its effect, and evidenced a thorough knowledge of Indian character. They respect bravery. The movement of the entire force of the expedition would have brought on an immediate fight; but to see one man, and unarmed, walk boldly into their camp and tear down the symbol of their power without ceremony, amazed them, and brought them to reflection. General Cass has since been told, that, when this proceeding was stated to Mrs. Johnston, the daughter of Wabojeeg, she told the chief that resistance was madness, and that this man, Cass, had too much the air of a great man to be trifled with, and would carry his flag through the country. She counseled peace. Shingabowassin responded to this advice, and Shingwauk coincided. Before the day passed, a better state of feeling prevailed among all of them, and Shingabowassin renewed negotiations. Towards evening, another council of chiefs was convened, and a treaty read, and signed by all, except Sassaba, ceding four miles square, reserving the perpetual right to fish at the rapids of the river; and the next day, the seventeenth of June, the expedition resumed its journey, and entered upon the waters of Lake Superior.

On the twenty-first, they reached the Pictured Rocks, so called, consisting of a series of lofty bluffs, extending along the southern shore of the lake for many miles, and presenting some of the most sublime and commanding views in nature. Among many striking features, one, in particular, attracted the admiration of General Cass. It was called the Doric Rock, an isolated mass of sandstone, projecting into the lake, consisting of four natural pillars, supporting an entablature of the same material, and presenting the appearance of a work of art. On the entablature rested a stratum of alluvial soil, covered with pine and spruce trees, and many of them sixty feet in hight. The most remarkable feature of this wonder consisted of an excavation of the entablature, between the pillars, in the form of a common arch, giving it the appearance of a vaulted passage into the court-yard of some massive pile of antiquated buildings. On the evening of this day, they came across a village of Chippewas, about six miles beyond the termination of this picturesque shore, and were welcomed to their lodges. Here they were entertained with dancing and other festive feats.

On the twenty-fifth of June, the party left Lake Superior, and ascended Portage river. After a boisterous passage much of the

way, and rainy weather, and after passing from one portage to another, on the fifth day of July they reached the Fon du Lac. Ascending the St. Louis river to one of its sources, they descended a tributary stream of Sandy lake to the Mississippi river; thence ascended to the Upper Red Cedar lake, the principal tributary of the Mississippi; hence they descended the Mississippi fourteen hundred miles, to Prairie du Chien. They then navigated the Wisconsin river to the Portage, and, entering the Fox river, descended it to Green Bay. At this place, Mr. Schoolcraft, and others of the party, separated from General Cass, for topographical exploration along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan to Mackinac. General Cass, taking Chicago in his route, returned to his home at Detroit. Here he arrived on the tenth of September, having traveled over four thousand miles, and exploring a region of country hitherto unknown in its various characteristics, and having procured additional valuable knowledge of the various disposition and numbers of the Indians, and a more accurate and reliable topography of the vast country watered by the great lakes. He had made several treaties, and had accomplished the objects of the expedition.

Hastening to report to the government, he transmitted the following dispatch:

"DETROIT, September 14th, 1820.

"SIR:-I am happy to be enabled to state to you that I reached this place four days since, with some of the gentlemen who accompanied me on my late tour, after a very fortunate journey of four thousand miles, and an accomplishment, without any adverse accident, of every object entrusted to me. The party divided at Green Bay, with a view to circumnavigate Lake Michigan, and, I trust, they may all arrive here in the course of a week.

"As soon as possible, I shall transmit to you a detailed report upon the subject.

"Since my arrival, I have learned that Mr. Ellicott, professor of mathematics at the military school, is dead. I can not but hope that the office will not be filled until the return of Captain Douglass. I do not know whether such an appointment would suit him, but, from my knowledge of his views, feelings, and pursuits, I presume it would; and an intimate acquaintance with him, during my tour, enables me to say that, in every requisite qualification, as far as I can judge, I have never found a man who is

his superior. His zeal, talents, and acquirements are of the first order, and I am much deceived if he does not soon take a distinguished rank among the most scientific men of our country. His situation as an assistant professor to Colonel Mansfield, and his connection with the family of Mr. Ellicott, furnish additional reasons why he should receive this appointment.

"Very respectfully, sir,

"I have the honor to be

"Your obedient servant,

"HION. J. C. CALHOUN, Secretary of War."

"LEWIS CASS.

As soon as it could be prepared, the following report was made, covering, in full, the inquiries to be answered by the expedition:

"DETROIT, October 21st, 1820.

"SIR-I had the honor to inform you, some time since, that I had reached this place by land from Chicago, and that the residue of the party were daily expected. They arrived soon after, without accident, and this long and arduous journey has been accomplished without the occurrence of any unfavorable incident.

