17 SENECAE HORTOS CLAUSIT TOTA COHORS A.D. 65 Antonius Natalis denounced Seneca as a confederate of Piso's (Tac. xv 56, 60): a tribune invested, globis militum saepsit, his villa. His wife insisted on sharing his fate (Tac. 61-63). On horti see I 75 n.

EGREGIAS LATERANORUM AEDES Plautius Lateranus (VIII 147 n.), cos. des. joined in Piso's conspiracy from patriotic motives (Tac. XV 49); he was beheaded in the place of execution for slaves (ib. 60); the first stroke not proving mortal, he laid down his neck on the block a second time (Arr. Epict. I 1 § 19; an instance of his courage § 20). His home stood on the Caelian mount; for M. Aurelius, who was born on that mount, was also educated there in the house of his grandfather Verus (Iul. Capitolin. Ant. phil. I iuxta aedes Laterani). Septimius Severus gave houses, among others that of Lateranus, to various friends, among whom was Lateranus cos. A. D. 197 AV. epit. 20 § 6. Constantine adorned the palace and erected there a church on the site of the present St John Lateran. Burn Rome and the Campagna 220. Prud. c. Symm. 1 585-6 of the Roman populace coetibus aut magnis Laterani currit ad aedes, unde sacrum referat regali chrismate signum.

18 Wealth the deadliest sin in a reign of terror. So in the proscription of the triumvirs Nep. 25 12 § 4. Suet. Tib. 49 gives exx. both of Romans and provincials put to death by Tiberius for no other crime; cf. the case of Sex. Marius Tac. VI 19. At the beginning of his reign Tiberius sacrificed no man to his avarice (DCass. LVII 10 § 5. Tac. an. II 48 but see IV 20).

RARUS VIII 63. Phaedr. IV 1 6 rara mens intellegit. So Ov. Plin. Quintil. Tac. In Engl. we use the plur. or the adv. 'şeldom.' cf. densissima lectica I 120 n. also vespertinus, noiturnus, etc., where we use the adv.

CENACULA garrets, cocklofts III 201 n. VII 118. Cic. de leg. agr. 11 § 96 Romam...cenaculis sublatam atque suspensam. When Vitellius (Suet. 7) went to take the command of the army in lower Germany, he was fain to let his house, and stow away his family in a hired garret meritorio cenaculo. Horace, after describing the fugitive whims of the rich, ep. 1 1 91 quid pauper? ride: mutat cenacula.

19 PAUCA 2 n. 'only a few,' and those small vascula, and plain puri arg. cf. XIV 62 leve argentum 'smooth' )( vasa aspera 'in relief.'

ARGENTI VASCULA PURI IX 141-2 argenti vascula puri, sed quae Fabricius censor notet; i.e. though plain and small, yet beyond the limit allowed by Fabricius. cf. 1 76n. (esp. Plin. ep. 111 1§ 9). 77 n. Mart. IV 39 Charinus has plate chased by Myron. Praxiteles, Scopas, Phidias and other artists:

argentum tamen inter omne miror, | quare non habeas, Charine, purum. Plin. XXXVII § 28 artists conceal defects in crystals by carving, caelatura; those which are without a flaw they prefer to leave plain, puras. dig. VI 1 § 6 quamvis et in vasis occurrat difficultas, utrum lancem dumtaxat dici oporteat, an etiam, pura an caelata sit. So chartae purae are 'blank' paper )( written books dig. XXXII 52 § 4: mantelia pura plain tablecloths )( cocco clavata with scarlet stripes Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 37; ager purus (cf. xaðapós) is 'open' ground, not built upon Orelli inscr. 4371. From vascellum come Fr. vaisselle and vaisseau, and our ' vessel' which comprehends both.

20 NOCTE on the practice of travelling by night see Cas. on Suet. Caes. 31.

CONTUM 'a pike,' sometimes thrown (Strabo p. 448). See Rich companion s. v. and the lexx. contarius, contificium, contus. Kovrós. First found as a Latin word in Liv. (e.g. XXXVII 11 § 13 where it is 'a pole ') and Verg.

21 MOTAE Luc. vii 5-6 pavet ille fragorem | motorum

ventis nemorum.

AD LUNAM by moonlight.' Aen. IV 513 messae ad lunam herbae). Petron. 103 Burm. Ov. m. IV 99 ad lunae radios (vidit). Plut. de sollert. anim. 12 § 3 р. 968 πρòs Tηy σeλývŋv.

