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suus," etc. A fancy in which I discern something characteristic of Milton.- "mens tertia," some third mind, intermediate between God and Angel. - "assuescere. Mr. Keightley notes the faulty structure of this line, the cæsura falling on the first syllable of a word.

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AD EANDEM. -"Altera . Leonora": the Princess Leonora of Este, sister of the Duke of Ferrara, Tasso's love for whom, dating from 1566, makes so much romance in biographies of the poet."Dircao Pentheo." Pentheus, King of Thebes (hence called "Dircæan Pentheus," because Dirce was also one of the celebrities of the Boeotian legends), was furiously opposed to the worship of Bacchus in his dominions, till the god, to punish him, inspired him with a desire to behold the Bacchic orgies himself, when he was torn to pieces.

AD EANDEM.-"Sirena .

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claraque Parthenopes fana Achelöiados, Chalcidico. rogo?" etc. Naples, primitively called Parthenope, and poetically urbs Parthenopœia, derived that distinction from the legend that the body of Parthenope, one of the Sirens, was found and sacredly entombed on the sea-shore at that point of the Italian coast. The Sirens were Acheloiads, as being daughters of the river-god Achelöus. Chalcidicus was another word for "Neapolitan," inasmuch as Naples had been enlarged and re-edified by a colony from the island of Euboea, the chief town of which was Chalcis.- Illa quidem vivit," etc., i.e. she is of Neapolitan birth,

The true Siren is Leonora ; for though now residing in Rome.

APOLOGUS DE RUSTICO ET HERO.-See Introduction. DE MORO.--See Introduction.

AD CHRISTINAM, SUECORUM Reginam, nomine CromWELLI.-See Introduction.

SYLVARUM LIBER.

IN OBITUM PROCANCELLARII MEDICI.

4. "Täpeti .. nepotes" Iapetus, son of Heaven and Earth, the father of Prometheus, etc., was regarded by the Greeks as the general ancestor of mankind.

VOL. III.

X

13, 14. "fraude turpi Palladis . . . occisum . . . Hec tora." In the Iliad (XXII.) the encounter of Hector with Achilles is brought about by a deception of Pallas.

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15, 16. Quem larva Pelidis peremit ense Locro, Jove lacrymante," i.e. Sarpedon, a son of Jupiter, fighting on the Trojan side, and killed by Patroclus, who wore the armour of Achilles (Iliad, XVI.). For the ense Locro Mr. Keightley accounts thus: "Because Menoetius, the father of Patroclus, was a Locrian."- "Jove lacrymante" is an allusion to the bloody drops which Jupiter, in the Iliad, shed on the earth when he consented that Sarpedon should die.

17.

"verba Hecateia": words of witchcraft, from Hecate. 18. "Telegoni parens": Circe, mother of Telegon by Ulysses.

20. Egiali soror": Medea, whose brother was Absyrtus, called also Ægialeus.

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21. Numenque trinum": the three Fates.

23, 24. "Machaon," etc. Machaon, son of the god Æsculapius, was physician or surgeon-in-chief to the Greeks in the Trojan war, and was killed by Eurypylus.

25, 26. " Philyreie," etc. Cheiron, the wise centaur and

physician, son of Saturn and Philyra, and tutor of Achilles, Esculapius, and so many other heroes. See Eleg. IV. 23-28, and note there. He died from an accidental wound from one of the poisoned arrows of Hercules.

28. "Case puer genetricis alvo": Esculapius, the God of Medicine himself, son of Apollo and Coronis, and brought into the world in this fashion when his mother was destroyed. He was killed at last by Jove's lightning, because Pluto complained that he had saved the lives of so many.

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But

29. Tuque, O alumno major Apolline." Warton was sure that "Apolline" is a misprint for " Apollinis”; but, having made the change, and so translated the passage "And thou, O greater than the pupil of Apollo," he was uncertain who this "pupil of Apollo" might be. why not retain "Apolline" and translate "alumno," not pupil," but "tutor" or "foster-father"? The meaning would then be "And thou (Gostlyn), greater in medicine than thy master Apollo."

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IN QUINTUM NOVEMBRIS.

In

1. "Jam pius extremâ veniens Täcobus ab arcto." James came from Scotland in 1603, and the Gunpowder Plot attempt was on the 5th of November 1605. 2, 3. Teucrigenas populos regna Albionum,” the old British legends, as afterwards compiled by Milton in his History of Britain, the Britons are Troy-sprung or Teucrigena (from Teucer, ancestor of the Trojans), inasmuch as the true founder of the British realm was Brutus with his Trojan colony, B. C. 1150; but before that time the island had been called Albion, and its inhabitants Albiones, from a giant Albion, son of Neptune, who ruled it for a while about B. C. 2220.

23. "Summanus": an old and rather rare name for Pluto, a contraction of "Summus manium," Chief of the Dead. Ovid has the name, Fast. VI. 731.

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27-30. Neptunia proles qui," etc. This is the giant Albion (see note, 2, 3). He had ruled our island forty-four years and given it his name, Milton tells us in his summary of the legends (Hist. of Britain), "till at length, passing over into Gaul, in aid of his brother Lestrygon, against whom Hercules was hasting out of Spain into Italy, he was there slain in fight." Hercules is called Amphitryonides, after his putative father Amphitryon, his real father being Jupiter.

