rate men were fhocked at the procedure, and talked of terms of accommodation. "I am no enemy to concord, replied Gregory, let Henry first make his peace with Heaven nor did I proceed to this rigour, till all other means had been tried in vain."-Some obferved that a prince fhould not be excommunicated." And when Christ come mitted his church to Peter, anfwered the pontiff fternly, faying, feed my fheep, did he except kings "

"The nobles of Germany, whom the crimes and mifconduct of Henry had exasperated, refolve not to lofe fo favourable an occafion of refent ing their injuries, and publicly announce their intention of electing another mafter. To ward off the blow, Henry croffed the Alps, hoping by this apparent fubmiffion, to appease alfo the anger of Gregory. Arrived at Canufium, a caftle belonging to the countefs Matilda, where the pope then was, he difmiffed his guard, laid down every enfign of royalty, and barefooted, in the humble garb of a penitent, he prefented himself at the gates. He was refufed admittance. It was winter, and the feafon was fevere. Here he remained, filent and fubmillive, till the rifing of the fourth fun, when, at the intreaty of Matilda and others, he was admitted to the prefence of Gregory. An accommodation took place, and his abfolution was pronounced, on condition, that he fhould ever remain obedient to the holy fee, that he fhould appear before his accufers, to answer to their charges, and that he fhould abide by the final award of Rome. Henry affented. In the prefence of the people, Gregory then celebrated the facred myfleries; and after the confecration, whilft the emperor and his affistants flood round the altar; I have been ac

cufed, faid he, (turning towards them with the holy bread in his hand,) by you and your party, of various crimes, as well before as fince my promotion to the chair of St Peter. They that know me can fufficiently atteit my innocence; but that the world may know it; let this body of our Lord, which you fee, be a witnefs to me: if I am guilty, may I die!" Uttering thefe words, he put a part of the facred bread into his mouth, and fwallowed it.-The folemn and unexpected action ftruck the affembly, and their acclamations founded through the caftle. The pontiff then addreffed the affonished prince, "My fon, the remaining portion is for you. The German nobles have accufed you, and they demand that you be judged; but how uncertain are the judgments of men! If you feel yourfelf innocent, at once fave your own honour, filence your ene mics, and make me your friend. God fhall be your judge." So fay ing, he advanced towards him: the emperor fhrunk back, and withdrawing, for a moment, with his friends, it was determined that he fhould not expose himself to the tre mendous ordeal.

The Lombards, looking with indignation on this bafe fubmiffion of their king, refolye to give their allegiance to his fon, who was yet an infant. Henry takes the alarm, and breaks through the treaty he had juft contracted. But the German tates affemble at Forcheim, and being informed by the p pe's le gates, that the fentence of depofition against Henry had not been revoked, though he had been taken into communion, they elect for their king Rodolphus duke of Suabia.Gregory, to whom fufficient attention had not been paid in this inportant fiep, for fome time feemned

to remain neuter between the contending factions. He received their ambaffadors, who came to petition that the artillery of the Vatican might play on their respective enemies. The pontiff only anfwered, that they fhould first lay down their arms, and he would judge their caufes. But inaction ill-accorded with his reftlefs di'pofition: he convoked another fynod, wherein Henry was again excommunicated and depofed, and his dominions folemn ly transferred to Rodolphus. To the new king he promised victory; and feemed to predict death and fuccefslefs arms to the depofed monarch. Heaven was inattentive to his voice; for, after repeated battles, Rodolphus himself fell. Henry then marched to Rome, accompanied by Guibertus, archbishop of Ravenna, whom he had chofen anti-pope, and laid fiege to the castle of St. Angelo. The tiara trembled on the head of Gregory; and he was on the point of falling into the hands of his enemy, when the renowned Robert Guifcard, who was become the fast friend of the pontiff, marched from the Eaft to his deliverance. The fiege was raifed, and Henry, whom his anti-pope had juft crowned emperor, retired. But the Romans, worn down by troubles and the devastations of war, began to treat Gregory as the author of their misfortunes. His high

fpirit could ill-brook this reverse of fortune: he withdrew to Salerno, where he died the year following, in 1085.

"Nor was he more indulgent to the vices of churchmen than to the exceffes of princes. Bishops and archbishops, whofe fins were flagrant, he excommunicated and depofed, in all quarters of the globe, and his cenfures fell, like the hail in March, wherever vice dared to rear its head. But to the virtuous he was indulgent, and he rewarded their merit.

"Notwithflanding this extraordinary feverity of character and conduct, Gregory found friends in the fofter fex, Agnes, mother to Henry, and Matilda his relation, countefs of Tufcany, admired him as the greatest and beft of men: nor was theirs a fterile admiration. The countefs made over to the holy fee all her poffeffions, which were confiderable, in Lombardy and Tufcany; her purfe and intereft were ever devoted to Gregory; and her armies were ready to march at his call. As might be expected, his enemies, who were numerous, and particularly the churchmen, whofe incontinence he chaftifed with a feyere hand, were loud in their reflections; but fo irreproachable and fo exemplary was the tenour of his life, that malevolence itself could not tarnish its luftre."

