm; they who had courted S. were sore troubled for fear of punishment; they who had accused or borne witness against some, whose ruin they suspected was due not to T. but to S., were filled with dismay. Very few felt assured.

ib. 14 his relations and friends and all others who had flattered him and moved the votes of honours for him, were put on their trial. Most of them were convicted for what had made them envied before, and the others sentenced them for measures which they themselves had before supported. Many who had been tried and acquitted, were accused again and condemned, as having owed their former escape to his favour. In default of any other charge, it was enough to secure a man's punishment that he had been a friend of S., as though T. himself had not loved him and so been the occasion of the devotion of the others to him. The very creatures of S. turned informers; for they had no difficulty, from their exact knowledge of those like themselves, in discovering and convicting them etc. ib. 16 § 6 after a while a kind of amnesty was proclaimed; T. declared that all were free to mourn S. or any one else who had suffered. cf. Suet. Tib. 61 interdictum ne capite damnatos propinqui lugerent. Sen. ep. 55 § 3 Vatia, though rich and an ex-praetor, lived to old age, and was counted happy: nam quotiens aliquos amicitia Asinii Galli, quotiens Seiani odium, deinde amor merserat, aeque enim offendisse illum quam amasse periculosum fuit, exclamabant homines: 'o Vatia, solus scis vivere.

SI QUID MIHI CREDIS cf. 246. IV 53. ep. ad Trai. 26=11 § 2.

also in prose Plin.

69 CECIDIT SUB CRIMINE cadere often to lose one's cause, be cast in a suit ){ stare. IV 12 caderet sub iudice morum. Suet. Oth. 5 nihilque referre ab hoste in acie an in foro sub creditoribus caderet.

70 DELATOR IV 48 n. a word of the silver age. Sen. de ben. III 26 § 1 accusandi frequens et paene publica rabies, quae omni civili bello gravius togatam civitatem confecit: excipiebatur ebrio rum sermo, simplicitas iocantium. nihil erat tutum. omnis saeviendi placebat occasio. nec iam reorum exspectabatur eventus,

cum esset unus.

70 QUIBUS INDICIBUS, QUO TESTE PROBAVIT? VI 219-220 meruit quo crimine servus supplicium? quis testis adest? quis detulit? where follows the answer 222-3 nil fecerit, esto:\ sic volo, sic iubeo: sit pro ratione voluntas; as here bene habet etc. The delator denounces, gives in the name of the accused often by anonymous libelli; index is an approver or king's evidence, one who betrays his accomplices; such evidence was only received in the case of heinous crimes, as conspiracy, treason, arson, never in cases of repetundae, ambitus etc.; generally indices were of the lower classes, esp. slaves; no senator could be an index: rewards e.g. emancipation, and free pardon were often offered to any who would come forward as indices. For the ablative ind. teste cf. Caes. b. c. II 18 § 3 haec se certis nuntiis, certis auctori

bus comperisse. For the combination of ind. and teste (a slave could not be a testis) cf. Cic. p. Cluent. § 38 nullo testę, nullo indice. Quintil. VII 2 § 54 adulterium obicis: quis testis? quis index? Tac. an. IV 28 index idem et testis. In the case of S. the index was Satrius Secundus (Tac. an. VI 47 coniurationis indice) who had been his creature.

71 VERBOSA ET GRANDIS EPISTULA VENIT A CAPREIS DCass. LVIII 9 Tiberius wrote to Naevius Sertorius Macro appointing him prefect of the praetorians; he prepared Memmius Regulus one of the consuls (the other was a creature of S.) and Granicus Laco commander of the night police. Meeting S. troubled at not hearing from Tiberius, he privately assured him that the tribunicia potestas was designed for him. When S. had entered the senate-house (in the temple of Apollo Palatinus), Macro dismissed the praetorian guards of S. and the senate to their camp, shewing his commission and promising them a largess. He replaced them by vigiles, delivered the letter to the consuls, and proceeded to the praetorian camp. ib. 10 Meanwhile the letter was read; it was long; no continuous attack on S., but first some other topic, then a few words of censure, then another indifferent matter, then further censure. At the close it declared that two senators connected with S. ought to be punished, and he himself kept in custody. There was no downright sentence of death on S., T. fearing an outbreak. In order to secure himself on the way to Rome, T. summoned one of the consuls to his presence [cf. Tac. an. vI 2. Suet. Tib. 65]. Before the letter was read, S. was greeted with plaudits and congratulated on the prospect of the tribunicia potestas. As the reading went on, perplexity and confusion seized the senators: praetors and tribunes surrounded S. Regulus called him, but he did not obey; not from contempt, for he was cowed, but from being unused to receive orders. When Regulus a third time, stretching out his hand, cried, Seianus, come hither; he meekly asked 'Do you call me?' and rose from his seat. The senate with one mouth reviled him: yet because of his many adherents Regulus did not venture to put the question of his condemnation to the general vote, but asked a single senator whether he should be cast into prison; and so with Laco and the other magistrates led him to the carcer. Suet. Tib. 65 spe affinitatis ac tribuniciae potestatis deceptum inopinantem criminatus est pudenda miserandaque oratione. The style of Tiberius was by nature or habit obscure and hesitating, and especially ambiguous when he desired to conceal his meaning Tac. an. I II. DCass. LVIII 6 A.D. 31 Seianus kept in alarm by letters against his friends.

72 CAPREIS 93 n.

BENE HABET Kαλws exel. Ter. Phorm. 429 bene habent tibi

M. JUV.

III.

4