TREPIDABIT UMBRAM VIII 152. many intransitive verbs, which denote a state of the mind, or its expression, become transitive, especially in the poets, by taking an object in the acc. e.g. erubesco, fleo, gemo, horreo, paveo, tremo Madvig § 223 C.

22 Sen. ep. 14 § 9 'let us have nothing which can be wrested from us to the great profit of the robber: carry as few spoils on your person as you can. No one draws human blood for its own sake, or very few; plures computant quam oderunt, nudum latro transmittit, even where the road is beset there is peace for the poor.'

CANTABIT VII 55 n. Naev. in Cic. de or. II § 279 'Why do you weep, father?' Mirum ni cantem. condemnatus sum.

VACUUS CORAM LATRONE VIATOR Cic. de fat. § 35, where he is warning against the inference post hoc, ergo propter hoc; on this principle viator quoque bene vestitus causa grassatori fuisse dicetur cur ab co spoliaretur.

LATRONE on the insecurity of the roads see III 302-9 n. XIII 145.

23-25 XIV 107-331. Pers. II 9-16. 44-51. Petron. 88 'before they touch the threshold of the Capitol, they promise, one a house, if he shall have buried his rich relation, another, if he shall have dug up a treasure, another, if he shall have made his way safe and sound to 30,000,000 sesterces.' the very senate bribes Iuppiter, etc.

FERE with most men.

24 DIVITIAE OPES several times found together in Cic. opes is the more general term, including credit, following, and other means of advancement.

UT MAXIMA TOTO NOSTRA SIT ARCA FORO that we may have a larger sum at interest in our banker's hands than any capitalist of them all. cf. IX 140-I viginti milia fenus | pigneribus positis.

25 ARCA a strong-box, money-chest, coffer I 90. XI 26 n. XIV 259. Rich companion s. v, To be the largest in Rome, the chest must be large indeed, as some could afford shelter to a grown man.

FORO Sen. de tranq. an. 8 § 5 grande in foro fenus. Aş early as Plaut. and Ter. the forum is named as the abode of the bankers, mensarii, argentarii. Their offices, tabernae, were on its N.E. and S.W. sides. Burn Rome and the Campagna 89 90. Hence Iuv. XI 50 n. cedere foro, or abire f., mergi f., meant to become bankrupt.'

25-27 Sen. Thyest. 451-3 'crimes do not enter huts, and the food taken at a narrow board is safe. venenum in auro bibitur.

ACONITA I 158 n.

26 FICTILIBUS III 168 n. fictilibus cenare pudet, in Rome where all live beyond their means.

27 GEMMATA POCULA MOOKÓλλŋta, v 37–48 n. where the patron drinks out of jewelled cups of gold, the poor client out of broken glass. Cic. Verr. IV § 62 the young Antiochus rashly displayed to Verres much silver plate, and not a few pocula ex auro, which, as is the fashion with kings, esp. in Syria, gemmis erant distincta clarissimis. ib. §§ 64-68 we see the danger of such possessions. Plin. XXXVII § 17 we seem (by greater luxury in other things) to have lost the right of reproving gemmata potoria. On luxury in furniture and service cf. Iuv. XI 120

seq.

SETINUM V 34 n. Wine of Setia, now Sezza, an ancient city of Latium, between Norba and Privernum, overlooking the Pomptine marshes Mart. X 74 10-II. XIII 212. It was famous and costly (Strabo 234. 237), and preferred to all others by Augustus and most of his successors Plin. XIV § 61. Mart. IV 69 you always put on the table Setine or Massic, Papilus, but scandal will have it that the wine is not so good after all. They say that that bowl of yours has made you four times a widower, I don't believe it, Papilus, but-I am not thirsty. IX 2 5 incensura nives dominae Setina liquantur.

ARDEBIT shall sparkle.' XI 155 ardens purpura. schol. quia vinum splendescit in auro. In Mart. 1x 74 5 fiery' rumpis et ardenti madidus crystalla Falerno.

28-53 Now then_[knowing the vanity of human wishes] must you not praise Democritus for laughing, Heraclitus for weeping, when they had moved but one step from their sill? But every man can play the censor with caustic flout; 'tis more marvel whence that store of brine held out for the eyes. Democritus used to shake his lungs with endless laughter, though Abdera had none of our Roman pomp, robes of state, lictors, fasces, sedans, praetor's court. How if he had seen the mock majesty of our circensian procession? the praetor standing out from his lofty car, towering high amid the dusty circus, in tunic figured with palm leaves, borrowed from the temple of Iuppiter, trailing from his shoulders the purple hangings of a starred toga, and on his head a crown, whose heavy hoop no neck can support: for a public slave sweats beneath the load, slave and consul riding in one car, that the consul may remember he is but man? Add too the eagle, rising from the ivory wand, on that side cornets, on this citizens in snow-white gowns at the horses' reins, a long train marching to grace the show before their patron, whose hoarded dole has bought their friendship. Even in days of yore every chance meeting with his kind furnished food for laughter to him, whose wisdom proves that greatest men, destined to leave high examples behind them, may arise in the native home of blockheads, under a gross, foggy sky. De mocritus mocked the business of the crowd and its pleasures, sometimes its very tears; while he himself bid frowning Fortune go hang, and snapt his fingers in her face.