31-33. "At simul hanc, opibusque et festa pace beatam," etc. Here, as Warton noted, Milton recollects Ovid, Met. II. 790-796.

49-53. "A parte sinistrâ nimbifer Apenninus,” etc. : i.e. Satan, after crossing the Alps, and entering Italy, makes direct for Rome by a route which keeps the Apennines on his left hand as he flies and Tuscany in the main on his right. He has a pleasure in looking at Tuscany, as the old Etruria, so famous for its magic and superstitions.

54-63. “lucem, cum circumgreditur totam Tricoronifer urbem," etc. With malicious ingenuity Milton makes Satan arrive in Rome, on his diabolical errand, on the eve of St. Peter's Day (to be exact, let us say June 28, 1605), when the Pope went in procession through the city.

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64-67. Qualiter exululat Bromius, Bromiique," etc.

Not even will Milton's love of music let him praise the thunders of singing with which he fancies the vaults and dome of St. Peter's resounding on that Eve. They were like the howling of Bacchus (here called by his surname of Bromius, "the Roaring") and of the crew of Bacchus, singing their orgies on the Echionian mountain, Aracynthus, while the neighbouring river Asopus trembles at the din, and the farther-off Mount Citharon answers with his rocky echoes. Echionian is properly "Theban,” and both Asopus and Citharon were in Boeotia, near Thebes; but Aracynthus, called also Actæus, was in Acarnania, more than a hundred miles west from Thebes.

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71-73. Captum oculis Typhlonta," etc. The horses of Night are familiar creatures in classic poetry and Spenser has them, F. Q., 1. v. It was a daring beauty in Milton to be the first (as he is believed to be) who gave these horses names. Each name is from the Greek, and is etymologically significant, as if he had called the horses Blinding, Blackhaired, Silence of Hell, and Shuddering.

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74. regum domitor": the Pope, with the polite title of "Phlegetontius hæres" also fitted to him.

75, 76. "Ingreditur thalamos (neque enim," etc.) This insinuation is conventional, as against Popes in general, and is not to be regarded as directed against the particular Pope who reigned in June 1605, viz. Paul V.

80-85. "Assumptis micuerunt tempora canis,” etc. The special equipment in the garb of a Franciscan friar is, as Warton pointed out, from two passages in Buchanan's Satire on the Franciscan body.

86-89. "Talis

Franciscus eremo. Warton thinks that here Milton means St. Francis d'Assisi, the founder of the Franciscan order (1182-1226), but has, by mistake, attributed to that Saint incidents which properly belong to the life of St. Francis Xavier, the Jesuit Missionary (1506-1552).

102, 103. "disjectam Spanish Armada of 1588.

classem," etc. The shattered

104, 105. "Sanctorumque cruci tot corpora fixa probrosæ, Thermodoontea nuper regnante puellâ." These are the Roman Catholics put to death in England during the reign of Elizabeth, here called "Thermodoontea puella," or "Amazonian girl," from Thermodon, a river

falling into the Euxine Sea in the country of the legendary Amazons.

I20. "nitrati pulveris." The accepted Latin phrase for gunpowder was "pulvis nitratus" or "pulvis nitrosus."

126. "vel Gallus atrox, vel sævus Iberus." The French King in 1605 was Henry IV., the hero of Navarre; the Spanish King was Philip III. Milton thinks of the two peoples and their religion, and not of the particular sovereigns.

127. "Sæcula . . . Mariana": the times of "the Bloody Mary."

139-154. "Est locus," etc. This Latin poem, juvenile production though it is, contains extremely fine poetical passages; and the present, describing the Cave of Murder and Treason, is one of them.

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143. "præruptaque."

So in Second edition. In the First the word was "semifractaque"; which gave a false quantity, the first syllable of semi being long.

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155. 'pugiles Roma": "champions of Rome," in the sense of hired bravoes or ruffians.

165. "paruere gemelli." The gemelli are Murder and Treason. The first syllable of paruere being long, Milton, as Warton observed, either committed a false quantity here, or is to be absolved on the ground that he meant the u to pass as v, and the whole word to be a trisyllable.

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170-193. Esse ferunt spatium,” etc. In this imagination of the House or Tower of Fame, the young poet dares to come after Ovid's similar description (Met. XII. 39-63) and Chaucer's much more elaborate one (House of Fame : beginning of Book III.) He helps himself to touches from both, and uses also Virgil's description of Fame herself (Æn., IV. 173-188); yet he produces an Abode of Rumour quite his own, and suitable for his purpose.

171. "Mareotidas undas": distinctly so in both Milton's editions; but certainly, as Mr. Keightley observes, either a mistake or a misprint for Mæotidas. For Milton cannot have meant Lake Mareotis, which is in Egypt, but the great Lake Maotis, now "the sea of Azof," north of the Black Sea.

178--180. " Qualiter instrepitant . . . agmina muscarum," etc. The original of this image, in its exact form, as Warton noted, is in the Iliad, II. 469 et seq., and xvi. 641; but Chaucer has a modification of it in his House of

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