"I shall submit to you, as soon as it can be prepared, a memoir respecting the Indians who occupy the country through which we passed; their numbers, disposition, wants, &c. It will be enough at present to say that the whole frontier is in a state of profound peace, and that the remote Indians more particularly exhibit the most friendly feelings towards the United States. As we approach the points of contact between them and the British, the strength of attachment evidently decreases, and, about those points, few traces of it remain. During our whole progress, but two incidents occurred which evinced, in the slightest degree, an unfriendly spirit. One of these was at St. Mary's, within forty-five miles of Drummond's Island, and the other, within thirty miles of Malden. They passed off, however, without producing any serious result.

"It is due to Colonel Leavenworth to say, that his measures upon the subject of the outrage committed by the Winnebago Indians in the spring, were prompt, wise and decisive. As you have long since learned, the murderers were soon surrendered; and so impressive has been the lesson upon the minds of the

Indians, that the transaction has left us nothing to regret, but the untimely fall of the soldiers.

"In my passage through the Winnebago country, I saw their principal chiefs, and stated to them the necessity of restraining their young men from the commission of acts similar in their character to those respecting which a report was made by Colonel Smith. I have reason to believe that similar complaints will not again be made, and I am certain that nothing but the intemperate passions of individuals will lead to the same conduct. Should it occur, the acts will be disavowed by the chiefs, and the offenders surrendered with as much promptitude as the relapsed state of the government will permit.

"The general route which we pursued was from this place to Michilimackinac by the southern shore of Lake Huron. From thence to Drummond's Island, and by the River St. Mary's to the Sault. We then entered Lake Superior, coasted its southern shore to Point Kawena, ascended the small stream which forms. the water communication across the base of the point, and, after a portage of a mile and a half, struck the lake on the opposite side. Fifty miles from this place, is the mouth of the Ontonagon, upon which have been found large specimens of copper.

"We ascended that stream about thirty miles, to the great mass of that metal, whose existence has long been known. Common report has greatly magnified the quantity, although enough remains, even after a rigid examination, to render it a mineralogical curiosity. Instead of being a mass of pure copper, it is rather copper imbedded in a hard rock, and the weight does not probably exceed five tons, of which the rock is the much larger part. It was impossible to procure any specimens, for such was its hardness that our chisels broke like glass. I intend to send some Indians in the spring to procure the necessary specimens. As we understand the nature of the substance, we can now furnish them with such tools as will effect the object. I shall, on their return, send you such pieces as you may wish to retain for the government, or to distribute as cabinet specimens to the various literary institutions of our country. Mr. Schoolcraft will make to you a detailed report, upon this subject in particular, and generally upon the various mineralogical and geological objects to which his inquiries were directed. Should he carry into effect the intention which he now meditates, of publishing his

journal of the tour, enriched with the history of the facts which have been collected, and with those scientific and practical reflections and observations, which few men are more competent to make, his work will rank among the most important accessions which have ever been made to our national literature.

"From the Ontonagon we proceeded to the Fon du Lac, passing the mouths of the Montreal, Mauvais, and Brulé rivers, and entered the mouth of the St. Louis, or Fon du Lac river, which forms the most considerable water communication between Lake Superior and the Mississippi.

"The southern coast of the lake is sterile, cold and unpromising. The timber is birch, pine, and trees of that description which characterize the nature of the country. The first part of the shore is moderately elevated, the next hilly, and even mountainous, and the last a low, flat, sandy beach. Two of the most sublime natural objects in the United States-the Grand Sable and the Pictured Rocks-are to be found upon this coast. The former is an immense hill of sand, extending for some miles along the lake, of great elevation and precipitous ascent. The latter is an unbroken wall of rocks, rising perpendicularly from the lake to the hight of three hundred feet, assuming every grotesque and fanciful appearance, and presenting to the eye of the passenger a spectacle as tremendous as the imagination can conceive, or as reason itself can well sustain.

"The emotions excited by these objects are fresh in the recollection of us all; and they will undoubtedly be described, so that the public can appreciate their character and appearance. The indications of copper upon the western part of the coast are numerous; and there is reason to suppose that silver, in small quantities, has been found.

"The communication by the Montreal with the Chippewa river, and by the Mauvais and Brulé rivers with the St. Croix, is difficult and precarious. The routes are interrupted by long, numerous, and tedious portages, across which the boats and all their contents are transported by the men. It is doubtful whether their communication can ever be much used, except for the purposes to which they are now applied. In the present state of the Indian trade, human labor is nothing, because the number of men employed in transporting the property is necessary to