This contrast between Heraclitus and Democritus is very common Lucian vit. auct. 13-4, where the pair are put up together in the sale of philosophers. Iuv. follows Sen. de tranq. an. 15 §§ 2-3 we must bring ourselves to regard all the faults of the vulgar as ridiculous, not as hateful, and imitate rather Democritus than Heraclitus. hic enim, quotiens in publicum processerat [luv. 29-30], fle bat, ille ridebat. huic omnia, quae agimus, miseriae, illi ineptiae videban tur. anth. Pal. II 148 weep for life, Heraclitus, far more than when thou wert alive; life is now more pitiable. Laugh at life, Democritus, more now than of yore, life is now more laughable than ever. I myself, as I look at the two, am puzzled to choose between you, how to weep with thee, how with thee to laugh.' The tears of Heraclitus and laughter of Democritus are apocryphal. No more happy example of grave mockery could have been found than the triumphal procession at the games. The praetor, whose chief function was now the management of shows, assumed the state proper to those who had enlarged the bounds of empire. The emperor alone, or his sons or nephews, were now permitted to triumph, but the decorations 3

M. I. III.

and solemn ritual and universal acclamations remained as before; or rather the shadow outdid the substance in parade. For the populace, to be kept in humour, must have its circenses as well as its panem.

28 IAM Hand Tursell. III 147 = cum hoc sit. 'by this time,' after we have learnt so much of the blindness of mankind.

IAMNE it is not only, as Zumpt § 352 says, when attached to the principal verb, that ne is used where nonne might stand (as apa where ap' où might stand Matth. § 614. Madvig gr. synt. $199 b) Plin. ep. III 21 § 6 meritone. .? paneg. 88 § 4 iustisne de causis....? See Heind. on Hor. s. 11 7 61. Hand Tursell. IV 74-5.

DE SAPIENTIBUS ALTER I 34. 66 n. 137. III 259. VI 385 quaedam de numero Lamiarum. Hand Tursell. II 197. On this indirect description alter. ... contrarius auctor, cf. 171 n. Democritus is named 34.

29 RIDEBAT Cic. de or. III § 235 quid sit ipse risus, . viderit Democritus. He was nicknamed Teλarîvos Ael. v. h. IV 20.

30 FLEBAT CONTRARIUS AUCTOR DL. IX § 3. Tert. de an. 3 Heracliti maeror.

AUCTOR doctor, master, authority. Hor. c. I 28 14-5 of Pythagoras auctor | naturae verique.

31 CACHINNI often implies derision Cic. Brut. § 216 cachinnos irridentium. It was the age of satire and epigram. Lucian was soon to appear. Plin. h. n. XI § 158 the cheeks which express mirth and laughter et altior homini tantum, quem novi mores subdolae irrisioni dicavere, nasus. Lucian fugitiv. 45 What do you think Democritus would have done, if he had seen this?' He would have laughed at the man, as he deserves. καίτοι πόθεν εἶχεν ἐκεῖνος τοσοῦτον γέλωτα;

32 MIRANDUM EST, UNDE ILLE OCULIS SUFFECERIT UMOR Plin. XI § 146 hinc [ex oculis] fletus et rigantes ora rivi. quis ille est umor in dolore tam fecundus et paratus, aut ubi reliquo tempore?

33 RISU PULMONEM AGITARE Prud. perist. x 248-9 pulmonem movet | derisus istas intuens ineptias.

34-7 Hor. ep. II I 194 si foret in terris, rideret Democritus, and would find the audience in the theatre more entertaining than the play. Cf. Iuv. XIV 262—75.

...

34 QUAMQUAM NON ESSENT in the silver age quamquam often is followed by the conj., and quamvis by the ind. Zumpt § 574. Plin. ep. VII IS I quamquam noverim, vereor tamen. URBIBUS ILLIS Abdera and its neighbourhood 50 n. 35 PRAETEXTA ET TRABEAE FASCES Flor. I 5 § 6 from the Etruscans came fasces trabeae... praetexta.