"A

of Arnold, whofe name has been more than once mentioned, born at Brefcia, a town in the Venetian territories. When young he quitted

his native country, and travelling into France, became a fcholar of Peter Abeillard. What proficiency he made in science, is not faid; but his contemporaries defcribe him as a man endowed with no uncommon abilities, poffelling a great fluency of language with little judgmen, fond of novelties and of opinions the most paradoxical. After many years refidence in France he returned to Italy. - Arnold was foon fen. fible, that celebrity was not to be obtained by ordinary means, and his difpofitions were little formed to purfue the beaten paths of life: to collect a party, to give his name to a fect, or to attack the rich and powerful, were ideas before which his mind expanded. Objects could not be long wanting for the exercife of his wildeft ambition. He viewed the depraved manners and the intemperate lives of the monks and clergy, and against them he would direct the fevereft oppotition. His caufe, he well knew, would be popular, and the better under the guife of fanctity, to effect his purpofe, he threw over his fhoulders, the auftere drefs of a religious man. "Thus habited Arnold opened his invective in the streets of Brefcia. The people crowded round him. He told them he was fent to reform abufes, to pull down the proud, and to exalt the humble. pointed his declamation against the bishops, against the clergy, against the monks, and finally againit the Roman pontiff himfelf: to the laity only he was indulgent, and them even he flattered in their crimes. Churchmen, faid he, who hold benefices, bishops who have domains, and monks that have poffeffions, will all be damned.-His hearers fhouted approbation. These things, continued he, belong to the prince, he may give them to whom he

He then

pleafes, but he must give them to the laity. It is on their tithes and the voluntary contributions of the people that thofe fons of God muft live: they must be frugal, contineat, and mortified.

"Thus does Guntherus of Liguria, a very elegant poet of the age, fpeak of Arnold and his preaching :

"Tandem natalibus oris Redditus, affumpta fapientis fronte, diferto Failebat fermone rudes; clerumque procaci Infectans odio, monachorum acerrimus hoftis,

Plebis adulator, gaudens popularibus auris, Pontifices, ipfumque gravi corrodere lingua

Audebat papam; fcelerataque dogmata vulgo

Diffundens, variis implebat vocibus aures."

"The church of Brescia was foon thrown into the greatest confufion, and the people, already prejudiced against their minifters, threatened to overturn their altars. The facred writings he had the addrefs to urge in fupport of his affertions, and from them he denounced the vengeance of Heaven against the violators of the law. Indeed, nothing could be more glaringly offenfive than the oftentatious parade of the bishops and great abbots, and the foft and licentious lives of the monks and clergy; but Arnold, in his declamation, far exceeded the bounds of truth.

"Pontificum faftus, abbatum denique laxos

Damnabat penitus mores, monachofque

fuperbos.

Veraque multa quidem, nifi tempora nostra

fideles

bat.

Refpuerent monitus, falfis admixta moneEt fateor, pulchram fallendi noverat ar

were the bishop of Brefcia, and many others, whom he had ridiculed and infulted, Nor from his judges could he look for much in dulgence. He was found guilty, and fentenced to perpetual filence. Considering his crime, this furely was a gentle punishment. But Ar, nold, whose highest ambition lay in the free ufe of words, viewed it, poffibly, in a lefs partial light: he therefore instantly left Italy, croffed the Alps, and fat down at Zuric, where he dogmatized with new virulence and great fuccefs.

"Territus, et miferæ confufus imagine

culpæ, Fugit ab urbe fua, tranfalpinifque receptus, Qua fibi vicinas Alemannia fufpicit alpes, Nobile Turegum, doctoris nomine falfo, Infedit, totamque brevi, fub tempore ter

ram

Perfidus impuri fædavit dogmatis aura."

"Though Arnold had quitted Italy, yet had his opinions taken deep root, and Rome itself was infected by them. Irritated by the conduct of their mafter, Innocent the Second, the Roman people affembled in the Capitol. It was propofed that the power of the pontiff, which they called exorbitant, fhould be reftrained: this was carried: when fuddenly, infpired as it were by the genius of the place, they moved that the fenate, which for years had been abolished, should be restored. The propolition was received with the loudeft acclamations. Innocent in vain oppofed the bold defign; there was a magic in it which fpread irrefiffibly, and for a moment feemed to roufe the fallen fpirit of the nation. The pope viewed with hor ror the reverfe of fortune which threatened the tiara; to be fhorn of his mighty power, and to become the mere thepherd of the Christian people, was a thought too afflicting: he fell fick, and died.

"Under his two immediaté fuc, ceffors, Celeftin and Lucius, whose reigns were but of a few months, the Romans pursued their darling object. They waited on the latter, and, in an imperious tone, demanded the reftitution of all the honours and civil rights, which had been ufurped from the people. The prince of the fenate, faid they, whom we have chofen, will best adminifter the important truft: the tithes and offerings of the faithful will fufficient ly anfwer all the exigencies of your holiness it was thus that our an recourse to Conrad, the king of the cient bishops lived.-Lucius had Romans; and at the fame time, the malcontents fent an embaffy to him, offering him their empire, and requefting that he would march to their affistance. To this invitation Conrad gave no attention; he viewed it as an attempt, at once wild and licentious: but to the pope's deputies he fhewed every mark of esteem. Lucius furvived this event but a few days.

"Eugenius the Third was his fucceffor, the friend and difciple of the renowned Bernard. The night before his confecration the fenators affembled, and it was agreed, that either he fhould folemnly confirm all their proceedings, or they would annul his election. This refolution was notified to him. He called together his friends; and it was their advice, that he fliould neither accede to the extravagant demand, nor expofe himself, by a refusal, to the fury of the populace. He therefore filently withdrew from Rome, and retired to a neighbouring for trefs. Here the ceremony of his confecration was performed.

"Arnold who, in banishment, had contemplated the effect of his admo nitions on the minds of the Romans, and the fuccefs which feemed to

follow